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GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

WEIGHT-VOLUME RELATIONSHIP ATTERBERG’S LIMIT

Void Ratio, ( e ) Plasticity Index, (PI)

𝑒=
𝑉𝑣 PI= LL-PL
𝑉𝑠
WHEN:
Porosity, (n)
PI≤10---SILTY
𝑉𝑣 𝑒
𝑛= = PI≥11---CLAYEY
𝑉 1+𝑒

Degree of saturation, (S) Liquidity Index, (LI)


𝑉𝑤 𝜔𝐺𝑠 𝜔−𝑃𝐿
𝑆=
𝑉𝑣
=
𝑒
𝐿𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿−𝑃𝐿
Moisture Content, (𝛚) WHEN:

𝑊𝑤 LI less than 0 - BRITTLE SOLID


ω=
𝑊𝑠
LI less than 1 (0.1-0.9) - PLASTIC
Moist Unit Weight, (𝛾wet )
LI greater than 1 - LIQUID
𝑊
𝛾𝑤𝑒𝑡 = = 𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 (1 + 𝜔 ) Consistency Index, (CI)
𝑉

Dry Unit Weight, (𝛾dry) 𝐿𝐿−𝜔


𝐶𝐼 = 𝐿𝐿−𝑃𝐼
𝑊𝑠 𝐺𝑠𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = = Flow Index, (If)
𝑉 1+𝑒

Saturated Unit Weight, (𝛾sat) 𝜔1− 𝜔2


𝐼𝑓 = 𝑁
𝑙𝑜𝑔( 2 )
(𝐺𝑠+𝑒)𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑁1
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
Toughness Index, (TI)
Effective, Buoyant, Submerged Unit
𝑃𝐼
Weight, (𝛾’) 𝑇𝐼 =
𝐼𝑓

𝛾’= 𝛾sat – 𝛾water Shrinkage Limit, (SL)


Moist Unit Weight, (𝛾wet ) in terms of S and e (𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 )(𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝒗𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 )(𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕 )(𝟏𝟎𝟎)
𝑺𝑳 = −
(𝐺𝑠+𝑆𝑒)𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟐
𝛿𝑤𝑒𝑡 =
1+𝑒 Shrinkage Ratio, (SR)
Hydraulic Gradient for quicksand 𝑚2
condition, (i) 𝑆𝑅 = 𝑉 𝜌
2 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐺𝑠−1 Specific Gravity, (Gs)
𝑖𝑐𝑟 = 1+𝑒
1
Relative Density, (Dr) 𝐺𝑠 = 1 𝑆𝐿

𝑆𝑅 100
1 1

𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑒 𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑑
𝐷𝑟 = = 1 1
𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 −
𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝛾𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

SOIL CLASSIFICATION B. FALLING HEAD TEST

Effective size D10 – Particle size 𝑘=


𝑎𝐿 ℎ
ln( 1 )
𝐴𝑡 ℎ2
distribution curve corresponding to 10%
finer. EQUIVALENT HORIZONTAL CONDUCTIVITY

Uniformity Coefficient, (Cu)


𝑫𝟔𝟎
𝑪𝒖 =
𝑫𝟏𝟎

Coefficient of gradation (Cc)


(𝑫𝟑𝟎 )𝟐
𝑪𝒄 =
𝑫𝟔𝟎 𝑫𝟏𝟎

SOIL COMPACTION

Moist Unit Weight of Compaction, (𝛾wet )


𝑊
𝛾𝑤𝑒𝑡 = ; Vm=1/30 ft3
𝑉𝑚
EQUIVALENT VERTICAL
Dry Unit Weight Compaction, (𝛾dry) CONDUCTIVITY

𝛾𝑤𝑒𝑡
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝜔%
1+
100
𝜸𝒅𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
𝑹(%) =
𝜸𝒅𝒎𝒂𝒙

PERMEABILITY

Hydraulic Gradient, (i)



𝑖=
𝐿

Discharge Velocity, (V)

𝑉 = 𝐾𝑖

Flow Rate, (q)

𝑞 = 𝐾𝑖𝐴

Seepage Velocity, (Vs)


𝑉
𝑉𝑠 =
𝑛

Coefficient of Permeability, (K)

A. CONSTANT HEAD TEST


𝑄𝐿
𝑘=
𝐴ℎ𝑡
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

STRESSES IN SOIL
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

STRESSES IN A
SOIL MASS
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

COMPRESSIBILITY OF SOILS TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY


TOTAL SETTLEMENT, (St) A. GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE
St= Sc +Ss+ Se ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY, (qult)
Sc= Primary Settlement ***for Strip Footing
Ss= Secondary Settlement 1
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
Se= Elastic Settlement 2

PRIMARY CONSOLIDATED CLAYS: ***for Square Footing

** Normally Consolidated Clays 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾


𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 +∆𝑃 ***for Circular Footing
𝑆𝑐 = log( )
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.3𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
Cc= Compression index

Cc =0.009(LL-10)

H= thickness of clay

𝛥P= average increase of effective stress


on clay

Po=average effective stress at the middle


of clay

** Over Consolidated Clays

When (Po+ 𝛥P) < Pc Gross Allowable Bearing Capacity :

Pc =Pre-consolidation pressure 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡


𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐹. 𝑆
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 +∆𝑃
𝑆𝑐 = log( ) Net Allowable Bearing Capacity :
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜

1 1 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 − 𝑞
Cs=swell index= 𝑡𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑐 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙(𝑛𝑒𝑡) =
𝐹. 𝑆
5 10

When (Po+ 𝛥P) > Pc q= vertical effective stress at the foundation

𝑆𝑐 =
𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃
log ( 𝑐 ) +
𝐶𝑐 𝐻
log(
𝑃𝑜 +∆𝑃
) q=𝛾 Df
1+𝑒 𝑃𝑜 1+𝑒 𝑃𝑐
Gross Allowable Load:
SECONDARY SETTLEMENT, (Ss)
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝐶𝛼 𝐻 𝑇2 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑥𝐴
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( ) 𝐹. 𝑆
1+𝑒𝑝 𝑇1
Net Allowable Load:
T2= time after completion of primary settlement
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 − 𝑞
T1= time before completion of primary
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙(𝑛𝑒𝑡) = 𝑥𝐴
𝐹. 𝑆
settlement

ep= end void ratio of primary settlement

𝑒𝑝 = 𝑒 − Δ𝑒

𝑃𝑜 +∆𝑃
Δ𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐 log( )
𝑃𝑜
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

CASE I: Presence of Ground Water Table above SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOIL


the base of footing
RELATION OF NORMAL AND SHEAR
STRESS

//For Normal Consolidated c=0

𝑞 = 𝐷1 𝛾 + 𝐷2 (𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 )
𝜎
Then, change 𝛾 in the 3rd term to 𝛾’.

CASE II: Presence of Ground Water Table below 𝜏 = 𝜎𝑡𝑎𝑛∅


the base of footing
// For Over Consolidated

Use: 𝜏 = 𝐶 + 𝜎𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
q= 𝛾Df TRI-AXIAL TEST
Then, change 𝛾B in the 3rd term to:

𝛾𝐵 = [𝛾𝑑1 + 𝛾 ′ (𝑑2 )]
CASE III: Presence of Ground Water Table at
the base of footing
𝜎all
SHEAR STRESS

𝜎3 𝛥d
𝜎1

NORMAL STRESS

𝜎1 − 𝜎3
Then, change 𝛾 in the 3rd term to 𝛾’. sin ∅ =
𝜎1 + 𝜎3

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