Smart airport: an IoT-based Airport Management System
Samia Bouyakoub Abdelkader Belkhir
LSI Laboratory LSI Laboratory
Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science
USTHB USTHB
BP 32 El Alia, Bab-Ezzouar 16111 BP 32 El Alia, Bab-Ezzouar 16111
Algeria Algeria
bouyakoub.s@gmail.com kaderbelkhir@hotmail.com
Fayçal M’hamed Bouyakoub
LSI Laboratory
Department of Computer Science
USTHB
BP 32 El Alia, Bab-Ezzouar 16111
Algeria
fbouyakoub@usthb.dz
ABSTRACT
The IoT vision enhances connectivity from “any-time, any-
place” for “any-one” into “any-time, any-place” for “any-thing”.
Once these things are plugged into the network, more and
more smart processes and services are possible which can
support our economies, environment and health. On the other
hand, Air transport has become one of the essential elements of
globalization. Its development has been exponential for
decades, following the technological advances of aviation on
one side, and the propensity of men to move on the other. With
rapidly increasing traffic, the current logistics and
infrastructure models of airports must inevitably evolve in
order to adapt quickly and sustainably. To make the passenger
journey more fluid, airports are increasingly using new
technologies. In this paper, we propose an airport management
system based on the IoT paradigm, where passengers, baggage,
plane or the departure lounge are considered as “things”. Our
smart airport management system aims to automate passengers
processing and flight management steps, in order to improve
services, facilitate airport agents’ tasks and offer passengers a
pleasant and safe journey. 1
CCS CONCEPTS
• Computer systems organization→ Embedded systems;
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal
or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or
distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice
and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work
owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is
permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to
lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions
from Permissions@acm.org.
ICFNDS '17, July 19-20, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom
© 2017 Association for Computing Machinery.978-1-4503-4844-7/17/07 … $15.00
DOI: 10.1145/3102304.3105572
Wassila Guebli
LSI Laboratory
Department of Computer Science
USTHB
BP 32 El Alia, Bab-Ezzouar 16111
Algeria
guebliwas@gmail.com
• Software and its engineering→ Software system models;
• Applied computing → Computers in other domains
KEYWORDS
Internet of Things; Smart airport, Airport management system.
ACM Reference format:
S. Bouyakoub, A. Belkhir, W. Guebli and F. M. Bouyakoub.
2017. SIG Proceedings Paper in Word Format. In Proceedings of
ACM ICFNDS '17, July 19-20, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom
(ICFNDS '17), 7 pages.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3102304.3105572
1 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, Internet hosts billions of connections, making it
the most powerful sharing information tool ever invented. It
has transformed the life of companies, individuals and
institutions, allowing them to connect to the world from their
computers. The perspective is an all-connected world with
even more dense connection between humans and things, but
also between the things themselves.
With the development of Internet technology and devices
like sensors, actuators or tags, the physical world is connected
to cyberspace through smart devices, thus expanding the
Internet into the “Internet of Things” [1]. The IoT is a new
computing paradigm that assigns to Internet-connected objects
the ability to send and receive data in order to perform specific
tasks. The IoT paradigm expands the current Internet with a
large number of smart connected objects, thus creating an
extension of the Internet to the physical world. The IoT
provides a platform for these smart devices allowing them to
interact and communicate using existing Internet standards
[2,3]. This approach will increase the number of connected
machines and consequently generate many new applications in
ICFNDS '17, July 19-20, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom
a large variety of fields including environment, health, smart
cities and industry [4,5].
Indeed, air transportation has become the primary means of
traveling. Airline companies and airports must improve their
services for better customer satisfaction: Locating both
passengers and their baggage, ensuring their safety and
providing assistance when they need it, are some examples of
services that should be provided by IT in airports [6]. The use
of technological solutions in Airports aims to cope with the
increasing growth in passenger numbers, but also to improve
the passenger experience. According to the 2016 Passenger IT
Trends Survey, Airline passengers across the globe are so
comfortable with technology that they choose to use it rather
than interact with people [7].
The Internet of Things is envisaged to bring many benefits,
and will inevitably play a major role in improving future air
transportation [8].
In order to illustrate the high potential of the IoT approach,
we applied its principles on an airports management system.
Our goal is to show how some frequently reported problems in
airport management (loss of baggage, slow travel procedures…)
can be easily solved by automating the management process
using IoT technology.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows: in
Section 2 we discuss some issues in airport management which
can be solved through technological solutions, and then we
present some existing IoT-based solutions for airports. In the
next section, we propose a smart airport application based on
IoT. We present the different objects composing our system as
well as the three layers of the system. The last section
concludes this paper and gives some perspectives.
2 RELATED WORKS
Air transport plays an important role in globalization as it
allows for global travel and rapid connectivity between
continents. It offers passengers a fast and safe means of
transport for business as well as for tourism.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA) expects
an annual growth of 5.4% in air traffic, reaching 3.91 billion
passengers by 2017 [9]. Over the next several years, airports
will likely face more challenges to address projected growth in
passenger airline travel.
Increasing aircraft capacity or expanding airports is not
enough to solve all the problems, it becomes necessary to
further integrate new technologies at airports. We have to note
that many important companies like Wind [10], CYENT [11]
and SITA [6] have presented the benefits of integrating IT in
their services and structures. In the following, we give some
examples of IT solutions used in Airports.
One of the main applications of IT in Airports is the use of
biometrics. With the increasing need for secure personal
identification at airports, it is important to use biometric
identification technologies. Studies [12] show the benefits of
using biometrics to confirm personal identity for airport
passenger processing and airport access control, to improve
security, efficiency and facilitation.
Furthermore, the need for airports to optimize space, and
the need for airlines to bring down their operating costs, favors
the use of new technologies in services provided to passengers
S. Bouyakoub et al.
at all processing stages, from check-in to boarding. The
comfort of the passenger and the smooth progress of his transit
through the airport is a priority. Researchers [13] are studying
the impact of new technologies on user experience, in order to
choose the best solutions.
The Internet of things is increasingly integrated in airports,
and many solutions were proposed. In [14] authors explained
the passage from the Internet of Computers to the Internet of
Things. To illustrate their approach, they propose a solution to
track an aircraft in flight on an area and to have information
about its airline, departure and destination airports. In [15],
authors present an air travel scenario based on IoT according
to the ENISA’s (European Union Agency for Network and
Information Security) comprehensive risk assessment work and
a set of recommendations as rules for future developments of
IoT environments. Hui Li and al. proposed in [16] a Landing
Signal Officer -pilot-aircraft (LSO) instruction based on an
operating system for IoT. They built an operating model based
on IoT, on the format of guidance strategy. The relationship
and matching of LSO-pilot-aircraft systems are presented by
instructions associated with the operation model. Air France
[17] allows its passengers to receive an electronic Boarding
pass directly on their mobiles. When booking online, the
customer indicates his seat preferences, and 30 hours before
the flight, he receives automatically his boarding pass by e-
mail. He can then print his boarding pass as well as luggage
stickers at home or at the airport interactive terminals.
3 SMART AIRPORT: A MANAGEMENT
AIRPORT SYSTEM BASED ON IOT
Airport management is a complex system, divided into
several stages. In this paper, we propose an application for an
airport management based on IoT.
Each element composing the system is considered as a
thing. We defined the following things in our smart airport: the
operations room object, the check-in desk object, the departure
lounge object, passengers, luggage, the plane and the crew
members.
Each object of the system is autonomous, and interacts with
other components. Figure 1 represents the components of the
system and their interactions.
In the following, we describe the different steps of our
Airport management solution:
 The operations room is the core of the Airport. It
manages the check-in desks, departure lounges, and planes.
Thus, the operations room assigns a check-in desk to a flight,
and sends to the agents the list of passengers who have already
booked. The operations room assigns also a departure lounge
for the flight.
 When passengers and their luggage arrive to the check-in
desk, an electronic access card is assigned to each passenger,
and an electronic sticker is stuck to each suitcase. From this
moment, passengers and their luggage are considered as things
by the system.
 Passengers and their luggage will follow two different
paths to the Aircraft. In this paper, we focus only on
passengers' route.
 At the end of the check-in, the check-in desk sends the
list of registered passengers to the departure lounge assigned to
the flight.
Smart airport: an IoT-based Airport Management System ICFNDS '17, July 19-20, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Figure 1: Things communication interfaces

 The list of registered passengers is used to assist

passengers to access the right departure lounge. If the
passenger ID is not on the list of a specific departure lounge, he
is directed to the right one.
 Before boarding (usually 20 minutes), an alert is given to
warn checked passengers that are not present in the departure
lounge.
 Before boarding, the list of passengers present in the
departure lounge is sent to the plane.
Figure 2: The IoT system layers
 Each crew member has an electronic badge to identify
him within the system. The IoT system is divided into three layers (Figure 3), so
 Passengers joining the plane are registered in the list of that each layer describes the system with a different
enplaned passengers. perspective:
 Before the Aircraft's take-off time, the list of passengers
on board is compared with the list of passengers ready to Abstract Layer• Manages the communication between
objects
board. If a passenger is missing, his luggage is removed, and
• Manages the temporal constrants of the
the luggage list is updated. Temporal Layer system
 When the plane arrives at its destination, it sends the list • Manages low-level system objects
Physical Layer
of enplaned passengers to the operations room of the
destination airport.
Figure 3: The IoT system layers
3.1 Kernel Mechanism: The Multi-Layers
Structure of The IoT System  The abstract layer: It describes the system and its
Each element composing the system is considered as an interaction with its environment. It is also called
autonomous thing, which can interact with other things within communication layer, because it describes the various
the system. communicating things of the system and the way they interact
Each thing has two communication interfaces (Figure 2): and communicate.
 An Input Communication Interface (ICI), used to receive  The temporal layer: This layer represents the
messages; synchronization and the temporal relationship between the
 An Output Communication Interface (OCI), used to send different things of the system. Composite objects, represented
messages.
ICFNDS '17, July 19-20, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom
in the previous layer in an abstract manner, are detailed in this
level, and their temporal constraints are represented.
 The physical layer: It is the lowest layer of the system.
It describes the physical properties of things and their profiles;
it allows us to reach the physical interface of these objects in
order to manipulate them.
We distinguish two kinds of things according to their role
in the system:
 Active things: These things represent devices that interact
actively with the system by sending and receiving data, they
are able to identify things inside their coverage area.
 Passive things: They represent Things who are not able to
perform any transaction; the active things of the system can
identify them when they are inside their coverage area.
3.2 The System Architecture
In the followings, we apply the multi-layers structure
described above, to our Airport management system.
3.2.1 The Abstract Layer
In this layer, we describe the different Things of the system
as well as their interaction and communication. The smart
Airport system contains the following things: the operations
room, the check-in desk, the departure lounge, passengers,
luggage, the plane and crewmembers.
The operations room, the check-in desk, the departure lounge
and the plane are active things, whereas the passengers, the
luggage and crewmembers are considered as passive things.
A. Objects description
Passengers and luggage: Passengers and luggage are
considered as objects after check-in. All passengers
(respectively luggage) share the same constraints and behavior
in the system. An object passenger can be reprogrammable if
he travels with transit. If a passenger travels from an Airport
‘A’ to ‘C’ via ‘B’, he is programmed at the Airport ‘A’, and
reprogrammed at the Airport ‘B’.
The check-in desk: The check-in desk is a communicating
object. It is reprogrammable, and interacts with its
environment. The Communication Interface of this object
allows it to receive:
 A request to start automatically the check-in;
 The list of passengers who have already booked their
Airline tickets.
At the end of the check-in, the check-in desk sends via its
Output Communication Interface the list of passengers and
luggage checked.
The boarding area: The departure lounge (or boarding area)
is a reprogrammable and communicating object. It interacts
with its environment by collecting information about objects
and communicates with distant objects. The Input
Communication Interface of the departure lounge allows it to
receive:
 A request to start automatically the boarding;
 The list of registered passengers.
S. Bouyakoub et al.
The output communication interface allows the object to
send the list of passengers ready to board.
The plane: The plane is a communicating and
reprogrammable object; it interacts with all objects in the
system. The plane is a composite object because it contains
other communicating objects.
The Input Communication Interface allows the object to
receive the list of checked luggage and the list of passengers
ready to board. The Output Communication Interface allows the
plane to send lists of enplaned passengers/luggage and crew.
The operations room: The operations room is a
communicating object.
The Input communication Interface receives the list of
passengers on board, the list of registered luggage, and the
crew member list.
The Output Interface allows to:
 Send a request to different objects of the system in order
to activate them;
 Confirm the end of the boarding.
B. Communication between objects
Communication between the check-in desk and the
boarding area: The check-in desk communicates with the
boarding area by sending the list of all registered passengers.
Thus, the boarding area can verify if all registered passengers
are in their departure lounge, and report any latecomers. Figure
4 is a graphical representation of the communication between
the check-in desk and the boarding area.
Figure 4: Communication between the check-in desk and
the boarding area
Communication between passengers and the boarding
area: Passengers will be identified by the boarding area as soon
as they enter their coverage zone.
Communication between the boarding area and the
plane: The boarding area sends to the aircraft the list of
passengers ready to board, in order to ensure that all passengers
who left the hall boarded the plane.
Communication between passengers and the crew: To
ensure that passengers who left the boarding area are on board,
crew members check passengers' identifiers and send these ID
to the aircraft, so that it can be registered in the list of
passengers on board.
Communication between luggage and crew: To make
sure that all verified luggage are sent to the appropriate plane,
each suitcase must be identified, so that it can be registered in
the list of luggage on board.
Communication between crew and operations room: At
the end of boarding, the aircraft sends to the operations room
Smart airport: an IoT-based Airport Management System ICFNDS '17, July 19-20, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom

the list of passengers, luggage and crew members, and receives  Preparation of take-off: the aircraft doors are closed and
a message indicating the end of the boarding operation. The the lists are sent to the operations room.
plane can proceed to take-off. Step 3: Landing
Communication between the operations room and the  The aircraft reaches its destination and lands:
check-in desk: Two hours before the flight, the operations  The plane sends the established lists to the operations
room triggers the check-in desk, and sends the list of persons room of the destination Airport.
who have already booked their airline tickets.  When landing, the system opens the aircraft doors.
Communication between the operations room and the
 Each passenger, suitcase or crew member who leaves the
boarding area: An hour before the flight, the operations room
aircraft will be withdrawn automatically from the associated
triggers the boarding area.
list in order to prepare the plane for another flight.
3.2.2 The Temporal Layer
3.2.3 The Physical Layer
This layer describes the synchronization and the temporal
This layer connects the things of the system to the physical
constraints of the objects within the system.
world by giving them a profile, in order to manipulate them
As mentioned previously, passengers and luggage are
and to support their interaction with the system. We define
passive objects. Unlike the check-in desk, the departure lounge
two profiles: ordinary profile and collection profile.
and the plane that perform treatments are considered as active
A. Ordinary profile
objects.
In this profile, we distinguish two types of attributes:
The check-in desk: Passengers and their luggage must pass
 Reprogrammable Attributes: changing from one flight to
by the check-in desk to register, and thus become recognized by
another;
the system as ‘things’. When passengers arrive to the check-in
desk, the system delivers to each passenger an electronic access  Static Attributes: remains unchanged.
card (passengers labelling). Since that moment, a passenger The check-in desk profile: In an airport, there are several
becomes a communicating object. The system also associates to desks, but each one is reserved for one flight for specific time
each suitcase an electronic sticker (luggage labelling), and the duration. To manage and implement our system, we associate
suitcase becomes also a communicating object. At the end of to each check-in desk its own profile containing the following
the check-in, the check-in desk sends the list of registered information.
passengers to the departure lounge and the list of registered
luggage to the plane. Table 1: Check-in desk profile elements
The boarding area: The boarding area receives the list of
registered passengers. When a passenger is near to a boarding Attributes Definition State
area, he is identified and the system can verify if he is in the Identifier of the check-in
Id Static
right hall. If the passenger is in the right hall, he can access and desk
is registered in the list of passengers ready to board; otherwise, Indicates the registration
access is denied, and he is directed to the appropriate departure Opening time starting time for a specific Reprogrammable
lounge. flight
Before take-off, another test is performed to verify if all Indicates the registration
passengers are in the boarding area. If there are latecomers, an Closing time ending time for a specific Reprogrammable
alert is triggered. If latecomers are not present in the hall after flight
a certain time delay, these passengers can no longer access to Flight number Identifier of the flight Reprogrammable
the hall.
When all passengers are present in the hall, the boarding The departure lounge profile contains the same attributes.
area sends the list of passengers ready to board to the plane. The plane profile: The plane is used to make several
The plane: After the boarding area process, passengers, flights to various destinations, and its profile is defined as
luggage and crew members join the plane which proceeds as follows:
follows:
Step 1: Each thing (passenger, suitcase, crew member) in the Table 2: Plane profile elements
plane is identified and registered in the appropriate list. The
first list contains the crew members, the second contains the Attributes Definition State
list of passengers in board and the final list contains the list of Identifier Plane identifier Static
suitcases in the luggage compartment.
Flight number Flight identifier Reprogrammable
Step 2: Last check and preparation of take-off:
Name Name of the plane Static
 Check whether all passengers are on board: If all
Number of passengers
passengers are on board, the plane is ready for take-off, else the Capacity that the aircraft can Static
luggage of missing passengers are side-lined, and the list of hold
luggage is updated.
ICFNDS '17, July 19-20, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Departure Name of departure
Reprogrammable
airport airport
Name of arrival
Arrival airport Reprogrammable
airport
List of luggage on
List of luggage Reprogrammable
board
List of List of passengers on
Reprogrammable
passengers board
List of crew List of crew members
Reprogrammable
members for the flight
B. Collection profile
A collection is handled by assigning an overall profile called
collection profile, which is common to all objects belonging to
this collection (a set of things having the same behavior).
The profiles presented in this section are those of passengers',
luggage and crew collections. These collections have a common
profile for a given flight, called flight profile.
Flight profile: This profile is described by three attributes:
destination, capacity and flight number
Passengers' collection: In our system, passengers of the
same flight are grouped in a collection because they follow the
same process and the same treatment. However, we add a
custom profile for each passenger.
The customized profile of a passenger is added to the profile
inherited from the collection in order to obtain its own profile.
It contains the identifier of the passenger, his name, his first
name, number of suitcases and identifiers of suitcases.
Luggage collection: The luggage to be transported on the
same flight are grouped into a collection. However, in order to
differentiate them, a set of specific attributes is added to their
profile. This customized profile of a suitcase is composed of its
identifier and the identifier of the owner. This profile is
incorporated into an electronic sticker that allows the
recognition of the luggage by the system.
Crew collection: Each crew member has an electronic
badge, in order to be identified by the system. The badge
contains the profile of the crew member (his identifier and
personal information).
3.3 Advantages
Our solution brings several advantages for travelers and
airport managers as well.
For travelers, it simplifies the transit by automating all the
procedure. It avoids any risk of error (via automatic alerts in
the registration and boarding rooms). All this results in a
considerable time saving, the time thus gained can be used to
do to more pleasant things (relaxation, shopping).
For the Airport, the management is facilitated and
completely automated, so the number of agents needed can be
reduced and they will intervene only in case of problems. The
security of the Airport is greatly improved by giving airport
authorities a full control of all passengers at every stage of
their transit: passengers can be tracked all over their transit,
allowing authorities to early detect and handle any issue.
S. Bouyakoub et al.
Moreover, the Airport management system is highly
optimized: by resetting all objects profiles for reprogrammable
things of the system after each flight, we considerably reduce
the size of data handled by the system by erasing obsolete data,
while keeping passenger's data up to date.
4 IMPLEMENTATION
We were not able to test our application in the actual
conditions of an airport, so we performed a simulation to test
our solution. For this purpose, we have implemented the
communicating objects of the system on different
communicating equipment:
 The operations room, recording room and boarding
lounge are simulated on computers with wireless
communication interfaces (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
 The plane is simulated on a tablet, because it is a moving
object.
 We have no RFID tags, so we simulated passengers with
mobile phones. We simulate the interactions by exchanging
information using a wireless network (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth).
The Operations Room thing manages all information about
flights and their passengers. Two hours before the flight
scheduled time, the Operations Room opens the registration
room. At the end of the registration step, the boarding lounge
is opened.
The registration room thing receives the list of the
passengers who have reserved a place on the flight. An agent
verifies the identity of each passenger, and ensures that he is
on this list. Once the time for the registration process has
elapsed, the registration room sends the list of registered
passengers to the boarding lounge.
The boarding lounge is then opened, and passengers are
automatically detected using Bluetooth. If a passenger attends
the wrong departure lounge, a beep or a warning light alerts
him. Once the time for boarding has elapsed, the list of
passengers ready to board is sent to the Airplane.
The airplane thing receives the list of passengers on board,
and automatically detects incoming passengers. When the time
for boarding is completed, the airplane prepares the list of
passengers on board to be sent to the operations room.
After receiving the list of passengers on board from the
Airplane, the operations room sends a message confirming the
completion of the operation.
5 CONCLUSION
IoT will change people’s lives drastically by adding
smartness into it, improving quality of life and making it
smarter. In the near future, everything will be smart, connected
and automated; not only devices like smartphones and tablets,
but also everyday objects like doors, plants, clothes, cars, etc.
These things have sensors and communicate with other smart
things over wireless and wired networks; and what is great
about IoT is that it offers the opportunity of decisions making
without human intervention.
Smart airport: an IoT-based Airport Management System ICFNDS '17, July 19-20, 2017, Cambridge, United Kingdom

The revolution of Internet technology with IoT will have an Management to Event-Based Systems and More, Springer-Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, 2010.
impact on people’s lives, business, and the environment they [15] Barbara Daskala, James Clarke, and Dennis K. Nilson: “Looking
live in. through the crystal ball: Identifying future security, privacy and
Considering the importance of airports management, social risks in a prospective IoT scenario”, First International
Workshop On the Security of Internet of Things, Tokyo, Japan 2010.
several applications in this area have been designed. Thus, we [16] Hui Li, Xiaodong Su, and Haitao Jiang: “Modelling landing control
presented in this paper an IoT based solution for airport system of carrier based aircraft on internet of things”, International
Conference on Software Intelligence Technologies and Applications
management. & International Conference on Frontiers of Internet of Things,
Despite the fact the objectives were achieved, several Hsinchu, Taiwan, 2014.
perspectives proved to be promising and can bring more to our [17] “Air France online registration”, Air France’s official Website,
available online at; http://www.airfrance.com/DZ/fr/common/guide
work. The aim of these perspectives is to improve the voyageur/e_services/e_services_enregistrement_automatique
performances of the system like: _airfrance.htm
 Baggage could be handled in the same way as passengers.
 The resources availability (recording and boarding rooms,
airplanes) should be taken into account. As Airport resources
are limited, an efficient scheduling mechanism would allow for
optimal management of available resources.
 Proposing a formal model to allow the formal verification
of the system before its implementation, as well as the
detection of errors. The verification allows making sure that
the constructed system expresses the reality, and that it is
coherent.
 Integrating other internal and external system services of
the airport in order to communicate with them and share
information between different objects.

REFERENCES
[1] Louis Coetzee and Johan Eksteen: “The Internet of Things –
Promise for the Future? An Introduction” in Proc. of IST-Africa
2011Conference, 2011.
[2] Luigi Atzori, Antonio Iera, and Giacomo Morabito: “The Internet of
Things: A survey”, Computer Networks: The International Journal of
Computer and Telecommunications Networking, 54(15), 2010.
[3] International Telecommunications Union: “ITU Internet Reports
2005: The Internet of Things. Executive Summary,” Geneva: ITU,
2005.
[4] Min-Woo Ryu, Jaeho Kim, Sang-Shin Lee, and Min-Hwan Song:
“Survey on internet of things: toward case study”, Smart Computing
Review, 2(3), 2012.
[5] Matthew Gigli and Simon Koo: “Internet of Things: Services and
Applications Categorization”, Advances in Internet of Things 1(2),
2011.
[6] Airport IT Trends Survey 2015, online at
http://www.sita.aero/resources/type/surveys-reports/airport-it-
trends-survey-2015.
[7] Passenger IT Trends Survey 2016, online at
http://www.sita.aero/resources/type/surveys-reports/passenger-it-
trends-survey-2016.
[8] IoT/RFID Scenario Risk Assessment , final report “Flying 2.0
,Enabling automated air travel by identifying and addressing the
challenges of IoT & RFID technology”, The European Network and
Information Security Agency (ENISA), 2010.
[9] International Air Transport Association (IATA), online at:
http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2013-12-10-01.aspx
[10] The Internet of Things In Commercial Aviation, Wind River
Systems, 2015
[11] “Why Big Data and the Internet of Things hold the key to the future
of aerospace”, CYENT, 2015
[12] Position paper, “The Application of Biometrics at Airports”, ACI
World Headquarters, Geneva , Switzerland, November 2005.
[13] José I. Castillo-Manzano, and Lourdes López-Valpuesta: “Check-in
services and passenger behaviour: Self service technologies in
airport systems”, Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2013.
[14] Friedemann Mattern and Christian Floerkemeier: “From the Internet
of Computers to the Internet of Things”, From Active Data