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POWER SYSTEM I
EEng-3132
Corona
Corona
Outline
Introduction
Corona phenomenon
Disruptive critical voltage
Visual critical voltage
Corona power loss
Factors affecting corona
Line design based on corona
Advantages and disadvantages of corona
Methods of reducing corona Effect
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INTRODUCTION
The use of high voltage is extremely important in order to meet the rapidly
increasing power demand
When the applied voltage exceeds a certain value, called critical disruptive
voltage, the conductors are surrounded by a faint violet glow called corona
The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas
in an overhead transmission line is known as corona
The corona characteristic of transmission lines having voltage level 220 kV
or above assumed greater importance
Investigations on the basis of experiments reveals that it is possible to
predict corona performance of transmission line under various operating
conditions
Corona has associated power loss, radio and TV interference and audible
noise
Corona influences the line losses and design of overhead transmission line
conductors, accessories, hardware and insulators, etc
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PHENOMENON OF CORONA
Air is not a perfect insulator and even under normal condition, the air
contains a number of free electrons and ions
Consider two large parallel conducting planes. When an electric gradient
is setup between them, the electrons and ions acquire motion by this
electric field and they maintain a very small current between the
conducting planes. This current is negligible, when the electric field
intensity is less than 30 kV/cm
But when the electric field intensity or potential gradient reaches the
critical value of about 30 kV/cm, the air in the immediate vicinity of
conductors no more remains a dielectric and at this intensity, the ions
attain high velocity and on striking another neutral molecule dislodge one
or more electrons from the neutral molecule. This produces a new
electron and a positive ion which in turn are accelerated and collide with
other air molecules to ionize them further
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Thus the number of charged particles goes on increasing rapidly.
If a uniform field intensity is assumed between the electrodes such
conditions are produced everywhere in the gap. As a result of this, the
saturation is reached. Therefore, the air becomes conducting, hence a
complete electric breakdown occurs and arc is established between the
two electrodes
When an alternating potential difference is applied across two
conductors whose spacing is large in comparison with the diameter, then
the air surrounding the conductor is subjected to electro-static stresses.
This stress or intensity is maximum at the surface of the conductor and
then decreases in reverse proportion to the distance from the center of
the conductor
If this potential difference is gradually increased, a point will be reached
when a faint luminous glow of violet color will make its appearance, and
at the same time a hissing noise will be heard. This phenomenon is called
corona and is accompanied by the formation of ozone, as indicated by
5 the characteristic odor of this gas. 4/9/2019
This luminous glow is due to the fact that the atmospheric air around the
conductor becomes conducting due to electrostatic stress.
If the potential difference is raised still further, the glow and the noise
will increase in intensity until eventually a spark-over will take place.
If the conductors are perfectly uniform and smooth, the glow will be
uniform along their length, otherwise the rough points of the conductor
will appear brighter
The effects of corona can be summarized as
It is accompanied by power loss
A luminous violet glow is observed around the conductor
This glow is much brighter over rough and dirty surfaces of the conductor
It produces a hissing noise
It produces ozone gas which can be readily detected by its characteristic
odour
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CRITICAL DISRUPTIVE VOLTAGE
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The field due to A will be repulsive and that
due to B will be attractive; thereby the
electric field intensity at p due to both the
line charges will be additive and it will be
q q 1 q 1
Ex + =
x D x
2 0 x 2 0 D x 2 0
The potential diffrence between the conductors
Dr D r q 1 1
V Ex dx dx
r r 2 0 x D x
q Dr
= ln x ln D x r
2 0
q Dr q Dr
= .2 ln ln (6.1)
2 0 r 0 r
Since r is very small as compared to D, D-r D
q D
V= ln (6.2)
8 0 r 4/9/2019
Now gradient at any point x from the center of the conductor A is given by
q 1 1
Ex
2 0 x D x
q D
= .
2 0 x D x
Substituting for q from the above equation,
oV
q
D
ln
r
V 1 D
Ex o . .
D 2 o x D x
ln
r
V D
= .
D x D x
2 ln
r
V 'D
= (6.3)
D
x D x ln
r
Here V ' is the line to neutral voltage of the system. In case of 3-phase system
VL
V'
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From the expression for the gradient it is clear that for a given
transmission system the gradient increases as x decreases i.e., the
gradient is maximum when x = r, the surface of the conductor, and this
value is given by
V 'D
g max Er Emax
D
r ( D r ) ln
r
V'
=
D
r ln
r
or
D
V ' rg max ln (6.4)
r
g o' g o . (6.5)
Where is the air density correction factor and is given by
3.92b
(6.6)
273 t
Where b is the barometeric pressure in cm of Hg and t the temperature in oC
Therefore, the critical distruptive voltage is given by
D
V ' rg o ln kV (6.7)
r
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The irregularities on the surface of such a conductor are increased further
because of the deposition of dust and dirty on its surface and the
breakdown voltage is further reduced
An average value for the ratio of breakdown voltage for such a conductor
and smooth conductor lies between 0.85 to unity and is denoted by mo
Suitable values of mo are given below
Polished wires 1.0
Roughened or weathered wires 0.98 to 0.93
Seven strand cable 0.87 to 0.83
Large cables with more then seven strands 0.90 approx.
The final expression for critical disruptive voltage after taking into account
the atmospheric conditions and the surface of the conductor is given by
D
V ' rgo mo ln kV (6.8)
r
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VISUAL CRITICAL VOLTAGE
Since the surface of the conductor is irregular, the corona does not start
simultaneously on the whole surface but it takes place at different points
of the conductor which are pointed and this is known as local corona.
For local corona mv = 0.72 and for decided corona or general corona mv =
0.82
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Example
Find the critical disruptive voltage and visual critical voltages for local and
general corona on a 3-phase overhead transmission line, consisting of three
stranded copper conductors spaced 2.5 m apart at the corners of an
equilateral triangle. Air temperature and pressure are 21°c and 73.6 cm
Hg respectively. The conductor diameter, irregularity factor and surface
factor are 10.4 mm, 0.85, 0.7 and 0.8 respectively.
Solution
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peek's formula for corona loss is valid when corona losses are predominant and
Vn Vn
the ratio is greater than 1.8. when 1.8, the following formula known as
Vo Vo
Peterson's formula, gives better results:
2
Vn
Pc 2.1 f x10 5 xF kW/phase/km
log D
10 r
Where Pc corona loss
f supply frequency
Vn rms phase voltage (line to neutral) in kV
r radius of conductor (meters)
D spacing (or equivalent spacing) between conductors (meters)
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The factor F is called the corona loss function. it varies with
Vn
the ration and is given below in tabular form:
V0
Vn 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2
Vo
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LINE DESIGN BASED ON CORONA
Transmission lines are designed in such a fashion that the corona loss is
small enough in fair weather condition because corona loss reduces the
efficiency of the lines.
If the disruptive critical voltage of about 10% more than the operating
voltage, then it is acceptable even though some corona loss will take
place under foul weather condition.
Generally, corona loss under foul weather condition will be 10 time
higher than the fair weather condition
An increased in Deq and r increase the disruptive critical voltage, thus
reduces the corona loss but increases the cost
A typical transmission line may have a fair weather loss of 1 kW per 3-
phase mile and foul weather loss of 20 kW per three phase mile
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Example 1:
Conductor of a three phase transmission line are equilaterally spaced 6m
apart. The radius of each conductor is 1cm. The air temperature is 30 °C
and pressure is 740 mm of Hg. If surface factor is 0.83 and irregularity
factor is 0.92, calculate the disruptive critical voltage and visual critical
voltage
Solution:
The air density factor,
0.392 P
273 t
0.392 x740
0.957
273 30
Distruptive critical voltage,
3 x106 Deq
Vo r mo ln volts
2 r
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Given that mo 0.92, 0.957, r 1cm 0.01m, Deq 6 m
3 x106 6
Vo x 0.01x 0.957 x 0.92 x ln volts
2 0.01
V0 119.475 kV (rms)
The visual critical voltage
3 x106 0.0301 Deq
VV mv r 1 ln r volts
2 r
3 x106 0.0301 6
VV 0.83x 0.01x 0.957 x 1 ln 0.01 volts
2 0.01x0.957
VV 140.95 kV (rms)
Exercise
1. Determine the corona characteristics of a three phase line 160 km long,
conductor diameter 1.036 cm, 2.44 m delta spacing, air temperature
26.67°C, altitude 2440 m, corresponding to an approximate barometric
pressure of 73.15 cm, operating voltage 110 kV at 50 Hz
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CORONA
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Q?
Thank you
Next
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