Chapter 01

Introduction

1.1 Introduction

GPS is one of the technologies that are used in a huge number of applications today.
One of the applications is tracking animal a keeps regular monitoring on them. This
tracking system can inform you the location and route travelled by animal, and that
information can be observed from any other remote location. It also includes the web
application that provides you exact location of target. This system enables us to track
target in any weather conditions. This system uses GPS and GSM technologies. A
method for tracking animals using a terrestrial system similar to GPS is presented. This
system enables simultaneous tracking of thousands of animals with transmitters that are
lighter, longer lasting, more accurate and cheaper than other automatic positioning tags.
In recent times, the livestock farmers faced cattle health problems around the world
because of continuous rise in air temperature in the troposphere. The variations in
temperature on animals health has harmful effect leading to diseases such as foot and
mouth disease, swine fever. This unit consists of two types of sensors such as
temperature sensor, heart beat sensor. These sensors are used to measure the signals
from the human body such as heat signal, heartbeat. After measurement, these analog
signals are converted into digital signals and compared with the actual signals. If any
discrepancy occurs between the measured signals and the actual signals, then it is
considered as an emergency. The ARM7 LPC2148 processor plays an important role in
controlling all the devices. It has an inbuilt A/D convertor. GSM transmitter is used to
transmit the signals from the sensors which are controlled by the ARM7
microprocessor. GPS system is used to locate the position of the soldier. It is very
helpful for the army station to rescue the soldier as soon as the emergency signal is
received. The ARM7 family includes the ARM7TDMI, ARM7TDMI-S, ARM720T,
and ARM7EJ-S processors. The ARM7TDMI core is the industry’s most widely used
32-bit embedded RISC microprocessor solution. The heart of system is microcontroller
which will access the data. In our project ‘ARM’ controller is used. To measure
temperature of soldier there will be a temperature sensor. To convert the output of
sensor into electrical form we will use signal conditioning (transducer). As controller
operates only on digital data, so this analog data is to be converted into digital form by
using ADC inbuilt in ARM processor. So the output of the signal conditioner circuit is
directly connected to ARM processor.

1
1.2 Motivation

In recent time, the livestock farmer faced cattle health problems around the world
because of continuous rise in air temperature in the troposphere. The variation in
temperature on animals health has harmful effect leading to diseases such as foot and
mouth disease, swine fever . bovine spongio form encephalopathy (mad cow disease),
bovine rhinotracheitis, squamous cell carcinoma, warts, web tear, necrotic
pododermatitis, polioencephalomalacia, hypomagnesaemia, clostridia disease and
hypoglycemia ,who report stated that the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona
virus (SARS-CoV) is said to be an animal virus that spread easily to other animals and
have also affected human being directly. The evidence of humans getting infected is
first reported in the Guangdong province of southern China in 2002 and since then till
2003 the 26 countries across the globe reported infections caused by SARS. This has
resulted in the economic loss to the tune of approximately 2% of the total East Asian
GDP (gross domestic product). For these reasons a system is needed to be in place for
continuously monitoring the animal health and to control and prevent the eruption of
diseases at large scale.

2
 Chapter 02
Literature Survey

Hancock- proposed a wireless sensor network, GPS collars and satellite based animal
behavior monitoring and also proposed the environmental impact. They are combined the
ground based sensors and sensed satellite images for realize the animal landscape
interactions. Allen- propose the heat stress versus cow behavior and also define the
behaviour is a valuable parameter for the milk production. Lovett-proposed an infrared
thermography measurement technique for cattle. The proposed technique is helpful for
examine the cattle foot and mouth disease. Stewart- defined an infrared thermography based
indirect stress measurement of dairy cows. Krishnamurthi- X-Ray computed tomography
based imaging for small animals and they are study of physiologic measurement
reproducibility. With all these advancement in research the real-world application of the
proposed system has not been done yet. There is no product in the market for the real time
animal health monitoring. Mostly veterinary staff checks the physiological parameters
through manually. Currently livestock farmer’s faces lot of problem on monitoring the
health of livestock and thus modifications are being persistently recommended in
instrumentation. Mostly available system focuses only on heart rate measurement to predict
of the animals. Literature review reveals that the wearable systems for real time animal
health monitoring are a key technology in helping of the veterinary staff and measuring
parameters can provide very accurate information of the animal health. In behalf of this the
livestock health care would be inexpensive. In this project, we have reported a novel design
goal of the animal health monitoring system with a capability to monitor heart rate, body
temperature, and rumination with surrounding temperature and humidity. It has a variety of
features such as high speed, energy efficient, miniaturization, and intelligence, new
materials at lower cost, portability, and high performance. Krishnamurthi was proposed X-
Ray computed tomography based imaging for small animals and they are study of
physiologic measurement reproducibility. With all these advancement in research the real-
world application of the proposed system has not been done yet. There is no product in the
market for the real time animal health monitoring. Mostly veterinary staff checks the
physiological parameters through manually. Currently livestock farmer’s faces lot of
problem on monitoring the health of livestock and thus modifications are being persistently
recommended in instrumentation. Mostly available system focuses only on heart rate
measurement to predict of the animals. Literature review reveals that the wearable systems
for real time animal health monitoring are a key technology in helping of the veterinary
staff and measuring parameters can provide very accurate information of the animal health.
In behalf of this the livestock health care would be inexpensive.

3
 Chapter 03
Problem, Definition And Scope

3.1 Problem Statement

There is no product in the market for the real time animal health monitoring. Mostly
veterinary staff checks the physiological parameters through manually. Currently livestock
farmer’s faces lot of problem on monitoring the health of livestock and thus modifications
are being persistently recommended in instrumentation. Mostly available system focuses
only on heart rate measurement to predict of the animals.

3.2 Description of Problem

The circuit that we are using makes this system automatic, novel design goal of the animal
health monitoring system with a capability to monitor heart rate, body temperature, and
rumination with surrounding temperature and humidity. This information provide to
veterinary staff.

3.3 Goals And Objectives

The following objectives are likely to be focused and achieved at the end of the project.
The main aim of this project is to develop an animal health monitoring system (AHMS)
which is capable to the measuring of body temperature, rumination, and heart rate
parameters with environmental parameters (surrounding temperature and humidity) &
tracking position of animal.

3.4 Statement of Scope

Human cannot able to identify the actual health problem related to Animals, so this project
will helps to diagnosis the Health Problem of Animals. There will be the possibility of
robbery of Animals so Tracking provision of Animals is involved in this system.

4
3.5 Hardware/Software Context

The animal health monitoring system has the following main components:-
Gsm & Gps, Power supply (3.3v) , Probes ,Connection probe ,Transistor ,Light Emitting
Diode , Diode, Capacitor, Resistors keill softer etc.

3.6 MAJOR CONSTRAINTS

The animal health monitoring system designed in this project diagnosis the Health Problem
of Animals . However, Human cannot able to identify the actual health problem related to
Animals, so this project will help to us. There will be the possibility of robbery of Animals
so tracking provision of Animals is involved in this system.

3.7 OUTCOMES

It helps in the efficient diagnosis of health problems for animal & track the position of
animal.

5
 Chapter 04
Hardware Resources Required

4.1 PIN DIAGRAM OF LPC2148

Animal health monitoring has the following main components:

Fig.4.1: PIN Diagram of LPC2148

6
LPC2148 need minimum below listed hardware to work properly.
1. Power Supply
2. Crystal Oscillator
3. Reset Circuit
4. RTC crystal oscillator
5. UART

4.2 POWER SUPPLY

LPC2148 works on 3.3 V power supply. LM 117 can be used for generating 3.3 V supply.
However, basic peripherals like LCD, ULN 2003 (Motor Driver IC) etc. works on 5V. So
AC mains supply is converted into 5V using below mentioned circuit and after that LM 117
is used to convert 5V into 3.3V

Fig. 4.2 Block diagram for power supply.

4.2.1 Transformer

It is used to step down 230V AC to 9V AC supply and provides isolation between power
grids and circuit.

7
4.2.2 Rectifier

It is used to convert AC supply into DC.

4.2.3 Filter

It is used to reduce ripple factor of DC output available from rectifier end.

4.2.4 Regulator
It is used to regulate DC supply output.

4.3 DISCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUITE DIAGRAM

Fig.4.3 Circuit Diagram of power supply

8
4.4 CALCULATION

4.5 Reset Circuit

Reset button is essential in a system to avoid programming pitfalls and sometimes to

manually bring back the system to the initialization mode. Circuit diagram for reset is as
shown below.

MCP 130T is a special IC used for providing stable RESET signal to LPC 2148.
Here, Regulator IC 7805 is used to provide fix 5V dc supply.
Now we can use LM 117 for generating 3.3V supply from 5V using be3.

Fig..4.4: Reset Circuit

9
4.6 Oscillator Circuit

Fig.4.5.: Oscillator Circuit

The value of capacitors C20 & C21 depends upon the frequency of crystal Y3. General
circuit and its equivalent circuit is as shown below.

Fig4.6: General circuit and its equivalent circuit

10
4.7 RTC Oscillator Circuit

It provides clock for RTC operation.

Fig4.7 : RTC Oscillator circuit

4.8 UART
LPC 2148 has inbuilt ISP which means we can program it within the system using serial
communication on COM0. It has also COM1 for serial communication. MAX 232/233 IC
must be used for voltage logic conversion. Related connections are as given below.

Fig4.8 :System Diagram of UART

11
4.9 Transistor

Transistors are semiconductor devices used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. At least three terminals for connection to external circuit are present. By
applying voltage or current to one pair of the transistor the current through other pair of
terminal changes. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling
(input) power, transistors can amplify a signal. In our circuit, the output is not strong
enough to activate the relay. Hence, we used transistor BC547 to amplify it.

4.10 Diode

A diode is connected in parallel to the magnetizing coil terminals of the relay. This is done
because when the voltage input to the relay coil is removed and its magnetic field collapses,
a huge reverse voltage is produced. Without proper protection, this voltage will cause the
contact which is switching the relay coil to arc and in time will destroy it.

Fig4.9: Diode

4.11 Resistor

Fig 4.10: Resistor

12
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its
terminals that Sis proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm’s
law:
V = IR
Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films,
as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).The
primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance, maximum working
voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise,
and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the value below which power
dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is applied
voltage.

4.12 Component List

Sr. No. Components Unit Prize Quantity Cost

01 Microcontroller 750 1 750
LPC2148
02 RS9110-N-11- 350 1 350
02
WI-FI module
03 Max 232 50 1 50
04 Bulb 20 4 80
05 Inductor 5 1 5
06 Regulated IC 20.00 2 40.00
07 PCB Design 1500 1 1500
08 DC Adapter 150 1 150
09 LED 2 2 4
10 Switch 10 1 10
11 Resistor Pack 10 2 20
12 Diode 1N4148 3 1 3
13 Socket 10 1 10
14 3 Pin Connector 5 2 10
15 12PinConnector 10 3 30
16 16PinConnector 15 4 60
17 Crystal 10 1 10
Oscillator
18 RF Coaxial 100 2 200
PCB
19 Relay Circuit 350 2 700

13
Total=3982
Table 4.12 Component List

14
 Chapter 05
Development of System & Design Aspects

5.1 Block Diagram And Description

Fig.5.1.Block diagram of animal health monitoring & tracking system

15
5.2 Output Section

Coordinates of Animal :-
Longitude = 26.57954
Latitude = 93.17547

5.3 Description in Details

5.3.1 LPC2148 Microcontroller

The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-

SCPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine the
microcontroller with embedded high-speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB.
A128-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code
execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative16-
bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty. Due
to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2148 is ideal for applications where
miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale.

16
 Serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed device, multiple
UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these devices
very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice
recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing
power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels
and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make
these microcontrollers suitable for industrial control and medical systems.

Fig.5.2: AHM system

5.3.2 GPS Modem:

We have used GPS modem to retrieve and longitude and latitude of the location. This GPS
modem communicates using serial communication with the microcontroller. GPS modem
sends a bunch of data to the microcontroller. The global Positioning gadget (GPS) is a
space-primarily based navigation system that provides region and time data in all weather
conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth in which there may be an unobstructed line of
sight to 4 or more GPS satellites. The device presents crucial competencies to army, civil,
and commercial users around the sector. the us government created the machine, maintains
it, and makes it freely accessible to everybody with a GPS receiver. The USA started the
GPS assignment in 1973 to triumph over the restrictions of previous navigation structures
integrating thoughts from numerous predecessors, which include a number of categorized
engineering layout studies from the Nineteen Sixties.

17
Fig.5.3: GPS

5.3.3 GSM Modem:

We have used GSM modem to send SMS to the user or we can say to the forest officer. We
need to insert a GSM sim card into this GSM modem. GSM modem also communicates
with microcontroller using serial communication. It receives various commands from
microcontroller which are used to send SMS. The GSM (worldwide gadget for cellular
communication) is a well known developed by way of ecu Telecommunication standards
Institute to explain protocols for 2nd technology virtual cellular networks utilized by
cellular phones. in this gadget GSM is used for acquiring data from the controller if
landslide will occur. The system is used for sending facts received from the controller to
the associated number. This module is used broadly inside the international . This GSM
modem is a notably bendy plug and play quad band GSM modem for direct and smooth
integration to RS232. supports functions like Voice, facts/Fax, SMS,GPRS and incorporated
TCP/IP stack.

Fig. 5.4: GSM

18
Fig.5.5 LM35

5.3.4 Temperature Sensor:

We have used temperature sensor to detect the body temperature of animal. Temperature
sensor is an analog sensor. Which means it gives variable voltage as per the variation in the
body temperature.

5.3.5 Comparator:

The output of temperature sensor is in analog format but microcontroller is not able to read
analog voltage. It requires digital input of digital data. For this purpose we have used a
comparator between temperature sensor and microcontroller. The function of comparator is
to give high or low output if the temperature is above or below the threshold level
respectively. This comparator has a fixed voltage to its negative terminal. And at its positive
terminal we give output of temperature sensor. So whenever the temperature crosses
threshold level then comparator gives low output to the microcontroller.

5.3.6 LCD Display:

It is used to show various messages on LCD. Although LCD does not have much use in
actual application but still it is really very useful for testing purpose and while developing
this project. Because we can show various messages like:

19
Sending SMS or we can display longitude and latitude of current location on LCD display.
We also display temperature and heart bit on LCD.

Fig.5.6: LCD display

Features of LCD 16*2

1) 5 x 8 dots with cursor

2) Built – in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent)
3) +5V power supply (Also available for +3v)
4) 1/16 duty cycle
5) B/L to be driven by pin1, pin2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K(LED)
6) N.V.

Commands Used In LCD:

01: Clear display screen

02: Return home
04: Decrement cursor (shift left)
05: Shift display right
06: Increment cursor (shift right)
07: Shift display left
08: Display off, cursor off
0A: Display off, cursor on
0C: Display on, cursor off
0E: Display on, cursor blinking
0F: Display on, cursor blinking
10: Shift cursor position to left
14: Shift cursor position to right
18: Shift entire display to left
1C: Shift entire display to right
80: Force cursor to beginning of first line

20
Fig.5.7: MAX-232

5.3.7 MAX232

The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply
EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to
5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysteresis of
0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into
EIA-232 level .

RS-232 Interface

The Electronics Industry Association (EIA) has produced standards like RS232 (1962),
RS422, RS423, RS485 that deal with data communications. Following Fig- show how
MAX-232 is interface to CPLD. Communication as defined in the RS232 standard is an
asynchronous serial communication method. The word serial means, that the information is
sent one bit at a time. Asynchronous tells us that the information is not sent in predefined
time slots. Data transfer can start at any given time and it is the task of the receiver to detect
when a message starts and ends.

21
Fig.5.8: RS232 Interfacing

RS232 Interfacing

This standard allows the data transmission from one transmitter to one receiver at relatively
slow data rates (up to 20 Kbytes/sec) and short distances up to 50ft with max baud rate but
this distance can be increased at the cost of lower baud rates.

RS232 is preferred for interface between DTE and DCE employing serial binary data
interchange. The equipment at the far end of the connection is named the DTE device (Data
Terminal Equipment, usually a computer or terminal), has a male DB25 connector, and
utilizes 22 of the 25 available pins for signals or ground. Equipment at the near end of the
connection (the telephone line interface) is named the DCE device (Data Circuit-
terminating Equipment, usually a modem), has a female DB25 connector, and utilizes the
same 22 available pins for signals and ground. The cable linking DTE and DCE devices is a
parallel straight through cable with no crossover or self-connects in the connector hoods.

5.4 Wildlife Animal Tracking On Google Map

Once user has received the location parameter in the format of text SMS, then he can use
this location on the map to find the exact geographical location. To find out the location on
printed map is quite difficult and it will consume lots of time. However now days many
website providers have online maps. Google map is one of the most used and famous online
map provider services. User can read the text SMS and then he can type these parameters in
Google map to find the exact location.

22
ARM is a family of instruction set architectures for computer processors based on a reduced
instruction set computing (RISC) architecture developed by British company ARM
Holdings. A RISC-based computer design approach means ARM processors require
significantly fewer transistors than typical processors in average computers. This approach
reduces costs, heat and power use. These are desirable traits for light, portable, battery-
powered devices—including smartphones, laptops, tablet and notepad computers), and other
A simpler design facilitates more efficient multi-core CPUs and higher core counts at lower
cost, providing higher processing power and improved energy efficiency for servers and
supercomputers.

5.4.1 Heart Rate Sensor Module

The heart rate is the most important parameter in the health assessment. The adult healthy
cow has a heart rate between 48 and 84 beats per minute. The variation in heart rate
normally reflects the stress, anticipation, movement, exertion, and various diseases.
Basically, the heart rate measurement is an indirect method. Some researchers are used the
polar spot tester (PST) for the measurement of heart rate and were reported in [33]-[38].
According to this we have choose the polar equine T56H transmitter device for the cattle
heart rate measurement. The polar equine transmitter T56H is a fabric electrode based heart
monitoring device. The heart rate sensor module is shown in Fig. 5. The electrodes made
from conductive flexible fiber are which acclimatize absolutely to the heart beat. The
ergonomically design of this device is comfortable for animals. The fibers electrodes
include a permeable to ensure a stable contact with the skin and pledge the essential
dampness for communicates the heart rate signal.

The transmitter T56H picks up very small electrical impulses emitted by the heart and for
the T56H transmitter to read the heart rate properly. The transmitter T56H was supported at
2.4GHz frequency. The transmitter sends the real time data to the host computer. The heart
rate sensor output window is shown in Fig. 6. During experiment, we have receive the heart
rate of the dairy cows is approximately 75 beats per minute.

Fig. 5.9: Heart Rate Sensor

23
5.4.2 SMOKE SENSOR

Fig. 5.10: Smoke sensor

The smoke sensor used in gas detecting equipment for carbon monoxide(CO). Sensor
composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring
electrode and heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. For work
of sensitive components the heater provides necessary work conditions. The enveloped MQ-
7 has 6 pin, 4 of them are used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating
current. When the sensor is shifted from clean air to carbon monoxide (CO), output signal
measurement is made within one or two complete heating period (2.5 minute from high
voltage to low voltage). Sensitive layer of MQ-7 gas sensitive components is made of SnO2
with stability, So, it has excellent long term stability. Its service life can reach 5 years under
using condition Standard measuring circuit of MQ-7 sensitive components consists of 2
parts. One is heating circuit having time control function (the high voltage and the low
voltage work circularly). The second is the signal output circuit, which can accurately
respond changes of surface resistance of the sensor.

5.5 Some Facts You Must Know

In 2005, about 98% of all mobile phones sold used at least one ARM processor. The low
power consumption of ARM processors has made them very popular: 37 billion ARM
processors have been produced as of 2013, up from 10 billion in 2008. The ARM
architecture (32-bit) is the most widely used architecture in mobile devices, and most
popular 32-bit one in embedded systems.

24
According to ARM Holdings, in 2010 alone, producers of chips based on ARM
architectures reported shipments of 6.1 billion ARM Based processors, representing 95% of
smartphones, 35% of digital televisions and set-top boxes and 10% of mobile computers. It
is the most widely used 32-bit instruction set architecture in terms of quantity produced.

5.6 Let’s Start With LPC 2148

LPC2148 is the widely used IC from ARM-7 family. It is manufactured by Philips and it is
pre-loaded with many inbuilt peripherals making it more efficient and a reliable option for
the beginners as well as high end application developer.

Features of LPC214x series controllers

.• 8 to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512 kB of on-chip flash program memory.128

bit wid interface/accelerator enables high speed 60 MHz operation.
• In-System/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-loader software.
Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes in 1ms.
• Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the on-
chip Real Monitor software and high speed tracing of instruction execution.
• USB 2.0 Full Speed compliant Device Controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM. In addition,
the LPC2146/8 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA.
• One or two (LPC2141/2 vs. LPC2144/6/8) 10-bit A/D converters provide a total of
6/14analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 us per channel.
• Single 10-bit D/A converter provides variable analog output.
• Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare channels
each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
• Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock input.
• Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus(400 kbit/s),
SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
• Vectored interrupt controller with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
• Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
• Up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins available.
• On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from 1 MHz to30
MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50 MHz.
• Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.

25
 • Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling for
additional power optimization.
• Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt, USB, Brown-Out
Detect (BOD) or Real-Time Clock (RTC).
• Single power supply chip with Power-On Reset (POR) and BOD circuits: – CPU
operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V ± 10 %) with 5 V tolerant I/Opads.

5.7 Circuit Diagram

Fig. 5.11: Circuit diagram of animal tracking system

26
5.8 PCB Manufacturing
There are many ways to make your own homemade PCB's,
They all work, but some better than other, some faster than other, ones are cheap and others
expensive....After several attempts, I found the way of making PCB's, witch is the cheapest,
easiest and fastest for me. I hope this instruct able will help you to decide what's the best
method for you, because there are so many to choose. For making the circuit you will need:
-A copper board.
-The design printed with a LASER printer on glossy paper.
-An iron or a laminator.
-The etching solution (Hydrochloric acid + Hydrogen peroxide).
-A plastic flat container.
-Steel wool or fine sandpaper.
-Acetone.
-A Drill for the trough-hole components.
-The components.
-A soldering iron.

5.8.1 Step1 the board

-Firstly, cut a piece of board with the size of the circuit plus about 3mm per side. Then
scratch the surface with some sandpaper to make better the toner transfer.

Fig.5.12 The board

27
5.8.2 Step2 Toner Trancefering

-Place the paper with the circuit design on the board and make sure it fits and there isn't
toner out the board.
-Then fold the paper wrapping the piece and hold it together with tape.
-Iron the toner side for about a minute or slide it 10-15 times in a laminator.

Fig5.13 Toner transferring

28
5.8.3 Step 3 Removing The Paper

Fig.5.14: Removing the paper

5.8.4 Step 4 Etching

-The etching is the most important step, so do it carefully.

-First, fill the container with the etching solution.
-Place the circuit floating in the solution with the copper facing down.
-Check the circuit each minute to see how it goes.
-When the last copper trace disappears, dry the circuit to stop the acid action.

5.8.5 Step 5 Clining The Board

-First, remove the toner with acetone. Then you can polish the copper to give it better
appearance.
-Clean the polish and the remain toner with a paper moisten in acetone.

5.8.6 Step Drill The PCB And Then Mount Component

-After the cleaning of PCB, drill this PCB and mount component on it.

29
 Chapter 06
Software Requirements Specification

6.1 Flowchart

Fig6.1 Flow chart

30
6.2 ALGORITHM

• Turn on the power supply

• Cheek that Tank empty or not
• If Tank empty Controller (Decision Making based on water level)
• If Tank empty then turn on the Motor
• If Tank full then turn off the Motor
• Repeat same process at that Tank is empty

6.3 PCB Design Software

Diptrace is an electronic schematic capture and simulation program which is part of a suite
of circuit design programs. Diptrace is one of the few circuit design programs to employ the
original BerkeleySPICE based software simulation. Diptrace includes, as well as integrated
import and export features to the Printed Circuit Board layout software in the suite,
Diptrace. Diptrace is widely used in academia and industry for circuit’s education,
electronic schematic design and simulation.

6.4 KEIL

KEIL was founded in 1986 to market add-on products for the development tools provided
by many of the silicon vendors. Keil implemented the first C-compiler designed from the
ground-up specifically for the 8051microcontroller. Keil provides a broad range of
development tools like ANSICcompiler, macro assemblers, debuggers and simulators,
linkers, IDE, library managers, real-time operating systems and evaluation boards for 8051,
251, ARM, and XC16x/C16x/ST10 families.

31
In October 2005, Keil (Keil Elektronik GmbH in Munich, Germany, and Keil Software, Inc.
in Plano, Texas) was acquired by ARM. The Keil Compilers support all 8051, 251,
C16x/ST10, and ARM compatible devices. However, there are various meanings to
"support", all of which are explained below.

The Keil Compiler generates code for any device that is compatible with the 8051, 251,
C16x/ST10, or ARM microcontrollers. The only exception to this would be a device that
has removed or altered the instruction set. However, that device would no longer be a
compatible part. When you start a project using the Keil uVision IDE, you must select a
chip from the Device Database. Keil constantly updating the database and adding new parts.
To ensure that you always have the latest database, you may download the latest updates
from the Keil Website
. If the latest software's Device Database does not include the part you use, you may add a
Device Database entry we may refer to UVISION: ADDING CUSTOM PARTS TO THE
DEVICE DATABASE for more information. The Device Database is simply a way to
specify the default compiler, assembler, and linker settings. For new devices, you may
simply copy the settings for a similar device. Each microcontroller has its own unique set of
Special Function Registers. The SFRs for a chip MAY be identical to those of another
device. Keil Software provides custom header files that define the SFRs for almost every
8051, 251, and C16x compatible device. However, there may be new devices for which we
have not yet created a header file. That does not mean that this chip is not supported.
Creating header files for new devices is easy.
On occasion, new devices have architectural changes that require new instructions or
addressing modes to be added to the compiler, there are only a few such devices. In most
cases, these devices offer a 100% compatible mode of operation. Typically, we are able to
add compiler support before these chips are available. Sometimes, however, this is not the
case. When support is not yet available, you may use these new devices in the compatible
mode of operation.
When support is integrated into the compiler, assembler, and linker, the device database will
be updated with the appropriate controls. Once you compile, assemble, and link your
program, you will need a method of testing it. The Keil uVision IDE supports two distinct
methods of program testing: simulation and target debugging.
In simulation, Keil Software or the silicon vendor has created a DLL that simulates the on-
chip peripherals of the selected device. With over 350 devices in the database, it is
impossible to provide simulation support for all of them.

32
 However, it is our goal to simulate as many as possible. Even if complete simulation is not
available, partial simulation (base timers, counters, interrupts, and I/O ports) are supported.
To discover what on-chip peripherals for a particular chip are simulated, check the Device
Database.
Target debugging allows you to run your program on your target hardware. There are
several different ways to do this. Each utilizes an interface DLL that is created either by
Keil Software or by the silicon vendor or by the emulator vendor. The method of target
debugging is via debugging hardware (JTAG, OCDS, Serial) that is built into the chip.
Companies like Triscend, Infineon, and Cygnal all have built-in debugging solutions.
Contact your silicon vendor to see if they have uVision Debugger Drivers for their parts.

33
 Chapter 07
CONCLUSION, ADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS AND
FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 CONCLUSION

To develop an animal health monitoring system This is aim of this project (AHMS) which
is capable to the measuring of body temperature, and heart rate parameters with
environmental parameters . We are add more sensors to monitor health parameter.

7.2ADVANTAGES
1) This Method is Fast & Conventional
2) Does not Required to Human Attention.
3) This is Completely independent.
4) Economically benefit .
5) Check environmental Humidity & temperature.

7.3 APPLICATIONS

1) Wild life Animal Tracking.

2) Domestic Purpose to Detect Pet Animal.
3) In Criminal Cases Many Time We See That Police Department uses Dog To Find Out
Trace Of Criminals.
4) In Dairy Animal Monitoring.
5) During recess, indicate the animal location & health monitor.

7.3 FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

We are add more sensors to monitor health parameter. However, other similar mote
architectures and mobile phone technologies are also applicable, e.g., RFID and
GPRS/EDGE; Iphone, WP7, Blackberry, and Badamobile devices which require further
investigation. In addition, due to the time consuming (several hours) in practical
measurement, we do not run multiple tests for power consumption evaluation, and that is for
further study.

34
 Chapter 08
References

[1] B. Vallat and E. M. Bernoth, “Manual of diagnostic tests for aquatic animals” 4th
Edition, 2003, Int. Des Epizooties, Paris, France. ISBN: 92- 9044-563-7.

[2] F. C. Faries, “Common health problems of beef cattle,” Agri Life Extension, E-348,
vol. 0605, Texas A & M System.

[3] C. W. Mundt, K. N. Montgomery, U. E. Udoh, V. N. Barker, G. C.Thonier, A. M.

Tellier, R. D. Ricks, R. B. Darling, Y. D. Cagle, N. A. Cabrol, S. J. Ruoss, J. L. Swain, J.
W. Hines, and G. T. A. Kovacs, “A multi parameter wearable physiologic monitoring
system for space and terrestrial applications,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Tech. in Biomed., vol. 9,
no. 3, pp. 382-391, Sep. 2005.

[4] W. D. Jones, “Taking body temperature, inside out,” IEEE Spectrum, vol. 1, pp. 11-13,
2006.

[5] www.who.int [visited on: 10May 2014]

[6] A. Kumar, and G. P. Hancke, “Energy efficient environment monitoring system based
on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low cost requirements”, IEEE Sensor J., 2014.

[7] South African Weather Service, “Daily extreme Temperatures and Rainfall over South
Africa,” South Africa: Pretoria, 2013.

[8] B. C. Baker, “AN685-thermistor in single supply temperature sensing circuits,”

Microchip Technology, Application No. DS00685B, 1999.

[9] D-Robotics, “DHT 11 Humidity & Temperature Sensor,” UK, 2010.

[10] M. Janzekovic, J. Prisenk, B. Mursec, P. Vindis, D. Stajnko, and F. Cus, “The art
equipment for measuring the horse’s heart rate,” Journal of achievements in materials and
manufacturing engineering, vol. 41, issue 1-2, pp. 180-186, July-Aug. 2010.

[11] A. Essner, R. Sjostrom, E. Algren, and B. Lindmark, “Validity and reliability of polar
RS800CX heart rate monitor, measuring heart rate in dogs during standing postion and at
trot on a treadmill,” Physiology and Behavior, vol. 114-115, no. 1-5, 2013.

35
 [12] J. Choi and G. O. Ricardo, “Using heart rate monitors to detect mental stress,” 6th
Inter. Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, 3-5 June 2009,
Berkeley, CA, pp. 219-223.

[13] S. Dikmen and P. J. Hansent, “Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of
heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment?,” J. of Dairy Sci., vol. 92,
pp. 109116, 2009.

[14] R. B. Zimbelman, R. P. Rhoads, M. L. Rhoads, G. C. Duff, L. H. Baumgard, and R. J.

Collier, “A re-evaluation of the impact of temperature humidity index (THI) and black
humidity index (BGHI) on milk production in high producing dairy cows,” Southwest
Nutrition and Management Conf., 26-27 Feb. 2009, Savoy, IL, pp. 158-169.

[15] S. A. Schoenig, T. S. Hildreth, L. Nagi, H. Erickson, M. Spire, D. Anderson, and S.

Warren, “Ambulatory instrumentation suitable for long term monitoring of cattle health,” in
26th Annual Int. Conf. of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology (IEMBS 2004),
San Francisco, CA, Sep. 1-5, vol. 1, pp. 2379-2382, 2004.

[16]http://agr.wa.gov/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/Diseases/QFever Management Practices.

[17] T. Lindstrom and I. Redbo, “Effect of feeding duration and rumen fill on behavior in
dairy cows,” Applied Animal Behaviour Science, vol. 70, pp. 83-97, 2000.

[18] E. Lindgren, “Validation of rumination measurement equipment and the role of

rumination in dairy cow time budgets,” Thesis, Swedish University of Agriculture Sci.,
2009.

[19] C. Goldhawak, K. S. Genswein, and K. A. Beauchemin, “Technical note: validation of

rumination collars for beef cattle,” J. of Animal Sci., vol. 91, No. 6, pp. 2858-2862, June
2013.

[20] K. Schirmann, M. A. G. Keyserlingk, D. M. Weary, D. M. Veira, and W. Heuwieser,

“Technical note: Validation of a system for monitoring rumination in dairy cows,” J. Dairy
Sci., vol. 92, pp. 6052–6055, 2009.

[21] Ning Jha, “detecting human falls with a 3-axis digital accelerometer,” Analog-
Dialogue, vol. 43, no. 7, pp.1-7, July 2009.

[22] ADXL 335, www.analog.com. [Visited on: 10 Jan 2014]

36
 [23] I. Korhonen, J. Parkka, and m. V. Gils, “Health monitoring in the home of the future,”
IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 66-73, May-June 2003.

[24] X Bee-PRO RF Module, Digi International Inc., MN 55343, http://www.digi.com

[25] S. J. Jung and W. Y. Chung, “Non-intrusive healthcare system in global machine-to-

machine networks,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 4824-4830, Dec. 2013.

[26] B. Cao, Y. Ge, C. W. Kim, G. Feng, H. P. Tan, and Y. Li, “An experimental study for
interuser interference mitigation in wireless body sensor networks,” IEEE Sensors J., vol.
13, no. 10, pp. 3585-3595, Oct. 2013
.
[27] C. K. Lin and T. Kokkinos, “Cross layer solutions for extended range wireless sensor
networks,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 10441054, Mar. 2013.

[28] O. Omeni, A. C. W. Wong, A. J. Burdett, and C. Toumazou, “Energy efficient

medium access protocol for wireless medical body area sensor networks,” IEEE Trans.
Biom. Circ. Sys., vol 2, no. 4, pp. 251-259, Dec.2008

37