ELECTRONIC WARFAREQ QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Frequency (MHz) Frequency (GHz)

Wavelength (Meters) 20 30 100 200 300 500 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400
12 18 27
RADIO MICROWAVE INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA RAY

U.S. Industry Standard Bands

10
3
10
-2
10
-5
10
-6
10
-8
10
-10
10
-12 110 (IEEE Radar Designation)
HF VHFF UHF L S C X K*u K K*a V W Millimeter

Band Frequency
Designation Range
7 (HF) 8 (VHF) 9 (UHF) 10 (SHF) 11(EHF) 12 HF 3–30 MHz
VHF 30–300 MHz
Frequency (Hz) UHF 300–1,000 MHz
International Standard Bands L 1–2 GHz
250 S 2–4 GHz
C 4–8 GHz
10
4
10
8
10
12
10
15
10
16
10
18
10
20 A B C D E F G H I J K L M X 8–12 GHz
Ku 12–18 GHz
K 18–27 GHz
* “u” stands for unabsorbed or under K; “a” stands for absorption region or above K
Military Standard Bands Ka 27–40 GHz
V 40–75 GHz
W 75–110 GHz

RF Propagation RF Propagation RF Propagation Detection & Estimation Probability Electronic Warfare Radar Processing Radar Processing
FRIIS TRANSMISSION EQUATION RADAR HORIZON TARGET VISIBILTY MAX LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION NOISE JAMMING LINEAR FM WAVEFORM RADAR AMBIGUITY FUNCTION

EIRPradar

}
2
Gr λ2 1 bτ2) τp τp
λ Dh= 2HRe Target (Target Range - 2HRe)2 Pt Gt s(τ) = e j2π(fcτ+2 ,- ≤τ≤
Pr =Pt Gt Gr 4πR = S= radar radar
σ Rmax 2 2
Height Joint Density Function
x(τ, t) =∫−∞∞s(t)s*(t-τ)ei2πft dt
2Re (4π)3 R4 J/N ~ ( R ) 4
f (x1, x2, ..., xn | θ)= f (x1 | θ) x f (x2 | θ) x ... x f (xn | θ) maxjammed Bp = bτ p
Pr: Received Power
EIRPjam γ (frequency)
λ 2 Grradar
Pt: Transmit Power Assume: J >> N

}
Jself = Ptjam Gtjam( 4πRjr ) Lr
Gt: Transmit Gain BWJam = BWRadar S(t): Complex Baseband Pulse
Gr: Receive Gain H: Horizon H: Horizon τ: Time Delay
R: Range Re: Earth Radius ~ 6,371 km Re: Earth Radius ~ 6,371 km Mainlobe f: Doppler Shift

→
radar
Likelihood n
4 PtG'tG'r λ2
L(θ; x1, ..., xn )= f (x1, x2, ..., xn | θ)= Π f (xi| θ) EIRPjam 4πR2 Rmaxjammed = σ
RF Propagation
WAVELENGTH
RF Propagation
DOPPLER SHIFT
Detection & Estimation Probability
CRAMER RAO LOWER BOUND
i=1
J
S
= EIRP(
radar
)( σ ) (4π)3(kTsBNNf +J)*SNR*Lr*Lt determines Bp
resolution
τ (time)
Radar Processing
NOISE POWER

→
If BWjam ≥ BWradar
→
λ= c
τp →

( {[ ][ ] })
EIRPjam 4πR2 BWradar Reduction in Normalized Rmax
Band
f
f Wavelength
fd = –2vr / λ CRB = E
∂ ln p(x, θ) ∂ ln p(x, θ)
T -1
Log-Likelihood
n
J
S (
= EIRP
radar
)( σ )( BWjam ) Sidelobe
determines
signal energy Noise Power in Receiver = kTsBNNf
∂θ ∂θ ln L (θ; x1, ..., xn )= Σ ln f (xi| θ) Reduction in Radar Detection Range due to JNR 1
Main
Reduction in Radar Detection Range due to JNR
VHF 100 MHz 3.00 m Beam s(): Transmitted Signal Waveform
i=1 -60 1
S 3 GHz 0.10m X-band S-band 0.8 fc: Center Frequency

↓
0.9 kTs : = -174 dBm

Normalized Maximum Radar Range

Velocity 300 m/s 300 m/s -70 0.6 τ: Range Time (fast time)
Normalized Maximum Radar Range

C 6GHz 0.05m K: Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38*10-23 J/K

-80 0.4 0.8 τp: Pulse Length Bn: Noise Bandwidth
X 10GHz 0.03m Wavelength 0.03 m 0.1 m
x: Observations 0.7
b: Chirp Rate Ts: System Noise Temperature
Doppler Shift 20 kHz 6 kHz -90 0.2
c: Speed p: Probability distribution function (or joint) Average Log-Likelihood Bp: Pulse Bandwidth Ts usually set to T0= 290K
f: Frequency θ: Distribution parameters can be vectors -100 0.6 γ: Range Frequency Nf : Noise figure of receiver
ˆ 1
= n
ln L -110 0.5
Burn- through 0.4
n -120 range for SNR =
Detection & Estimation Probability Detection & Estimation Probability ˆ 1 Fourier Relationships Radar Processing
BINOMIAL RAYLEIGH =(θ|x) = n Σ ln f (xi| θ)
i=1
-130
-140
13 dB
J
0.3
0.2
PARSEVAL’S RELATION SPEED OF LIGHT
S
0.1

{
-150 Rmax 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1.2 101 102 103
r2 Rmax Jammed Jammer to Noise Ratio (dB) Speed of Light (approx) Units
r − Range (km)
p(r)= σ 2
e 2σ 2 1 σ = 0.5
σ =1
+∞
1 ∫ |X(ω)|2 dω
∫-∞ |x(t)|2 dt = 2π
+∞
3x10^8 m/sec
f(k; n, p)= Pr(X =k) =( n ) pk (1−p)n−k
σ=2
0.8 Jself: Self R
Protect Jammer Power Lrradar: Radar Receiver Losses Rmax: Max Radar Range
0
σ =3 Skin Return 4
-∞ 300 m/usec
k 0.6
σ=4 J/S: Jam to 2Signal Ratio at Radar Receiver
Jammer R Received Signal Power
S: Radar
Ptradar: Radar Transmit Power
Gtradar: Radar Transmitter Gain
J/N: Jammer to Noise Ratio
N: Total Noise
(r < 0) (0≤r≤∞) +∞ 1.62x10^5 NM/sec
~
1 ∫ |x(t)|2 2
dt = |a |
0.4 Ptjam: Jammer Transmit Power σ: Radar Target Radar Cross Section k: Boltzmann’s constant

μ: Mean 0.2 xi : Observations

Gtjam: Jammer Transmit Gain
Rjr: Range between Jammer and Radar
BWRadar: Radar Transmit Bandwidth
BWJam: Jammer Transmit Bandwidth
Ts: Receiver Temperature
BN: Receiver Noise Bandwidth To To
∑ k 1x10^9 Ft/sec
n: Number of Samples R: Range between Radar Target and Radar J: Jammer Power SNR: Radar Signal to Noise Ratio
k=-∞ 1x10^3 Ft/usec
p: Success probability of each trial σ: Standard Difference 0
k: Number of successes A: Distance between the reference point and 0 2 4 6 8 10 f: Is one, or joint, probability distribution(s) λ: Jammer Transmit Wavelength Rmaxjammed: Jammed Radar Range Nf : Receiver Noise Figure (>1)
n: Number of trials the center of the bivariate distribution θ: Distribution parameters can be vectors Grradar: Radar Receiver Gain (Burn through Range)

Detection & Estimation Probability Detection & Estimation Probability Detection & Estimation Probability Fourier Relationships Fourier Relationships Radar Processing
RICIAN NORMAL ERROR FUNCTIONS CONTINUOUS-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORMATION MODULATION PROPERTY MAX UNAMBIGUOUS RANGE

Duality Property
2 2 ∞ c
r e − (r +A2 )I0 ( Ar2 ) 2 -t 2 Synthesis Analysis Rmax =
∫z
Standard Normal Curve
erfc(z)=1−erf(z)= e dt x(t)
2PRF
{
+∞ +∞
x(t) = 1 -∞∫ X(ω)e jωt dω
2σ σ for (A ≥ 0, r ≥ 0) (x−μ) π x(t)
2 1 X(ω) =-∞∫ x(t)e -jωt dt Modulation
p(r)= σ p(x) = e − 2σ2 (μz=0; σx=1.0) sin wt
for (r < 0) σ 2π 2π F
s(t) p(t)↔ 1 [S(ω)P(ω)] 1 w
2
2πt PRF Range Doppler PRF Unambiguous Range
2 z e -t2 d t
F 2π 1
π
High Ambiguous Unambiguous 100 kHz 1.5 km
0 erf(z)= ∫ x(t) ↔ X(ω) e
π 0 1/a
t
π t
Medium Ambiguous Ambiguous 25 kHz 6 km
f(z) Convolution
z
2 F H(ω)X(ω)
h(t)* x(t) ↔
w
Low Unambiguous Ambiguous 10 kHz 15 km
0.6 2π [ ]
fz(z)= 1 e - 2 -∞<x<∞
0.4
±1-σ: P (-1 ≤ z ≤ 1) = 0.6827 erfc(x) |X(ω)| X(ω)
σ = 1.00 ±2-σ: P (-2 ≤ z ≤ 2) = 0.9545 2
1/a
c: Speed of Light
v = 0.0
v = 0.5 ±3-σ: P (-3 ≤ z ≤ 3) = 0.9973 1/a √2
PRF: Pulse Repetition Frequency
0.5 1

↓
v = 1.0 0.3 Time Shifting

0.4
v = 2.0
v = 4.0 1.5 F e -jωto X(ω)
x(t-to) ↔
0.2 ω
Fourier Relationships -w w Radar Processing
x(t)
0.3 FILTERING SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO
0.1 1 Differentiation
-a a
ω

dx(t) F
0.2
dt ↔
jω X(ω) 1

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
z
0.5 < X(ω)
PR PtGtGrσλ2GpL
68.27% 1-σ 2-σ Ideal Lowpass Filter Differentiator t SNR= =
0.1 95.45%
3-σ Integration π/2 - T1 T1 No (4π)3R4kBTsBnNf
0.0
99.73% y(t) = dx(t) =>H(ω) = jω
t F 1 X(ω) + πX(0) δ(ω)
∫-∞ x(τ)dτ↔ π/4 X(ω)

-4 -2 2 4 dt jω 2T1
sin ωT1
0 2 4 6 8 −a
ω 2
ω Pr: Received Power
H(ω) |H(ω)| Pt: Transmit Power
− π/4 -23
μ: Mean Linearity Gt: Transmit Gain K: Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38*10 J/K
σ: Standard Difference μ: Mean μ: Mean FaX1(ω)+bX2(ω)
ax1(t)+bx2(t)↔ Gr: Receive Gain Bn: Noise Bandwidth
A: Distance between the reference point and σ: Standard Difference σ: Standard Difference -ωc ωc ω ω − π/2
t R: Range Ts: System Noise Temperature
π
the center of the bivariate distribution A: Distance between the reference point and A: Distance between the reference point and T1 No: Noise Power Ts usually set to T0= 290K
I0: Bessel Function of the first kind with order zero the center of the bivariate distribution the center of the bivariate distribution L: Losses Nf : Noise figure of receiver

Convolution Property
Antennas Antennas Antennas F H(ω) X(ω)
h(t)* x(t) ↔ Radar Processing Radar Processing
ANTENNA BEAMWIDTH ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY ANTENNA GAIN RADAR CROSS SECTION TYPICAL VALUES OF RCS

x(t) h(t) h(t)* x(t) δ(t) h(t) h(t)

2
λ X(ω) 1 H(ω) Reflected Power to Receiver / Solid Angle |Es|
(
H(ω) H(ω)
H(ω) X(t)
Phased Array, Radians
θBW3dB ∼ 0.886 b σ= = lim 4πr2
)
Nd cos θ0 ( 180
) 2 4πAe Incident Power Density / 4π r ∞ 2
.0001 .001 .01 0.1 1.0 10 100 1000 10000 m2

D ≈ 4π π 40000
≈ θ1d θ2d Gant = e
jωοt
e
jωοt
H(ωο) |Ei|
Parabolic, Radians
θ1d θ2d λ2 H(ω)
σ
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 dBsm

σ
θBWnull ∼ 1.22 λ θBW3dB ∼ 0.88 λ Pt Insects Birds Human Small Car Ships

d d Pr or S Fighter
Aircraft
Bomber:
λ: Wavelength θ1d: Half-power beamwidth in one principal plane (degrees) Ae: Effective Aperture Area H(ω): Frequency Response S∝σ, range Radar Cross Section (RCS, σ) Transport
Aircraft
d: Antenna Diameter θ2d: Half-power beamwidth in the other principal plane (degrees) λ: Wavelength : Convolution operation Scattering

RF Propagation Detection & Estimation Probability Antennas Electronic Warfare Fourier Relationships Radar Processing