ASSIGNMENT ON ORGANISATIONAL

EFFECTIVENESS AND CHANGE.

Q 1. Write about the major changes that have taken place in the following industries?

1. Banking Industry
2. Educational Sector
3. Hospital Industry
4. Manufacturing Industry

Ans: The management of change is an important discipline in today’s ever changing

business environment. Change is never easy and managing it in a large corporate
environment is even more challenging. Human resource manager must be familiar with
the techniques the organization can use to bring about Organizational Change. It includes
understanding of 3 things. 1. How to overcome Resistance to Change? 2. How to
organize and lead an Organizational Change? 3. How to use a technique known as
Organizational Development?

1. Banking Industry

Some of the major changes that have take place in banking industries are:

1. Open banking-a connected ecosystem for financial and non-financial services

with multiple underlying service providers is the future of banking.
2. Banking strategy- Banks are already making gaits in cloud adoption.
Technologies are changing the face of business—Big Data, block chain, artificial
intelligence (AI), will be leveraged using cloud computing.
Business models for merging banks will also be largely driven by the strategy.
3. Block chain – the banks try to meet the increasing demands of customers; block
chain will be one of the enablers for re-imagining processes. The current year 2017
will increasingly move some project, product and leverage block chain to automate
inter-organizational processes. The new Emirates NBD and ICICI Bank Partnership
to launch a block chain pilot network for international remittances and trade finance
is advancing in this technology.
4. Artificial Intelligence- has the potential to transform both front office and back
office operations with its self-improving programs—at ICICI Bank. The banks will
explore the concepts to integrate the conversational interface into their Omni channel
strategy.
5. More things to bank -The year 2016 was the year of mobile-first strategy. Indian
banks leveraged the increasing adoption of mobile to provide customized offerings on
their apps.
6. Banking architecture simplification- The new technology is the bedrock of
banking architectural simplification. The New Year will see banks move to
componentization instead of the traditional monolithic architecture. In other words,
complex architecture will be broken up into smaller bite-sized pieces for ease of
deployment and upgrade for specific functionalities. The Indian government has
made it clear that India will be yanked away from a cash-based economy. GST rollout
will give further impetus to the Indian economy.

2. EDUCATIONAL SECTOR

Some of the changes that have take place in educational sector are:

1. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education – Even in a

developing country like India where resources are limited and parents are not
financially prepared to send their children to school, the government is
responsible for ensuring quality education for its young citizens.

As per Anand Mishra, CEO of Star Infranet , in 2012 reports indicated that 96.5%
of children aged 6-14 years old in rural areas were enrolled in school. These
children were mostly beneficiaries of government programs such as the District
Primary Education Programme that has first experimented in Kerala.

Much work still has to be done in this area as the economic status of families is
still a hindrance to having children stay in school. Even if there are no school
fees to be paid, the matter of getting to school is an issue. There is also the matter
of children being required to help out in the house so their parents can work.

2. The establishment of learning facilities and occupational centre for women

expansion of girls’ occupational centre – Literacy rates among women in India
were historically low. With recent changes in the education system in India, the
rates went up to over 50% at the start of the new millennium. In some states like
Kerala, female literacy rates are as high as 86%.
Programs like the Saakshar Bharat Mission for Female Literacy and the National
Literacy Mission were responsible for this positive change in Indian education. In
Bihar, the government also introduced a program that gave free bikes to female
students so they can go to school.
3. The increase of primary, secondary, and higher education institutions in
rural areas – There are a total of about 1.4Mn schools in India today and rural
communities already have schools within walking distance. The problem is that
while there are a great number of schools, the quality of education in India
leaves much to be desired. Rural schools built and founded by groups like the
Rural Development Foundation in Hyderabad are only able to accommodate a
limited number of students.
 Alarming numbers were revealed by the 11th Education for All (EFA) Global
monitoring report by UNESCO. The study reported that 90% of the rural poor
children were assessed to still be illiterate even after they have studied in school
for four years. This underscores the urgent need for quality education in India.

The children attending government rural schools are taught using outdated
methods and materials. The quality of both the teachers and the teaching methods
sorely needs the government’s attention. Training and retooling of teachers are
necessary. This solution points back to the issue of funding. More of
government’s funds should be spent for teacher training and development.

4. The promotion of science and technology education with the establishment of

the All India Council for Technical Education or the AICTE – The 1987 NPE
revision was aimed at creating a manpower pool of scientifically inclined
graduates. This pool was envisioned to provide a steady source of skilled
manpower. The goal is to have about 500Mn skilled workers by 2022.

If the goal is to be achieved as planned, there needs to be a more concerted effort

towards establishing training and research centre in India education where
students can actually have hands-on experience. Students should not be confined
to simply memorizing their lessons in rote learning, but rather exposed to learning
while doing.

There should also be an emphasis on English language learning in early education

in India. The reality is that most of the scientific and technical terms and concepts
are in English. Students will not fully understand their lessons if they are not
proficient in the language. One of the other recommendations is to have teachers
write their own versions of the English textbooks using the local dialect.

3. Hospital Industry

Some of the changes that have take place in the hospital industry are:

1. Artificial Intelligence and Cloud-The adoption of artificial intelligence is on the

rise, making the healthcare ecosystem more organized. AI will help in solving
many problems of the patients, doctors, hospitals as well as the overall healthcare
industry. Earlier, patients didn't have appropriate information about the right
doctor, hospital or the treatment. Now, with the help of AI-based applications,
people can directly talk to doctors, physician, and expertise for the best treatment.
Moreover, patients accustomed their medical record files every time, however,
 with the introduction of electronic medical records system they can access data
anytime. The medical billing system, on the other hand, will help in making data
streamlined and structured.
It is expected that by 2020, around 20 percent of healthcare and 40 percent of science
organizations will achieve productivity through the adoptions of AI technology between
15 percent and 20 percent.

2. The Need for Transparency in Healthcare-The need for transparency has

become the most vital component in the healthcare industry. Patients must avail
their rights to the prescribed treatment, medical records and history. Transparency
in healthcare will drive positive patient outcomes and greater satisfaction. The
patients can provide their identifications like Aadhaar number to check
information online such as prescribed medicines, tests and doctor's information all
at one place from anywhere. They can also contact doctors and physicians
through video call to ensure that the correct procedures are carried out.
3. Internet of Thing in Healthcare Sector-In the coming years, it is anticipated
that many healthcare providers will adopt IOT-based asset tracking and inventory
management system in hospitals. This is expected to improve patient's safety,
staff satisfaction and operational efficiency. The rise of IOT will also support
providers and organizations in making operational decisions and will aggregate as
well as integrate data thorough IOT-enabled platforms. It will provide a new
foundation for gaining insights into hospital operational, asset management and
human resources management, thus, enabling optimization of assets and reduce
operational costs. With the rise of the Internet of (Medical) Things (IOMT),
mobile and wearable devices can be used to identify the risk factors and provide
preventative treatment to the patients. It can be used to predict healthcare trends
and problems.
4. Manufacturing industry

Major change that have taken place in manufacturing industry are:

1. Seeing around corners - in 360°-New tools are allowing companies to create and test
situations in the virtual world, to simulate the design process and the assembly line before
an actual product is created. Simulating the product-creation phase helps cut down on
manufacturing time and ensure the manufacturing process delivers what companies
intended to create.

2. Viewing the fourth wave - in 3D-Also making a mark in the manufacturing world is
3-D printing, which allows for the seamless creation of tangible products using a single
machine. This is a fundamental change, because it gives you a lot more possibilities for
how you design a part. For a certain category of product where you would normally need
six pieces, 3-D printing can achieve the same thing in one piece without additional
processes like welding or screwing. Three-dimensional printing reduces waste by
recycling plastic and cuts down on the wait time for replacement parts and transportation.

3. Advanced manufacturing - on autopilot-Automation is another vital aspect of the

industry’s future. Approximately 50% of Flex’s manufacturing processes are already
fully automated. Automation enables a level of accuracy and productivity beyond human
ability—even in environments that would be considered unsafe for humans. The new
generation of robotics is not only much easier to program, but easier to use, with
capabilities like voice and image recognition to re-create complex human tasks. Another
advantage of robots is that they do precisely what you ask them to do - nothing more,
nothing less. And while automation eliminates some of the most tedious manufacturing
jobs, it is also creating new jobs for a re-trained workforce, discussed below.

4. Building intelligent factories - in the cloud-In addition to robotics and virtual reality,
factories environments are also driving advancements in cloud computing and smart
sensors. Smart sensors can perform tasks such as converting data into different units of
measurement, communicating with other machines, recording statistics and feedback and
shutting off devices if a safety or performance issue arises. IoT functionality can track
and analyze production quotas, consolidate control rooms and create models of predictive
maintenance.

Q 2. Take the example of 5 different companies and show what they are doing for the
knowledge management at their respective companies?
Ans:

1. TOYOTA MOTORS:

The company management is aware with the fact that the creation of knowledge is not
only an aggregation of information but it is a distinctive human process that cannot be
decreased or replicated easily. The company management tries to alter data into
information that can be used a knowledge for all by collection, organizing,
summarizing, analyzing, synthesizing and making final decision. Management of
Toyota is also aware that effective management of knowledge is essential that
includes knowledge creation, sharing, security, and abandonment. All this relies on
enabling context that can be developed with the help of significant knowledge
enablers that are as follows:

 Introducing a knowledge vision

 Handling conversations
 Displacing knowledge reformers
 Establishing appropriate context
 Globalizing local knowledge
 All these knowledge enablers are introduced by Toyota that evidences its knowledge
management practices. Although Toyota Motor Corporation has adopted a significant
approach towards knowledge management and knowledge sharing but still it is not
able to effectively manage knowledge among all its resources. Nowadays, the
company is operating in different foreign markets but still it is not able to improve its
production efficiency and quality and it is all because of lack of knowledge
management and knowledge sharing.

The company management has still not gone through the fundamental issues of
knowledge sharing or organizational learning that are key drivers behind a firm’s
significant attainments. For attaining assured success in 21st century it is essential
that its leaders develop intellectual capital with the help of knowledge creation and
sharing on an international basis. The company had to work hard in the direction of
knowledge sharing as its main issues are related to knowledge sharing. If company
adopts effective approaches and networks it can easily resolve its issues related to
knowledge sharing that in turn will render it with competitive advantage.

For successful execution and operations, it is essential that the Toyota Motor
Corporation significantly improves its knowledge management issues. Without this, it
would not be possible for the company to manage its leading position in the long run
as now knowledge has become crucial for running a business successfully. The
company had effective knowledge management plan but it is lacking at some aspects
that if improved can deliver it with substantial advantages of knowledge management
and business operations management.

2. STATE BANK OF INDIA:

SBI today is going through a momentous phase of its knowledge management through
technology and HRM. The 75-year-old public sector has been stirring out of its public-
sector legacy and moving with agility to give the private and foreign banks a run for their
money. The SBI is forging ahead with cutting edge technology and innovative practices
and striving for achieving total customer experience. The bank is looking at opportunities
to grow nationally and internationally. The SBI has gone beyond the usual domains of
technology in a very aggressive manner. The Bank is involved not only in the business
development but also with care for the community and supports a range of socio-
economic, educational and health initiatives. Information Technology (IT) has immense
untapped potential in banking and strengthening of IT in banks could improve asset
liability management building up a related database on a real time basis to enhance the
forecasting of liquidity even at the branch level to enhance the risk management
capabilities of banks
 3. Ford Motors

Ford particularly applied knowledge management principles to product development

processes. Early in the history of the Internet, Ford used a web-based knowledge
management enabler to maintain quality standards across their product line. This early
adoption allowed Ford to raise its initial quality by 18% and reduce its warranty cost by
$1 billion.

The auto major is great at knowledge management because the company has been doing
it for a long time and has gathered enough experience to refine its approach to knowledge
management meaningfully.

4. Samsung

 ARISAM–home-grown EKP continually improved based on frequent

satisfaction survey Personalized email push of knowledge to individuals.
 Enterprise portal cub lets for each job category containing job-specific
knowledge.
 Usage levels of ARISAM knowledge measured per org. unit and reflected on
the annual review score.
 Evaluation of contributed knowledge items by knowledge masters and users,
and monetary compensation based on the evaluation result.
5. AMAZON

Amazon has been excelling at knowledge management since it took a plunge into
e-commerce in the late 90s. The company applies many core knowledge
management and user experience principles in catering to the needs of its
employees.

One such principle is that of housing a single interface to meet the need of all its
users. This keeps all items easy to index and find, and has allowed Amazon to
skyrocket and diversify its business from selling books and all kinds of equipment
to even having its own product lines that are competing with pretty much any item
imaginable, from bluetooth speakers to foam rollers.
 Q. 3 Show the difference between organisational climate and organisational
culture with help of examples?

Ans- Climate and culture are often used interchangeably by school leaders. However,
the literature differentiates these inter-related concepts in important ways. Climate
describes the shared perceptions of the people in a group or organization, while
culture includes how people feel about the organization and the beliefs, values, and
assumptions that provide the identity and set the standards of behavior

The difference between organisational climate and organisational culture are:

BASIS ORGANISATIONAL CLIMATE ORGANISATIONAL

Concept It evolves over a number of years.
Perspective It is a broader framework that
determines organisation climate.
Evolution It evolves over a number of years to earn
goodwill and reputation.
Manipulation It cannot be easily changed and
manipulated. Changes are introduced if
absolutely necessary.
Focus It focuses on values and norms of the
organisation.
Example Zappos protects their company culture
by hiring the cultural fit. What’s more, it
states its company culture all the way
through its hiring process. (source)
Months can pass between the initial
interview and an actual offer. All new
hires spend time taking customer calls
and if they think they don’t fit in by the
time of their trial period, they are
offered $3000 to leave.
CULTURE
It reflects current atmosphere
of the organisation.
It is short-term that defines its
day-to-day functioning.
It evolves according to needs
of the organisation to adapt to
current environmental forces.
It can be manipulated and
changed according to needs of
the environment.
It focuses on current work
practices of the organisation.
Google is renowned as an
amazing employer with many
other organizations trying to
mimic it, and sets the tone for
many of the perks and benefits
startups are now known for.
Googlers are renowned to be
driven, talented and among the
best of the best.
Q 4.Take an organization of your choice and show the organisational development
taking place there?

Ans- Organizational Development (OD) is a management discipline designed to improve

an organization's effectiveness and productivity. Rooted in behavioral science
foundations, OD focuses on complex interpersonal skills as they affect the problem-
solving activities critical to the organization/s. Following an in-depth assessment of
organization's select needs, activities such as coaching, visionary planning, and group
change processes are utilized to address pivotal areas necessary for success.

Organizational development taking place at IBM:

Organization Development Learning Governance Key principles ensure

maximum effectiveness of OD-

i) Align with IBM business.

ii) Manage enterprise wide corporate learning investment.
iii) Demonstrate a measurable level of effectiveness.
iv) Use of Best of Breed Learning Methodologies, Practices and design
approach.
Organization Development for Future Employee Development furthers both
employee and corporate Needs.

I) A focus development Curriculum Master Fundamental competency.

II) Employees reach goals through use of focused, Individual learning (IDP
Programs, Web Base tool for benchmarking)
III) Sales Skill Transformation (Online Portals)
OD Program (For Managers)

I) Customized requirement by Business Unit (based on Industry or location)

II) Manager Jam (Dialogues discussion)
III) Advisor (Web base Tool for all Managers)
IV) Manager Ongoing Dialogue (Online Space for same group of managers)
Key Organization Interventions in IBM Job Redesign Work Schedule Option
Process Consultation MBO Decision Centers Mergers and Acquisitions
 To Ensure Competitive advantage, maximize revenue, minimize risk Companies
must provide and embrace innovative learning “IBM is Allocating Approx. $750
million annually to develop and institute highest level of learning capability for all
of its employees”

REFERENCES

1. http://www.businessmanagementideas.com/notes/management-
notes/corporate-culture/difference-between-organisation-climate-and-
organisation-culture/5309. visited on 7th December 2018, 5.30 pm.
2. www.ibm.com visited on 9th December, 2018, 9:00 pm.
3. http://www.indiaeducation.net/management/streams/knowledge-
management.aspx visited on 8th December,2018, 9:00 pm.
4. https://www.bis.org/review/r170727a.htmvisited on 8th December 2018, 7:00
pm.
5. https://blog.teamweek.com/2017/08/4-company-culture-examples/visited on
9th December 2018, 8.30 pm