International

Journal of
Management, Administration,
Leadership & Education

A Bi-Annual Refereed Journal

2    IJMALE - ISSN : 2394-661X

International Journal of Management, Administration, Leadership & Education

A Refereed, Multidisciplinary, International Journal
Edition: Vol. 2 (No. 2), July - Decmber, 2016
ISSN: 2394-661X
Periodicity: Bi Annual

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International Journal of Management, Administration, Leadership & Education is published
bi-annually by the Harish Narang.

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Editor
Dr. Satish Chandra Gupta
Associate Professor
Department of Commerce, Shyam Lal College,
University of Delhi

Editorial Board
Dr. Amarendra Narayan ‘Amar’ Dr. Renu Aggarwal
Business Organisation, Assistant Professor
Commerce & Management ARSD College, Delhi University

Dr. Nasra Shabnam Dr. Priti Srivastava

Assistant Professor Principal, Department of Education
(K.I.H.E.A.T)
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

Dr. Manju Dhingra Dr. Rekha Yadav

Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor,
Department of Education, R.B.S. College of Education, Rewari
Kurukshetra University

Dr. Pradeep Kumar

Assistant Professor,
History Deptt.,

Zakir Husain Delhi College,

Delhi University

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Contents

Investment Opportunities of Indian Trade in Eastern Africa: Kenya,

Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda
Dr. Prahlad Kumar Bairwa.....................................................................................................1

Human Rights and Globalisation

Dr. Ramesh C. Bairwa............................................................................................................28

Economic and Social Impact of Industrial Revolution on the English

Society
Naresh Shokeen......................................................................................................................42

India vs China – It’s Not All About The Growth

Dr. Prabha Singhal.................................................................................................................48

The Impact of Library Automation on Library Sciences

Ms. Pragya Mishra and Mr. Ashwani Pandey...................................................................57

Concept and Rules Determining Vicarious Criminal Liablity of

Individual and Corporations Vis-a-Vis The Notion of Reverse Alter
Ego Doctrine
Prakash Sharma......................................................................................................................65

Role of Web 3.0 technology in Education

Ms. Richa..................................................................................................................................78

Women Discrimination in India

Avinash Kumar.......................................................................................................................83

Rights and Remedies for Acid Attack Victims in India

Rakesh Kumar.........................................................................................................................94

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Dealing with the Problem of School Dropouts with Positive Psychology

Nisha......................................................................................................................................104

Hidden Curriculum in School Education – A Socializing Agent

Dr. Priti Srivastva and Dr. Ajit Singh ...............................................................................112

Role of Copyright Societies in Collective Administration In India

Irwin L. Hnamte...................................................................................................................116

Transitions in Occupational Safety: From Classical Liberal Philosophy

to Neo-liberal
Dr. Vichitra Gupta................................................................................................................124

The Black Money: Anathema and a Curse

Rubina Grewal Nagra..........................................................................................................135

What is Mental Health and Illness?

Vrushali Pathak....................................................................................................................144

Organic Farming and Economy

Suman Rani, Vinod Kumar Mayala...................................................................................147

Use of Blended Learning in Classroom

Ms. Sonu................................................................................................................................153

Legal and Regulatory Review of HealthCare Modelling

Sanjay Kumar........................................................................................................................162

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Legal and Regulatory Review of

HealthCare Modelling

Sanjay Kumar
Research Scholar, Deptt of Management Kalinga University, Naya Raipur,
Chhattisgarh-492101 Email: bhardwajsan@gmail.com

Healthcare regulations are critical to ensure safety of patient and ensure principle
of ‘first do no harm’. Safety for mobile health can be understood by considering the
behaviour of the end-to-end system, and this creates a significant number of regulatory
touch points. These touch points arise from regulations relating to medical devices, to
privacy of medical information and to the provision of healthcare services. The extent and
nature of the touch points will vary according to the design of the solution, and the need
for the architecture to support interoperability for each element. Some of the legal and
regulatory challenges in ensuring timely market access are:
1. Integration into National Systems
2. Negative perceived history of e-Health implementation creating uncertainty
3. Operational challenges with registration and relationships with other agencies
4. Regulation on Health Policy and Financing
5. Position on data ownership, privacy and consent not fully understood
6. Insufficient evidence for public payers to integrate mHealth into current
intervention strategy
7. Taxation on mobile remains relatively high among African countries
8. Standards & Interoperability
9. Lack of a nationally mandated framework for standards and interoperability
means uncertainty for service providers

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Medical Can components Quality of

Application:
device within the service f or
medical
classif ication device be both
device,
treated as asynchrono
classif ication
separate us
modules? and real-
time

Medical
Device App Mobile Device
record Clinician
network manager
Clinician 2
Patient 1 Hosted by mobile Not hosted
service provider by mobile Clinician
service 2
provider
Embedded
Privacy and
mHealth
security –
Regulation Technical consent to
of health standards f or share
Regulation of
service prof essionals health
providers inf ormation
exchange Device manager
Privacy and security • May be an Electronic Health Record
Multi-user device with implications f or privacy and
likely to require security, impact on where the
registration of system is hosted and secondary use
patient sessions – of data
implies device may • Controls f or engineering and
store patient support, particularly if of f -shore
identif iable data and
need access controls

mHealth/eHealth Standard Frameworks Reimbursement

Data Privacy Policy
Policy for Service Providers Policy

Illustrative Legal and Regulatory Touch Points and Review Framework

Cost Benefit/Cost Effectiveness and Value for Money Analysis

In the majority of resource constrained healthcare systems, there is an overwhelming
pressure to prove that Mobile Health can deliver solutions that provide tangible value. The
application of health economic principles, such as (but not limited to) cost-effectiveness,
cost-utility, or cost-benefit are increasingly common. These measures are normally
determined by collecting existing evidence and modeling the economic impact of the
proposed Mobile Health solution within a health system.

Evaluate Drivers of cost (additional investments/savings) within mHealth

In order for mHealth to fulfill its potential, the likely drivers of cost within the mHealth
infrastructure should be assessed and, in turn, successful methods to contain costs
identified. Such analysis first requires the identification and assessment of the individual
drivers of cost within mHealth

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Potential methods for evaluating key cost drivers include:

1. Upfront investment in planning the mHealth infrastructure
2. mHealth’s impact on human resources cost
3. Cost savings as a result of the existing wireless market infrastructure
4. Assessment of the cost-impact of sharing services between mHealth and mServices

Determine benefits of mHealth

Measurement of mHealth costs and benefits can help generate the data necessary to
target and attract investments in mobile technologies, and prioritize these investments
in the face of competing demands and resource constraints. This can potentially lead
to development of an infrastructure that enables greater health outcomes in potentially
lower costs.

Analysis of potential areas for cost savings and increased efficiency

In evaluating the value of mhealth, it is essential to take into consideration the potential
benefits to the overall health system, as captured below.
Health Systems: Examples of Potential Areas for Saving Costs and Increasing Efficiency
Patient Issues Opportunities for Reducing Costs and Increasing Efficiency
Patient registration • One-time registration
• Information available on subsequent visits
• Serves multiple purposes (e.g. vital statistics registries in
addition to care)
Creation of persistent • Improved speed and efficiency of care delivered
record • Information base developed for wide variety of direct care
and administrative uses
• Data is entered once
Payment for services • Streamlined automatic billing, payment system
• Documentation of billing, payment actions
Remote diagnostics • Reduction of clinic visits
• Saves time for patient
• Improved patient triage
• More efficient use of time of skilled health workers
Referrals • Efficient access to closest available resources
Scheduling follow-ups • Automatic messaging to public and providers
Disease surveillance • Enables real-time surveillance, resource allocation

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Health Systems: Examples of Potential Areas for Saving Costs and Increasing Efficiency
Public information • More targeted distribution of information
24x7 call centers • Decreased need for in-person clinic visits
Administration Issues
Performance review • Easier and more timely aggregation of data by factors in-
cluding district, region, provider, and disease
Staff management • Ability to mine data to monitor staff performance through
various filters, including at the individual or aggregate level
• Ability to supervise staff in real-time
Staff training • Combination of physical and eTraining may provide
efficiencies over traditional model, particularly for “just-in-
time” training
Payments • Operations and record keeping efficiency
• Fraud protection
Supply chain manage- • Avoiding stockouts
ment • Fraud protection, e.g. fake medicines
An evaluation of the benefits of mhealth programs should focus on clinical and social
outcomes using reliable conversion factors. The outcomes are focused on benefits to the
patient and the provider and it is important to translate the metrics to the end user of the
specific technology. For example, smart phones could be used to help train community
health workers in aspects of maternal and child health and the metrics should frame
specified outcomes for mothers, newborns, and children resulting from the training.

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