RESEARCH DESIGN

ON
ROOFTOP RAIN WATER HARVESTING IN AN EDUCATIONAL
CAMPUS

Submitted by
AKSHAY BORATI

Guided by Research coordinator

PROF.SONALI CHALAWADE PROF.SHILPA PATIL

S.B. PATIL COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

NIGDI, NEAR AKURDI RAILWAY STATION
PUNE-411033

2018-2019
 Rooftop Rain Water Harvesting in an Educational Campus

Akshay Borati

S.B.Patil College of Architecture & Design, Akurdi, Pune

Abstract

Water being a precious lifeline to the humanity is getting scarce day by day. The rapid population
growth, urbanization, industrialization, agricultural intensification & changing life style has
resulted in overexploitation of groundwater and surface water resources. Due to unbalanced
rainfall, the conventional water sources are inadequate to fulfil the demands of water requirements.
So there is a need for an alternative technology which will be cost effective and easy method for
conserving water. Rainwater Harvesting is the best method for minimizing water scarcity problem.
Currently some cities has made Rainwater Harvesting System mandatory for all new constructions.
In this study, Rain Water Harvesting System is analysed as an alternative source from the rooftop of
the building in the Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering (PCCOE) Campus. The water
collected from the rooftop will be stored in a storage tank and reused for secondary purposes in the
campus and will fulfil the water demands in the future.

Keywords: Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting, Recharge Pit,

Underground Storage Tank, Run off coefficient, Water supply

1. Introduction

a) Need for Rainwater Harvesting

Water that covers about 75% of earth’s surface is an essential substance for the nature and
the ecosystem of the world. Reports revealed that 768 million people worldwide lack access to safe
water, which is often termed as physical water scarcity, whereas 1.8 billion people are predicted to
live in regions with absolute water scarcity by 2025.For our water requirement, we entirely depend
upon rivers, lakes and ground water. However, rain is the ultimate source that feeds all these
sources. As water is becoming scarce, it is the need of the day to attain self-sufficiency to fulfil the
water needs. As urban water supply system is under tremendous pressure for supplying water to
ever increasing population, groundwater is getting depleted and polluted. Rainwater
Harvesting(RWH) is to make optimum use of rain water at the place where it falls i.e. conserve it
and not allow draining away and causing floods
elsewhere. Rainwater Harvesting is a simple
technique of catching and holding rainwater
where it falls. Either we can store it in tanks for
further use or we can use it recharge
groundwater system depending upon the
situation.

b) Benefits of rain water harvesting system:

• Rainwater is friendly to landscape plants & gardens.

• It can be used to recharge groundwater.

• It uses simple technologies that are inexpensive & easy to maintain.

• It lowers the water supply cost & can be a backup source of water for emergencies.

c) Components of Rainwater Harvesting

The system mainly constitutes the following components:

• Catchment , Downpipes & first flushing pipe ,Filters , Storage tank

d) Methods of Rainwater Harvesting

• Rainwater stored for direct use in above ground or underground sumps/ overhead tanks and
used directly for flushing, gardening, washing etc.
• Recharged to ground through recharge pits, dug wells, bore wells, soak pits, recharge
trenches, etc.

2. Literature Review

2.1 Name of journal: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

Name of author: Utsav R. Patel, Vikrant A. Patel et.al

Title: Rooftop rainwater harvesting (rrwh) at spsv campus, visnagar, Gujarat – a case study

Review : Methodology include all rainwater captured on rooftop of campus building, determination
of use of captured water & determination of collection surface from which the rainwater is collected
which is to be used for rainwater harvesting. Hence it was finally concluded that implementation of
RAINWATER HARVESTING PROJECT to the campus of S.P.S.V. will be the best approach to
fight with present scenario of water scarcity in all aspects, whether it is from financial point of view
or from optimum utilization of land surface. By implementation in water harvesting project in
S.P.S.V. campus we can make little noble cause for rain water conservation which will be beneficial
to the students of campus. It may also helpful to the campus.

2.2 Name of journal: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305768519

Name of author: Abhijeet Keskar, Satish Taji, Rushikesh Ambhore

Title: RAIN WATER HARVESTING – A CAMPUS STUDY

Review: - The rain water harvesting (RWH) system is analysed as an alternative source of water
Methodology include taking catchment area from campus. Demarcate & calculate area by GIS
software. Check Slope & analyse the potential of runoff from the rainfall from catchment area &
suggest suitable recharge pit locations & also volume of rainwater to be recharge in the ground.
Recharge of ground water table will help to rejuvenate the depleting ground water resources. Also
help to save the little amount of rain water which used to drain away from many years. Thus it is
concluded that implementation of RWH system of Government College of Engineering Aurangabad
(GECA) campus would result in the form of the best approach to deal with present scenario of
water scarcity and storing huge quantity of 53,96,816 litres in a year in college campus.

2.3 Name of journal: International Journal of creative research thoughts (IJCRT)

Name of author: Bhupender Singh, Sandeep Kumar

Title: Rain water harvesting of piet campus

Review: This project dealt with all aspect of improving the water scarcity problem in the PIET
campus by implementing ancient old technique of rainwater Harvesting. The water is collected from
the roof is sufficient quantity of water. Thus for this quantity the under-ground water tank has been
designed. Since we collect only 2045 cubic meter water from rooftop rain water which we can only
satisfied the drinking demand of the Piet campus. If want to use water also for the purpose of
flushing water, so we need rainwater harvesting for the complete Piet campus. By providing a water
tank behind the Piet stage we can eliminate large cost of the pipe. Hence it was finally concluded
that implementation of RAINWATER HARVESTING PROJECT to the campus of P.I.E.T will be
a good approach towards harvesting the rainwater and decreasing the over dependence on the
ground water. Even from optimum utilization of land surface point of view. Therefore, water is
highly a precious natural resource which is always in high demand in the campus of P.I.E.T and
thus, RAINWATER HARVESTING AT P.I.E.T campus is highly recommended.
3. Methodology

3.1 Objective

Analysis of present water use at PCCOE campus and problems with current system. To meet
the increasing demand of water and to control wastage of rain water. To try and make the unit
independent for water consumption.

3.2 Study Area

a) Location & Description

The campus of Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering (PCCOE) is situated at 18.650 N

latitudes and 73.760 E longitudes and is located near Akurdi Railway Station, Sector No. 26, Nigdi,
Pimpri-Chinchwad, Pune, Maharashtra.PCCOE is ranked as the top engineering college in
Pune.Founded in year 1999 and has a campus size of 13 acres.
The campus includes various departments like Mechanical Engineering, Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering, Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Civil
Engineering along with post graduate courses in Mechanical Heat Power and Design, Computer
Engineering, Electronics Engineering and Information Technology. The campus also includes
Architecture and MBA colleges, Boys and Girls hostel, Canteen, Lawn, Playgrounds and
Workshops.
b) Necessity of Project
As the advantages of rainwater harvesting are important, we can draw out by implementing
this small but efficient technique in the campus. Thus to increase the potential, benefits of this
system and draw maximum advantages from it, we need to have large rooftop areas which will be
going to act as catchment areas. More the catchment areas more will be surface runoff and thus
more will be amount of harvested water. Therefore as much as possible, we have included and
considered all the major buildings having large rooftop areas. The total strength of campus
including students and staff people is more than 7000. Thus with this present strength and also with
the future expansion of the campus, the requirement of water will increase.
In present situation the rainwater from the roof top terraces and surface is drained out to a
natural stream running inside the campus. Huge amount of rainwater is lost. Also there are 4 bore
wells dug inside the campus which is used for secondary purposes like flushing, irrigation of lawns,
for landscape inside the campus. Water for drinking purpose is being supplied from corporation.
The roof top area if used for Rainwater Harvesting, has immense for groundwater recharging as the
ground water table is decreasing day by day by providing suitable recharge pits. Also the water can
be used for flushing purposes, watering the plants and for irrigation purposes if stored in and
underground tank. The success of the proposed RWH project will be role model and motivate other
institutes, premises and big housing projects to adopt such installation to make the environment
better and sustainable.
c) Rainfall data

The PCMC area has invigorating climate throughout the year, it is high altitude, moderate rainfall
and a green cover. The monsoon arrives in during first week of July and extends to mid-September.
In this period, PCMC witnesses an average annual rainfall is 700-800 mm. The maximum relative
humidity during the rainy season is 70-80%, and falls as low as 30% on summer
afternoons. (https://www.pcmcindia.gov.in/residents_info.php)

d) Catchment Area

The rooftop surface area is nothing but the catchment area which receives rainfall. Catchment areas
of the different buildings are measured.

Type of building Total Area

Polytechnic + PCP 1200+620= 1820 sq.m
PCCOE office + Trust Office 600+300=900 sq.m
Gym Canteen Building 829 sq.m
Engineering Depts. 2500+1500=4000 sq.m
Architecture Building 1532 sq.m
MBA + Girls hostel 700+700=1400 sq.m

Boys Hostel 500+400=900 sq.m

11,381 sq.m

Total catchment area = 11,381 sq.m

e) Runoff coefficient

Runoff coefficient for any catchment is the ratio of the volume

of water that runs off a surface to the volume of rainfall that falls
on the surface. Runoff coefficient accounts for losses due to Spillage, leakage, infiltration,
catchment surface wetting and evaporation, which will all contribute to reducing the amount of
runoff. Runoff coefficient varies from 0.5 to 1.0. Run-off coefficients for various catchment
surfaces (Source: Irrigation Engineering & Hydraulic Structure, by Garg, S.K.)

f) Potential of Rain water Supply

The total amount of water that is received from rainfall over an area is called the rainwater legacy of
that area and the amount that can be effectively harvested is called the water harvesting potential.

Potential is carried by using the formula given below (Gould and Nissen, 1999)

P = R x A x Cr Where P=volume of water received in m3, R=mean average rainfall in millimetre,

A=catchment area in m2, Cr= coefficient of runoff

The formula for calculation for harvesting potential

P = R x A x Cr

= 750 mm x 11381m2 x 0.9

= 76, 82,175litres

Volume of water received (P) = 7682 m3 / year

e) Demand of Water

 Total no of Students & staff in PCCOE campus=6000

 Institutional Drinking Water Demand= 2 litres/capita/day
 Min. Flushing Water =20 litres/capita/day
 Total water demand for one student = 22 litres/day
 Total working days in one year = days in year (365) - Weekend days (105)- Public
holidays=235 days
 Total water required for flushing water =20x 235 x 6000=2,82,00,000 = 28,200 m3
 Total water required for boys and girls hostels (250+250) = 135 x 365 x 500= 2,46,37,500
litres = 24,637 m3
 Total water required for flushing water for Engineering And Architecture Building of 1500
people = 20 x 235 x 1500 = 70,50,000 litres = 7050 m3
4) Results & Discussions

 The total rainwater harvested through the roof top is 7682 m3 and water required for
flushing of 6000 people is 28,200 m3 , so amount of water required for flushing is more than
4 times the rainwater harvested. So we can use this amount for flushing purpose.
 Therefore this amount of rainwater harvested can be used for the 2 buildings (Engineering &
architecture) buildings in the campus & the remaining water can be used for watering the
plants and irrigation of lawn.
 Another alternative would be providing recharge pits at suitable locations and used for
recharging the ground and bore wells inside the campus.
 The harvested water can be stored in an underground storage tank, properly filtered and will
be used for various purposes.
 As the amount is more, we can divide the tanks in different locations as it will be difficult to
construct a large tank of such a capacity.
 Recharge pit/underground tank can be connected to bore well for bore well recharge.
 Our pipe losses are 2% which we can reduce 30% by using proper good quality pipe of PVC
and CPVC pipe to collect water from the roof to ground level then using RCC pipe in
underground water carrying system up to tank position.

5) Conclusions
It concluded from above findings that rainwater harvesting, if conserved and utilized using the
rainwater harvesting technology, can be an effective tool of replenishing ground water resources.
The implemented RWH for the institute will make water independent at least for the secondary
water requirement in future. Such projects contribute in saving the huge amount of potable water
which is generally wasted, for the use of secondary purposes. The rainwater is distilled water hence
most pure. Most of the contamination would flow down into the ground during the first week of
rain. The rainwater available after the first week is of better quality. By recharging the well and the
ground with rainwater, the quality of existing ground water also gets enhanced. This initiative
makes the campus as the first educational institute of Pimpri Chinchwad which implemented RWH
scheme for the improvement of ground water table by artificial recharge and set the benchmark for
other institutes and organization to get aware and understand the importance of sustainable water
conservation. Thus for this quantity the under-ground water tank has been designed. It was
concluded that RCC tank which is to be constructed should be an under-ground one, so that upper
surface of the tank can be exploited economically for any land purpose such as play-ground or cycle
stands or any such small structure.

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