Geometry Theorems & Concepts - MATHS BY AMIYA PDF

AMIYA
GEOMETRY CONCEPTS &

THEOREMS
REMS COMPILATION
MATHS BY AMIYA
3E LEARNING, 3RD FLOOR, ANAND COMPLEX, NEAR LALPUR PS,

H.B. ROAD RANCHI, 095 34 002244
Barbier's theorem
In geometry, Barbier's theorem states that every curve of constant width
width* has perimeter π times its width,
regardless of its precise shape.
Curve of constant width :- In geometry, a curve of constant width is a convex planar shape whose width
(defined as the perpendicular distance between two distinct parallel lines each having at least one point in
common with the shape's boundary but none with the shape's interior) is the same regardless of the
orientation of the curve.
More generally, any compact convex planar body D has one pair of parallel supporting lines in any given
direction. A supporting line is a line that has at least one point in common with the boundary of D but no
points in common with the interiorr of D. The width of the body is defined as before. If the width of D is the
same in all directions, the body is said to have constant width and its boundary is a curve of constant width;
the planar body itself is called an orbiform.
The width of a circle is constant: its diameter. On the other hand, the width of a square varies between the

length of a side and that of a diagonal, in the ratio . Thus the question arises: if a given shape's width is
√
constant in all directions, is it necessarily a circle? T
The
he surprising answer is that there are many non-
non
circular shapes of constant width. A nontrivial example is the Reuleaux triangle. To construct this, take an
equilateral triangle with vertices ABC and draw the arc BC on the circle centered at A, the arc CA on the
circle centered at B, and the arc AB on the circle centered at C. The resulting figure is of constant width.
The Reuleaux triangle lacks tangent continuity at three points, but constant
constant-width
width curves can also be
constructed without such discontinuit
discontinuities
ies (as shown in the second illustration on the right). Curves of
constant width can be generated by joining circular arcs centered on the vertices of a regular or irregular
convex polygon with an odd number of sides (triangle, pentagon, heptagon, etc.).
The most familiar examples of curves of constant width are the circle
and the Reuleaux triangle. For a circle, the width is the same as the
diameter; a circle of width w has perimeter πw. A Reuleaux triangle
of width w consists of three arcs of circles of radius w. Each of these
arcs has central angle π/3, so the perimeter of the Reuleaux triangle
of width w is equal to half the perimeter of a circle of radius w and
therefore is equal to πw. A similar analysis of other simple examples
such as Reuleaux polygons
lygons gives the same answer.
The analogue of Barbier's theorem for surfaces of constant width is

false. In particular, the unit sphere has surface area , These Reuleaux polygons have
while the surface of revolution of a Reuleaux triangle with the same constant width, and all have the
constant width has surface area same width; therefore by
Barbier's theorem they also have
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equal perimeters.
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Brahmagupta theorem
In geometry, Brahmagupta's theorem states that if a cyclic quadrilateral is orthodiagonal (that is,
has perpendicular diagonals), then the perpendicular to a side from the point of intersection of the
diagonals always bisects the opposite side.
More specifically, let A, B, C and D be four points on a circle such that the
lines AC and BD are perpendicular. Denote the intersection of
AC and BD by M.. Drop the perpendicular from M to the line BC, calling
the intersection E. Let F be the intersection of the line EM and the
edge AD. Then, the theorem
heorem states that F is the midpoint AD.
Proof :-
We need to prove that AF = FD.. We will prove that both AF and FD are in fact equal to FM.
To prove that AF = FM,, first note that the angles FAM and CBM are equal,
because they are inscribed angles that intercept the same arc of the circle.
Furthermore, the angles CBM and CME are both complementary to
angle BCM (i.e., they add up to 90°), and are therefore equal. Finally,
the angles CME and FMA are the same. Hence, AFM is an isosceles
triangle, and thus the sides AF and FM are equal.
The proof that FD = FM goes similarly: the

angles FDM, BCM, BME and DMF are all equal, so DFM is an isosceles
triangle, so FD = FM.. It follows that AF = FD, as the theorem claims.
Brahmagupta's formula
Brahmagupta's formula gives the area A of a cyclic quadrilateral whose sides have lengths a, b, c, d as
where s, the semiperimeter, is defined to be

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This formula generalizes Heron's formula for the area of a triangle.. A triangle may be regarded as a
quadrilateral with one side of length zero. From this perspective, as d approaches zero, a cyclic
quadrilateral converges into a cyclic triangle (all triangles are cyclic), and Brahmagupta's formula
simplifies to Heron's formula.
If the semiperimeter is not used, Brahmagupta's formula is
Another equivalent version is
Extension to non-cyclic
cyclic quadrilaterals
In the case of non-cyclic

cyclic quadrilaterals, Brahmagupta's formula can be extended by considering the
measures of two opposite angles of the quadrilateral:
where θ is half the sum of two opposite angles. (The choice of which pair of opposite angles is irrelevant: if
the other two angles are taken, half their sum is the supplement of θ. Since cos(180° − θ) = −cosθ, we have
cos2(180° − θ) = cos2θ.) This more general formula is known as Bretschneider's formula.
formula
It is a property of cyclic quadrilaterals (and ultimately of inscribed angles)) that opposite angles of a
quadrilateral sum to 180°. Consequently, in the case of an inscribed quadrilater
quadrilateral,
al, θ = 90°, whence the term
giving the basic form of Brahmagupta's formula.
It follows from the latter equation that the area of a cyclic quadrilateral is the maximum possible area for
any quadrilateral with the given side lengths.
A related formula, which was proved by Coolidge,, also gives the area of a general convex quadrilateral. It
is
where p and q are the lengths of the diagonals of the quadrilateral. In a cyclic uadrilateral,
uadrilateral
according to Ptolemy's theorem,, and the formula of Coolidge reduce
reducess to Brahmagupta's formula.
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Butterfly theorem
The butterfly theorem is a classical result in Euclidean geometry,
which can be stated as follows:
Let M be the midpoint of a chord PQ of a circle, through

which two other chords AB and CD are
drawn; AD and BC intersect chord PQ
at X and Y correspondingly. Then M is the midpoint of XY.
Proof:-
Let the perpendiculars and be dropped from the point on the straight lines
and respectively. Similarly, let and be dropped
from the point perpendicular to the straight lines and
respectively.
Now, since
From the preceding equations, it can be easily seen that
since =
Now,
So, it can be concluded that or is the midpoint of

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Casey's theorem
In mathematics, Casey's theorem,, also known as the
generalized Ptolemy's theorem, is a theorem in Euclidean
geometry named after the Irish mathematician John Casey.
Let be a circle of radius . Let be (in

intersecting circles that lie inside and
that order) four non-intersecting
tangent to it. Denote by the length of the exterior common
tangent of the circles .
Then:
Note that in the degenerate case, where all four circles reduce
to points, this is exactly Ptolemy's theorem
theorem.
De Gua's theorem
De Gua's theorem is a three-dimensional
dimensional analog of the Pythagorean theorem and named for Jean Paul de
Gua de Malves.
If a tetrahedron has a right-angle

angle corner (like the corner of a cube), then the
square of the area of the face opposite the right
right-angle corner is the sum of
the squares of the areas of the other three faces.
The Pythagorean theorem and de Gua's theorem are special cases ((n = 2, 3) of
a general theorem about n-simplices
simplices with a right angle corner.
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Descartes' theorem
In geometry, Descartes' theorem states that for every four kissing, or mutually tangent, circles, the radii of
the circles satisfy a certain quadratic equation. By solving this equation, one can construct a fourth circle
tangent to three given, mutually tangent circles. The theor
theorem is named after René Descartes, who stated it
in 1643.
Definition of curvature
Kissing circles. Given three mutually tangent circles ((black), what radius can a
fourth tangent circle have? There are in general two possible answers ((red).
Descartes' theorem
rem is most easily stated in terms of the circles' curvatures.
The curvature (or bend)) of a circle is defined as k = ±1/r, where r is its
radius. The larger a circle, the smaller is the magnitude of its curvature,
and vice versa.
The plus sign in k = ±1/r applies to a circle that is externally tangent to the
other circles, like the three black circles in the image. For an
internally tangent circle like the big red circle, that circumscribes the other
circles, the minus sign applies.
If a straight line is considered a degenerate circle with zero curvature (and thus infinite radius), Descartes'
theorem also applies to a line and two circles that are all three mutually tangent, giving the radius of a third
circle tangent to the other two circles and the line.
If four circles are tangent to each other at six distinct points, and the circles have
curvatures ki (for i = 1, ..., 4), Descartes' theorem says:
..........................(1)
..........................
When trying to find the radius of a fourth circle tangent to three given kissing circles, the equation is best
rewritten as:
..........................(2)
..........................
The ± sign reflects the fact that there are in general two solutions. Ignoring the degenerate case of a straight
line, one solution is positive and the other is either positive or
negative; if negative, it represents a circle that circumscribes the
first three (as shown in the diagram above). Other criteria may
favor one solution over the other in any given problem.
SPECIAL CASE
If one of the three circles is replaced by a straight line, then
one ki, say k3, is zero and drops out of equation (1). Equation
(2) then becomes much simpler:
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Japanese theorem for cyclic polygons
In geometry, the Japanese theorem states that no matter how one triangulates a cyclic polygon,
the sum of inradii of triangles is constant.
sum of the radii of the green circles = sum of the radii of the red circles
Conversely, if the sum of inradii independent from the triangulation, then the polygon is cyclic.
Carnot's theorem
In Euclidean geometry, Carnot's theorem
theorem, named
after Lazare Crarnot (1753–1823),
1823), is as follows. Let ABC be
an arbitrary triangle. Then the sum of the signed
distances from the circumcenter D to the sides of
triangle ABC is
where r is the inradius and R is the circumradius. Here the

sign of the distances is taken negative if and only if the line
segment DX (X = F, G, H)) lies completely outside the
triangle. In the picture DF is negative and
both DG and DH are positive.
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Pitot theorem
A tangential quadrilateral ABCD is a closed figure of four straight
sides that are tangent to a given circle C. Equivalently, the circle C is
inscribed in the quadrilateral ABCD.
This conclusion follows from the equality of the tangent segments

from the four vertices
ces of the quadrilateral. Let the tangent points be
denoted as P (on segment AB), Q (on segment BC), R (on segment
CD) and S (on segment DA). The symmetric tangent segments about
each point of ABCD are equal, e.g., BP=BQ=
BP=BQ=b, CQ=CR=c,
DR=DS=d, and AS=AP=a. But each side of the quadrilateral is composed of two such tangent segments
The converse is also true: a circle can be inscribed into every quadrilateral in which the lengths of opposite
sides sum to the same value.
This theorem and its converse have various uses. For example, they show immediately that no rectangle
can have an inscribed circle unless it is a square, and that every rhombus has an inscribed circle, whereas
a general parallelogram does not.
Japanese theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals

In geometry, the Japanese theorem states that the centers of
the incircles of certain triangles inside a cyclic
quadrilateral are vertices of a rectangle.
Triangulating an arbitrary concyclic quadrilateral by its

diagonals yields four overlapping triangles (each
diagonal creates two triangles). The centers of the
incircles of those triangles form a rectangle.
Specifically, let be an arbitrary concyclic

quadrilateral and let be the
incenters of the triangles
.
Then the quadrilateral formed by is a rectangle.
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Pick's theorem
Given a simple polygon constructed on a grid of equal
equal-distanced
distanced points (i.e., points
with integer coordinates) such that all the polygon's vertices are grid points, Pick's theorem provides a
simple formula for calculating the area A of this polygon in terms of the number i of lattice points in the
interiorlocated
located in the polygon and the number b of lattice points on the
boundary placed on the polygon's perimeter
In the example shown, we have i = 7 interior points and b = 8 boundary

points, so the area is A = 7 + 8/2 − 1 = 7 + 4 − 1 = 10 (square units)
Note that the theorem as stated above is only valid for simple polygons,
i.e., ones that consist of a single piece and do not contain "holes". For a polygon that has h holes, with a
boundary in the form of h + 1 simple closed curves, the slightly more complicated formula i + b/2 + h − 1
gives the area.
Ptolemy's theorem
In Euclidean geometry, Ptolemy's theorem is a relation between the four sides and two diagonals of
a cyclic quadrilateral (a quadrilateral whose vertices lie on a common circle).
The theorem is named after
the Greek astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy (Claudius
Ptolemaeus) Ptolemy used the theorem as an aid to creating his table
of chords, a trigonometric
tric table that he applied to astronomy.
If the quadrilateral is given with its four vertices A, B, C, and D in

order, then the theorem states that:
where the vertical lines denote the lengths of the line segments between the named vertices.
This relation may be verbally expressed as follows:

If a quadrilateral is inscribable in a circle then the product of the measures of its diagonals is equal to the
sum of the products of the measures of the pairs of opposite sides.
Moreover, the converse of Ptolemy's

olemy's theorem is also true:
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In a quadrilateral, if the sum of the products of its two pairs of opposite sides is equal to the product of its
diagonals, then the quadrilateral can be inscribed in a circle.
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Varignon's theorem
Varignon's theorem is a statement in Euclidean
geometry by Pierre Varignon that was first
published in 1731. It deals with the construction of a
particular parallelogram (Varignon
Varignon parallelogram
parallelogram)
from an arbitrary quadrangle.
The midpoints of the sides of an arbitrary

quadrangle form a parallelogram. If the quadrangle
is convex or reentrant, i.e. not a crossing
quadrangle, then the area of the parallelogram is
half as big as the area of the quadrangle
quadrangle.
Viviani's theorem
Viviani's theorem, named after Vincenzo Viviani, states that the sum of the distances
from any interior point to the sides of anequilateral triangle equals the length of the
triangle's altitude.
Proof
This proof depends on the readily-proved

proved proposition that the area of a
triangle is half its base times
es its height
height—that is, half the product of one
side with the altitude from that side.
Let ABC be an equilateral triangle whose height is h and whose side is a.

Let P be any point inside the triangle, and u, s, t the distances of P from the sides. Draw a line
l from P to
each of A, B, and C, forming three triangles PAB, PBC, and PCA.
Now, the areas of these triangles are , , and . They exactly fill the enclosing triangle, so the
sum of these areas is equal to the area of the enclosing triangle. So we can w
write:
and thus u + s + t = h.
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Barrow's inequality
Barrow's inequality is an inequality relating the distances between an
arbitrary point within a triangle, the vertices of the triangle, and
certain points on the sides of the triangle.
Let P be an arbitrary point inside the triangle ABC. From P and ABC,
define U, V, and W as the points where the angle bisectors of BPC, CPA,
and APB intersect the sides BC,CA, ABAB, respectively. Then Barrow's
inequality states that
with equality holding only in the case of an equilateral triangle
Euler's theorem in geometry

Euler's theorem states that the distance d between the circumcentre and incentre of a triangle can be
expressed as
where R and r denote the circumradius and inradius respectively (the radii of the above two circles).
From the theorem follows the Euler inequality

inequality:
Weitzenböck's inequality
Weitzenböck's inequality,, named after Roland Weitzenböck, states that for a triangle of side lengths
, , , and area , the following inequality holds:
Equality occurs if and only if the triangle is equilateral.

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One of the most important concept of Geometry
: Integral Sided Triangle by Alcuin's sequence
Courtesy : Counting integral triangle by Krier
and Manvel
Number of triangles with given perimeter.
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Right angled triangles within Right angled triangle
OR
Projection of perpendiculars...!!!
GD=DH
FBED is a rectangle and diagonals BD and EF intersect at point I, midpoint of diagonal EF. G, D ,H are the
projections of F, I, E over line AC. Since I is the midpoint of EF ,so D is the midpoint of GH.
BD=FG+EH
FBED is a rectangle and diagonals BD and EF intersect at point I (say) so I would be midpoint of BD & EF
so BD=2*ID.
FGHE is a trapezium with I as midpoint of its unparallel sides, and ID || to parallel sides, so it would be
median of trapezium,
So, ID = (FG+EH)/2
=> BD = FG + EH
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Concept : Angle Bisector divides corresponding side in
the ratio of adjacent sides.
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NOTE : If examiner would ask you to find sum of all
such squares, then use sum of infinite G.P
Sides of square are in GP with c.r. of [h/(b+h)]; so

area would also be in G.P with c.r. is [h^2/(b+h)^2];
and you know the sum formula of a infinite G.P. of c.r.
less than 1.
They can also ask to find the rest of the area withing
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triangle. You know what to do for this.

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Proof: - http://youtu.be/xvo0gpnQDBE
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Altitudes , in-radii
radii => X is G.M. of "a" & "b"
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Important Concept : Bimedian
► The two bimedians in a quadrilateral and the line segment

joining the midpoints of the diagonals in that quadrilateral are
concurrent and are all bisected by their point of intersection
► In a convex quadrilateral, the two bimedians have equal

length if and only if the two diagonals are perpendicular
► In a convex
vex quadrilateral, the two bimedians are
perpendicular if and only if the two diagonals have equal
length
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One of the most important Parallelogram concept :
Varignon parallelogram. If we join midpoints of the sides of any

quadrilateral in order is a parallelogram. Its area is one half that
of the quadrilateral.
Wittenbauer parallelogram. The figure formed by connecting

and extending adjacent trisector points (of a quadrilateral)
quadrilateral on
either side of a vertex is a parallelogram. Its area is 8/9 of the
quadrilateral
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If lines from the vertex of triangle trisect the corresponding side
then, The area of shaded portion (hexagon) is (1/10)th of the
area of whole triangle.
This theorem is known as Marion's theorem.
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CHALLENGER
First try to solve then check solution video link is

given below:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9FjJG-kDs0
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ANS: 240
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https://www.facebook.com/MathsByAmiya/p
hotos/a.509385892446865.131247.475326352
519486/560913760627411/?type=3&theater
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hotos/a.509385892446865.131247.475326352
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519486/565749876810466/?type=3&theater
hotos/a.509385892446865.131247.475326352
519486/568114323240688/?type=3&theater
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hotos/a.509385892446865.131247.475326352
519486/584494198269367/?type=3&theater
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https://www.facebook.com/MathsByAmiya/photos/a.509385892446865.131247.475326352519486/5936247
37356313/?type=3&theater
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Ans: (c)
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Geometry Solution Video & Concept: You
Should Not Miss
http://youtu.be/2Npioinddb4
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Did You Know - There is theoretical fig which
has infinite surface area but finite volume.
Gabriel's Horn (also called Torricelli's

trumpet) is a geometric figure which has
infinite surface area but finite volume. The
name refers to the tradition identifying the
Archangel Gabriel as the angel who blows the
horn to announce Judgment Day, associating
the divine, or infinite, with the finite. The
properties of this figure were first studied by
Italian physicist and mathematician
Evangelista Torricelli.
Via -
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel's_Horn
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Concept - If You Are working on Medians,
Most of the time (apart from appollonius) its
question of Similarity. Always draw a || line to
median
x= 7/2 = 3.5 (typo in image)

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Concept- MPG "Mass Point Geometry"
You can also prove this by similar triangle

concept - the same process as
of https://www.facebook.com/MathsByAmiya/
photos/719874268064692/
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Angle Bisectors -Important Ratios
You can easily calculate second ratios by the

help of first and mpg.
To know more about mpg -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBZawF
sTrvc
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Concept -
Concept Video Link-
http://youtu.be/JEKl2VN-oNY
A regular polygon with 959 vertices and
another regular polygon with 1781 sides has a
common circumscribe circle if they have some
common vertices then digital sum of number
of common vertices is
a. 2 b. 3 c. 5 d. 9 e. NoT
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Inside an equilateral triangle there is a point from which the length of
perpendicular on all the three sides are 1cm, 2cm, & 3cm then. what would be area
of equilateral triangle.
a. 9 *√3 cm^2 b. 12 cm^2

c. 12*√3 cm^2 d. Data inadequate
e. NoT (???)
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Did You Know...???
Total number of distinct equilateral triangles (in a plane) which are

possible in a “n” sided regular polygon such that minimum two
vertices of equilateral triangle are also the vertices of given polygon
is
2*C(n,2) - if n is not multiple of 3
2*(C(n,2)- n/3) - if n is multiple of 3
1. Multiplication by 2 - there are two triangles on same two vertices;

one inside one outside of polygon
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2. If n=3*k then n/3 is deducted since all three vertices of triangle

would fall on the polygon and these are repetitive cases.
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Proof :-
∆ABE ~ ∆DCE => AB/DC=AE/DE,
∆BCE ~∆ADE = > AD/BC=AE/BE.
From first two
(AB/CD) * (AD/BC) = AE^2/(BE*DE)
We know, BE*DE=AE*CE,(quad. ABCD is cyclic)
(AB/CD) * (AD/BC) = AE^2/(AE*CE) = AE/CE
AE/CE = (AB*AD)/(CD*CB)
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Ans: [c]
Let side of the square : 4r ;
Then Total area of 4 small circles 4*(pi*r^2)=4(w + blue area)
Where w - white area inside small circles.
Now Area of big circle => 4*pi*r^2=4(w + pink area)

4*(pi*r^2)=4(w + blue area) = 4(w + pink area)
=> Pink area = Blue area.
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Sol Video -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NtGOG
AvkZc&list=PLqP8FM58Y3oHqBeDbdKkUpz0
aRhAXlWbY&index=25 85
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To All Aspirants who are at (or near to) Ranchi
Just Think -
1. If You and your mentor (few of them) can learn

many things from the page, then how much can you
learn from class room)
2. The results from your institute is only due to the

labour of call getter (he would get result because he
was best) or its amalgamation of his and his mentors'
dedication towards his goal.
To get more
www.facebook.com/MathsByAmiya
To Follow Amiya :
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Geometrical Theorems & Formulas FB ALBUM-

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DATE: 22-08-2014
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AMIYA

GEOMETRY CONCEPTS &

3E LEARNING, 3RD FLOOR, ANAND COMPLEX, NEAR LALPUR PS,

The analogue of Barbier's theorem for surfaces of constant width is

The proof that FD = FM goes similarly: the

where s, the semiperimeter, is defined to be

If the semiperimeter is not used, Brahmagupta's formula is

Another equivalent version is

In the case of non-cyclic

Let M be the midpoint of a chord PQ of a circle, through

From the preceding equations, it can be easily seen that

So, it can be concluded that or is the midpoint of

Let be a circle of radius . Let be (in

If a tetrahedron has a right-angle

where r is the inradius and R is the circumradius. Here the

This conclusion follows from the equality of the tangent segments

Japanese theorem for cyclic quadrilaterals

Triangulating an arbitrary concyclic quadrilateral by its

Specifically, let be an arbitrary concyclic

In the example shown, we have i = 7 interior points and b = 8 boundary

If the quadrilateral is given with its four vertices A, B, C, and D in

This relation may be verbally expressed as follows:

Moreover, the converse of Ptolemy's

The midpoints of the sides of an arbitrary

This proof depends on the readily-proved

Let ABC be an equilateral triangle whose height is h and whose side is a.

with equality holding only in the case of an equilateral triangle

Euler's theorem in geometry

From the theorem follows the Euler inequality

Equality occurs if and only if the triangle is equilateral.

Sides of square are in GP with c.r. of [h/(b+h)]; so

triangle. You know what to do for this.

► The two bimedians in a quadrilateral and the line segment

► In a convex quadrilateral, the two bimedians have equal

Varignon parallelogram. If we join midpoints of the sides of any

Wittenbauer parallelogram. The figure formed by connecting

This theorem is known as Marion's theorem.

First try to solve then check solution video link is

Gabriel's Horn (also called Torricelli's

x= 7/2 = 3.5 (typo in image)

You can also prove this by similar triangle

You can easily calculate second ratios by the

To know more about mpg -

a. 9 *√3 cm^2 b. 12 cm^2

Total number of distinct equilateral triangles (in a plane) which are

2*C(n,2) - if n is not multiple of 3

2*(C(n,2)- n/3) - if n is multiple of 3

1. Multiplication by 2 - there are two triangles on same two vertices;

2. If n=3*k then n/3 is deducted since all three vertices of triangle

Then Total area of 4 small circles 4*(pi*r^2)=4(w + blue area)

Where w - white area inside small circles.

Now Area of big circle => 4*pi*r^2=4(w + pink area)

1. If You and your mentor (few of them) can learn

2. The results from your institute is only due to the

Geometrical Theorems & Formulas FB ALBUM-

1. Please Study and Study

2. Do not Use it for revenue generation

3. Do not violate the IPR (Intellectual Property Rights)

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Then Total area of 4 small circles 4(pir^2)=4(w + blue area)

Now Area of big circle => 4pir^2=4(w + pink area)