Name:

Instructor:
Math 10560, Exam 3
April 19, 2016
• The Honor Code is in effect for this examination. All work is to be your own.
• No calculators.
• The exam lasts for 1 hour and 15 min.
• Be sure that your name is on every page in case pages become detached.
• Be sure that you have all 21 pages of the test.

PLEASE MARK YOUR ANSWERS WITH AN X, not a circle!

1. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

2. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

........................................................................................................................

3. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

........................................................................................................................

5. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

6. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

........................................................................................................................

7. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

8. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

........................................................................................................................

9. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

10. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Please do NOT write in this box.

Multiple Choice

11.

12.

13.

Total
 Name:
Instructor:

Multiple Choice

1.(6 pts) Consider the following series

∞ ∞ ∞
X ln(n) X 2n2 + 3 X (n!)n
(I) (II) (III)
n n4 + 3n2 + 1 5n
n=2 n=2 n=1
Which of the following statements is true?

(a) (I) and (II) converge

(b) (II) and (III) converge

(c) All three converge

(d) (II) converges, and the others diverge

(e) All three diverge

Solution. For (I), we use the direct comparison test. First, note that ln(n) > 1 when n > e.
ln 1
So for n ≥ 3, > ≥ 0. Thus we have the following inequalities:
n n
∞ ∞ ∞
X ln(n) X ln(n) X 1
> > .
n n n
n=2 n=3 n=3
1 ln(n)
Note that n=3 is a p-series with p = 1, and so diverges. Therefore ∞
P∞ P
n=2 diverges.
n n
2n2 + 3 1
For (II), we use the limit comparison test with an = 4 2
, bn = 2 . (Note: an , bn > 0
n + 3n + 1 n
for all n.)
an (2n2 + 3)n2
lim = lim 4
n→∞ bn n→∞ n + 3n2 + 1
2n4 + 3n2
= lim n → ∞ 4
n + 3n2 + 1
= 2 > 0.
P∞ 1
Therefore, by the LCT, both series behave the same way. So since n=1 converges (because
n2
P∞ 2n2 + 3
it is a p-series with p = 2 > 1), n=2 converges.
n4 + 3n2 + 1

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Instructor:

For (III), we use the root test.

r
p n (n!)n
lim n |an | = lim
n→∞ n→∞ 5n
n!
= lim
5
n→∞
= ∞ > 1.
P∞ (n!)n
Therefore n=1 diverges.
5n

(II) converges, and the

others diverge.

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Instructor:

2.(6 pts) Consider the following series

∞ ∞ ∞
X (−1)n (n + 1) X
n n
X (−1)n
(I) (II) (−1) n2 (III)
n2 n3
n=4 n=4 n=2

Which of the following statements is true?

(a) (I) and (II) diverge and (III) converges absolutely

(b) (I) and (III) converge absolutely, and (II) diverges

(c) (II) converges and (III) converges conditionally

(d) (I) converges conditionally, (II) diverges, and (III) converges absolutely

(e) (I) diverges and (III) converges conditionally

(−1)n (n + 1)
Solution. Let’s consider (I) ∞
P
n=4 first. This series is alternating with bn =
n2
n+1
≥ 0 and satisfies
n2
n+1
(1) lim =0
n→∞ n2
n+2 n+1
(2) 2
≤ for all n.
(n + 1) n2
By the Alternating Series Test, we conclude (I) converges. To determine whether this con-
vergence is absolute or conditional, we look at
∞  ∞
 (−1)n (n + 1)  X

X
= n+1

2
.
 n  n2
n=4 n=4

Note that
n+1 n 1
2
≥ 2 =
n n n
P1 Pn+1
and diverges by the p-series test. So diverges by the Comparison Test, and we
n n2
conclude that (I) converges conditionally.

P∞ n n
Now consider (II) n=4 (−1) n2 . The limit of the terms

lim (−1)n n2n

n→∞

does not exist, so (II) diverges by the Divergence Test.

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Instructor:
P∞ (−1)n
The series (III) n=2 converges absolutely because the series
n3
∞  ∞
 (−1)n  X

X
 = 1
 n3  n3
n=2 n=2
converges by the p-series test.

So (I) converges conditionally, (II) diverges, and (III) converges absolutely.

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Instructor:

3.(6 pts) Which of the following statements is true about the series
∞
X sin(1/n)
?
n
n=3

(a) The series diverges by the divergence test

(b) The series diverges by the ratio test

(c) The series converges conditionally by the alternating series test

P 1
(d) The series converges absolutely by using the limit comparison test with the series
n2
P1
(e) The series diverges by the comparison test using the series
n
Solution
1. We have
sin(1/n) 1
lim = lim sin(1/n) = 0 · 0 = 0,
n→∞ n n→∞ n
therefore the divergence test is inconclusive.
2. If I try to apply the ratio test here, I get
an+1 sin(1/(n + 1))/(n + 1) sin(1/(n + 1)) n
lim = lim = lim = lim
n→∞ an nto∞ sin(1/n)/n n→∞ n→∞ sin(1/n) n + 1
 2
sin(1/(n + 1)) 1/n n
= lim = 13 = 1.
n→∞ 1/(n + 1) sin(1/n) n+1
Therefore the ratio test is inconclusive.
3. The Alternating Series test does not apply here because although it appears
P that this series
may have some negative terms it is not alternating and is not of the form (−1)n bn where bn
is positive. In fact since 0 < 1/n < π for n > 3, we have each term is positive in this series.

P1
4. If we use the limit comparison test and compare the series to , we get
n
sin(1/n)
n sin(1/n) 1
lim = lim =0
n→∞ 1/n n→∞ 1/n n
which means that the test is inconclusive.

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Instructor:

P 1
5. If we use the limit comparison test and compare the series to , we get
n2
sin(1/n)
n sin(1/n) sin(1/n)
lim 2
= lim 2
= lim = 1,
n→∞ 1/n n→∞ n/n n→∞ 1/n
therefore both series converge.

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Instructor:

4.(6 pts) Find a power series representation for ln(1 − x) centered at 0.

P∞ −xn+1 P∞ xn+1 P∞ xn
(a) (b) (c)
n=0 n + 1 n=0 n + 1 n=0 n!

∞ ∞ xn+1
nxn−1 (−1)n+1
P P
(d) (e)
n=0 n=0 n+1

∞
1 X
Solution. Recall that = xn , with interval of convergence (−1, 1). Then note that
1−x
n=1
R −1
ln(1 − x) = dx. (Note that you don’t need the absolute value sign here because the
1−x
interval of convergence is (−1, 1), so (1 − x) ≥ 0 for all values of x where the series converges.)
Thus
Z
1
ln(1 − x) = − dx
1−x
Z X ∞ 
=− xn dx
n=0
∞ Z
X 
n
=− x dx
n=0
∞
X xn+1
=− + C.
n+1
n=0

Evaluating the left and right hand sides when x = 0: ln(1) = 0 = 0 + C ⇒ C = 0.

∞
X −xn+1
ln(1 − x) =
n+1
n=0

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Instructor:

P∞ (−1)n 32n+1
5.(6 pts) Which of the following values is equal to 2 ?
n=0 (2n + 1)!

(a) 2e3 (b) 2 cos(3) (c) 2 sin(3)

(d) cos(6) (e) sin(6)

Solution. We use the Maclaurin series for sin(x).

∞ ∞
X (−1)n 32n+1 X (−1)n 32n+1
2 =2 = 2 sin(3)
(2n + 1)! (2n + 1)!
n=0 n=0

2
e−x dx?
R
6.(6 pts) Which of the following power series is equal to the indefinite integral

P∞ (−1)n x2n P∞ (−1)n x2n P∞ (−1)n x2n+1

(a) C+ (b) C+ (c) C+
n=0 n! n=0 (2n)(n!) n=0 (2n + 1)(2n!)

P∞ (−1)n x2n+1 P∞ x2n+1

(d) C+ (e) C+
n=0 (2n + 1)(n!) n=0 2n + 1

xn
P∞ 2
Solution. Recall the Maclaurin series ex = n=0 . So the Maclaurin series for e−x is
n!
∞ 2 n ∞
2
X (−x ) X (−1)n x2n
e−x = = .
n! n!
n=0 n=0
Using this,
∞ ∞
!
(−1)n x2n (−1)n x2n+1
Z Z
−x2
X X
e dx = dx = C + .
n! (2n + 1)n!
n=0 n=0

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7.(6 pts) What is the radius of convergence of the series

∞
X 4 · 3n xn
?
n
n=2

1 1
(a) 3 (b) (c) (d) ∞ (e) 12
12 3

4 · 3n xn
Solution. We use the ratio test; an = . The series converges when
n
a   4 · 3n+1 xn+1 n 
 n+1 
lim   = lim  ·

an n+1 4 · 3n xn

n→∞ n→∞
 3xn 
= lim 
 
n→∞ n + 1

n
= lim |3x|
n→∞ n+1
= |3x|
= 3|x| < 1.
1
Thus, the series converges for x-values where |x| < .
3

1
R=
3

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Instructor:

8.(6 pts) Find

6
e3x − 1 − 3x6
lim .
x→0 x12

3
(a) (b) 9
2
(c) 0 (d) The limit does not exist
9
(e)
2

P∞ xn 6
Solution. Recall the Maclaurin series ex = n=0 . So the Maclaurin series for e3x is
n!
∞ ∞
6
X (3x6 )n X 3n x6n 9x12 27x18
e3x = = = 1 + 3x6 + + + ...
n! n! 2 3!
n=0 n=0
Using this,
9x12 27x18
 
6 1+ + 3x6 + + . . . − 1 − 3x6
e3x − 1 − 3x6 2 3!
lim = lim
x→0 x12 x→0 x12
9x 12 27x 18
+ + ...
= lim 2 3!
x→0 x12
9 27x6
= lim + + ...
x→0 2 3!
9
= .
2

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Instructor:

9.(6 pts) Which of the following is the 4th degree Taylor polynomial of cos(2x) at a = π?
Solution Let f (x) = cos(2x). Then
f (π) = cos(2π) = 1
f 0 (x) = −2 sin(2x) and f 0 (π) = −2 sin(2π) = 0.
f 00 (x) = −4 cos(2x) and f 00 (π) = −4 cos(2π) = −4.
f 000 (x) = 8 sin(2x) and f 000 (π) = 8 sin(2π) = 0.
f (4) (x) = 16 cos(2x) and f (4) (x) = 16 cos(2x) = 16.
Therefore the fourth degree Taylor polynomial of f at π is
f 0 (π) f 00 (π) f 000 (π) f (4) (π)
f (π) + (x − π) + (x − π)2 + (x − π)3 + (x − π)4
1! 2! 3! 4!
4 16
= 1 − (x − π)2 + (x − π)4
2! 4!
16
= 1 − 2(x − π)2 + (x − π)4 .
4!

(x − π)2 (x − π)4
(a) 1− +
2 4!
16
(b) 1 − 4(x − π)2 + (x − π)4
4!
16x4
(c) 1 − 2x2 +
4!
(d) 1 − 4(x − π)2 + 16(x − π)4
16
(e) 1 − 2(x − π)2 + (x − π)4
4!

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Instructor:

10.(6 pts) Which of the following is a graph of the parametric curve defined by

x = 2 sin (t) y = 3 cos (t), for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

with the direction in which the curve is traced as t increases indicated by the arrows shown?

3 3

2 2

1 1

-2 -1 1 2 -2 -1 1 2
(a) (b)

-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3

3 10
2
5
1

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 -10 -5 5 10
(c) (d)
-1
-5
-2
-3 -10

3
2
1

-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
(e)
-1
-2
-3

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Instructor:

Solution. The equations for x and y involve sin(t) and cos(t), which are periodic functions;
so we can rule out the case of the straight line. Since the coefficients of sin(t) and cos(t) are
different (2 and 3, respectively), we know the graph must be an ellipse. To determine which
direction the ellipse is traced, we plug in a couple values for t.
When t = 0, x = 2 sin(0) = 0, y = 3 cos(0) = 3 ⇒ t = 0 corresponds to the point (0, 3).
π π π π
When t = , x = 2 sin( ) = 2, y = 3 cos( ) = 0 ⇒ t = corresponds to the point (2, 0).
2 2 2 2
So these equations describe a clockwise traced ellipse.

-2 -1 1 2

-1

-2

-3

14
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Partial Credit
You must show your work on the partial credit problems to receive credit!

11. (14 pts.) For each of the following two series, determine whether the series converges
absolutely, converges conditionally, or diverges. Indicate a reason for your answer. Correct
answers with no reasoning indicated will be worth only two points each.
(a)
∞
X (−1)n
√ .
n=2
n
p
Solution This series converges by the alternating series test (with bn = 1/ (n) > 0 ) since
1
(i) lim √ = 0 and
n→∞ n
1 1
(ii) √ < √ for n ≥ 2.
n+1 n
P∞ (−1)n
The series n=2 √ is conditionally convergent since the sum of the absolute values of
n
the terms is
∞
X 1
√
n=2
n
which diverges since it is a p-series with p = 1/2 < 1.

(b)
∞
X (−1)n e1/n
.
en
n=2
Solution Since limn→∞ e1/n = 1, the absolute values of the terms of this series get closer
1 P 1
and closer to n as n approaches ∞. Since is a convergent (geometric) series, I would
e en
expect the given series to converge absolutely.
e1/n P∞ 1
With that in mind, I compare the series ∞
P
n=2 to n=2 n using the limit comparison
en e
test.
e1/n /en
lim = lim e1/n = 1.
n→∞ 1/en n→∞

e1/n P∞ (−1)n e1/n

Therefore ∞
P
n=2 n
converges and thus n=2 is absolutely convergent.
e en
1
Note that both the root test and ratio test work here also. Both give the limit < 1 showing
e
that the series converges.

15
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Instructor:

12. (14 pts.) Find the radius and interval of convergence of the power series

∞
X (−1)n+1 (x + 1)n
.
4n (n + 1)
n=0

Be sure to discuss the convergence at the two end points, and state any tests you are using,
like the divergence test, root test, p-test, ratio test, alternating series test, or limit comparison
test.

Solution. To find the radius of convergence, we use the Ratio Test.

 (−1)n+2 (x + 1)n+1 4n (n + 1)
   
 an+1  
lim 
  = lim  · 
n→∞ an  n→∞  4n+1 (n + 2) (−1)n+1 (x + 1)n 
|x + 1| n + 1
= lim ·
n→∞ 4 n+2
|x + 1|
= .
4

|x + 1|
The Ratio Tests says this power series will converge when < 1. Or, equivalently,
4
when |x + 1| < 4. So the radius of convergence is R = 4.

To find the interval of convergence, we test endpoints.

∞ ∞
X (−1)n+1 (−5 + 1)n X −1
x = −5: n
= .
4 (n + 1) n+1
n=0 n=0
P 1 P1
Consider the series . Since diverges and the limit
n+1 n
1
n
lim n + 1 = lim =1
n→∞ 1 n→∞ n + 1
n
P 1
is a nonzero positive integer, the series diverges by the Limit Comparison
n+1
Test.  
P∞ −1 P∞ 1
Thus n=0 =− n=0 must diverge as well.
n+1 n+1

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Instructor:
∞ ∞
X (−1)n+1 (3 + 1)n X (−1)n+1
x = 3: = .
4n (n + 1) n+1
n=0 n=0
1
This series is alternating with bn = ≥ 0 and satisfies
n+1
1
(1) lim =0
n→∞ n + 1
1 1
(2) ≤ for all n,
n+2 n+1
so by the Alternating Series Test, it converges.

Therefore the interval of convergence is (−5, 3].

R.O.C. I.O.C.

17
 Name:
Instructor:

13. (14 pts.)

(a) Give the Taylor series for sin(x) at x = 0.

Solution. The general form for the Taylor series of a function f (x) centered at x = a is

∞
X f (n) (a)
T (x) = (x − a)n .
n!
n=0

In our case, we get the following:

evaluate at x = 0
f (x) sin(x) 0
f 0 (x) cos(x) 1
f 00 (x) − sin(x) 0
000
f (x) − cos(x) -1
f 4 (x) sin(x) 0
f 5 (x) cos(x) 1
1 1 1
So we get T (x) = 0 + (x − 0)1 + 0 − (x − 0)3 + 0 + (x − 0)5 + ... ⇒
1! 3! 5!

∞
X (−1)n x2n+1
sin(x) =
(2n + 1)!
n=0

(b) Find the Taylor series for sin(x2 ) at x = 0.

Solution. We take the series we found above, substituting x2 for x on both sides to get:

∞
X (−1)n (x2 )2n+1
sin(x2 ) =
(2n + 1)!
n=0

∞
X (−1)n x4n+2
sin(x2 ) =
(2n + 1)!
n=0
Z 1
(c) Express sin(x2 )dx as a series.
0

18
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Instructor:

Solution. We use the the series from above.

1 ∞
1X
(−1)n x4n+2 
Z Z
sin(x2 )dx = dx
0 0 (2n + 1)!
n=0
∞
XZ 1 (−1)n x4n+2 
= dx
0 (2n + 1)!
n=0
∞
(−1)n  1 4n+2 
X Z
= x dx
(2n + 1)! 0
n=0
1
∞
X (−1)n  x4n+3 
=
(2n + 1)! 4n + 3 

n=0 0
∞
X (−1)n  14n+3 
= −0
(2n + 1)! 4n + 3
n=0
∞
X (−1)n
=
(2n + 1)!(4n + 3)
n=0

1 ∞
(−1)n
Z X
sin(x2 )dx =
0 (2n + 1)!(4n + 3)
n=0
Z 1
(d) Use the alternating series estimation test to estimate sin(x2 )dx so the error is less than
0
1
0.01 = . We suggest that you give your answer as a sum or difference of fractions, and you
100
do not need to simplify the fraction.

Solution. By the Alternating Series Estimation theorem, |Rn | = |S − Sn | ≤ bn+1 .

1
|Rn | ≤ bn+1 ≤
100
1 1
≤
(2n + 1)!(4n + 3) 100

1 1 1
When n = 0 : = = .
(2n + 1)!(4n + 3) 1!(3) 3
1 1 1
When n = 1 : = = .
(2n + 1)!(4n + 3) 3!(7) 42
1 1 1 1 1
When n = 2 : = = = < .
(2n + 1)!(4n + 3) 5!(11) 120 · 11 132 100

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Instructor:
1 R1
By the Alternating Series Estimation theorem, |R1 | ≤ b2 < . So to estimate 0 sin(x2 )dx
100
1
with an error of less than , it suffices to take the power series up to the n = 1 term.
100
Z 1 1
X (−1)n 1 1
sin(x2 )dx ≈ = −
0 (2n + 1)!(4n + 3) 3 42
n=0

Z 1
1 1
sin(x2 )dx ≈ −
0 3 42

20
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Instructor:

The following is the list of useful trigonometric formulas:

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

1 + tan2 x = sec2 x

1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x)
2
1
cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

1

sin x cos y = sin(x − y) + sin(x + y)
2
1

sin x sin y = cos(x − y) − cos(x + y)
2
1

cos x cos y = cos(x − y) + cos(x + y)
2
Z
sec θ = ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C

21
 Name:
Instructor: ANSWERS
Math 10560, Exam 3
April 19, 2016
• The Honor Code is in effect for this examination. All work is to be your own.
• No calculators.
• The exam lasts for 1 hour and 15 min.
• Be sure that your name is on every page in case pages become detached.
• Be sure that you have all 21 pages of the test.

PLEASE MARK YOUR ANSWERS WITH AN X, not a circle!

1. (a) (b) (c) (•) (e)

2. (a) (b) (c) (•) (e)

........................................................................................................................

3. (•) (b) (c) (d) (e)

4. (•) (b) (c) (d) (e)

........................................................................................................................

5. (a) (b) (•) (d) (e)

6. (a) (b) (c) (•) (e)

........................................................................................................................

7. (a) (b) (•) (d) (e)

8. (a) (b) (c) (d) (•)

........................................................................................................................

9. (a) (b) (c) (d) (•)

10. (•) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Please do NOT write in this box.

Multiple Choice

11.

12.

13.

Total