Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dr Athar Kharal
atharkharal.github.io
atharkharal@gmail.com
https://pk.linkedin.com/in/atharkharal
De…nition
1
k , a t a+k
Consider a function fk (t a) = ,
0 , otherwise
De…nition
1
k , a t a+k
Consider a function fk (t a) = , which
0 , otherwise
has unit area
De…nition
1
k , a t a+k
Consider a function fk (t a) = , which
0 , otherwise
has unit area as
Z ∞ Z a +k
1
fk ( t a) dt = dt = 1.
0 a k
De…nition
1
k , a t a+k
Consider a function fk (t a) = , which
0 , otherwise
has unit area as
Z ∞ Z a +k
1
fk ( t a) dt = dt = 1.
0 a k
De…nition
1
, a t a+k
k
Consider a function fk (t a) = , which
0 , otherwise
has unit area as
Z ∞ Z a +k
1
fk ( t a) dt = dt = 1.
0 a k
v (t )
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as follows:
d2 d
dt 2
q (t ) + 20 dt q (t ) + 10000 q (t ) = δ (t ) ; q (0) = q 0 (0) = 0
q (t )
v (t ) = C jC =10 4
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as follows:
d2 d
dt 2
q (t ) + 20 dt q (t ) + 10000 q (t ) = δ (t ) ; q (0) = q 0 (0) = 0
q (t ) 1000
p 10 t
p
v (t ) = C jC =10 4 = 33 11e sin 30 11t
Question: (10e-6.4-10)
1
y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = δ t 2π + u (t π ) cos t ; y (0) =
y 0 (0) = 0
1 π
2s
s sπ
Y = (s +3 )(s +2 )
e (s +3 )(s +2 )(s 2 +1 )
e
1 π
2s
s sπ
Y = (s +3 )(s +2 )
e (s +3 )(s +2 )(s 2 +1 )
e
3
y (t ) = e π 2t u t 21 π e 2 π 3t u t 12 π +
2 2π 2t 1
5 e u (t π ) 10 ( (cos t ) u (t π ))
1 3 3π 3t
10 ( (sin t ) u (t π )) 10 e u (t π )
y (t ) =
1
10 u (t π) 3 e 3 t +3 π + sin (t ) + cos (t ) + 4 e 2 t +2 π +
u (t π/2) e 3 t +3/2 π + e 2 t +π
d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5
d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5
d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5
1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 2 y (0)
1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ +1 2s
100 e s π s 2 +2 s 3 s 2 25
Y = s 2 (s 2 +2 s +5 )
d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5
1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 2 y (0)
1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ +1 2s
100 e s π s 2 +2 s 3 s 2 25
Y = s 2 (s 2 +2 s +5 )
y (t ) = 50 u (t π) e t +π sin (2 t ) + 5 t 2
d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5
1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 2 y (0)
1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ +1 2s
100 e s π s 2 +2 s 3 s 2 25
Y = s 2 (s 2 +2 s +5 )
y (t ) = 50 u (t π ) e t +π sin (2 t ) + 5 t 2
5t 2 , t<π
y (t ) =
5t 2 50e π t sin (2t ) , t > π
Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Convolution: Product of Transforms
f ?g = g ?f
f ? (g + h ) = f ?g +f ?h
f ? (g ? h ) = (f ? g ) ? h
f ?0 = 0?f = 0
f ?1 6= f (why?)
by rewriting e aτ e b (t τ) = e aτ ln (e ) e b (t τ ) ln (e )
by rewriting e aτ e b (t τ) = e aτ ln (e ) e b (t τ ) ln (e )
Rt b (t τ ) ln (e ) Rt
= 0
e aτ ln (e ) e dτ = 0
e aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) dτ
by rewriting e aτ e b (t τ) = e aτ ln (e ) e b (t τ ) ln (e )
Rt b (t τ ) ln (e ) Rt
= 0
e aτ ln (e ) e dτ = 0
e aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) dτ
Substituting u = aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) implies at
τ = 0, u = bt and τ = t, u = at and
du = ddτ (aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e )) = a b ) adub = d τ
by rewriting e aτ e b (t τ) = e aτ ln (e ) e b (t τ ) ln (e )
Rt b (t τ ) ln (e ) Rt
= 0
e aτ ln (e ) e dτ = 0
e aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) dτ
Substituting u = aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) implies at
τ = 0, u = bt and τ = t, u = at and
du = ddτ (aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e )) = a b ) adub = d τ
R at ln (e ) eu e at ln (e ) e ln (e )bt e at e bt
= ln (e )bt (a b ) ln (e )
du = (a b ) ln (e )
= (a b )
1 t
= 2u (t a τ ) e 2τ + e 2t 2a
τ =0
1
= 2u (t a τ ) e 2τ + e 2t 2a
τ =t
1
2u (t a τ ) e 2τ + e 2t 2a τ =0
= 12 u ( a) e 2t 2a + e 2t 1
2u (t a) e 2t 2a +1
y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2
1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )
y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2
1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )
2 4t t
Y = (s +2 )
L e L (e )
y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2
1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )
2 4t t 2t 4t t
Y = (s +2 )
L e L (e ) = 2L e L e L (e )
y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2
1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )
2 4t t
Y = (s +2 )
L e L (e ) = 2L e 2t L e 4t L (e t
)
Rt 4τ e (t τ ) d τ
Y = 2e 2t ? e 4t ?e t = 2e 2t ? 0 e
y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2
1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )
2 4t t
Y = (s +2 )
L e L (e ) = 2L e 2t L e 4t L (e t
)
Rt 4τ e (t τ ) d τ
Y = 2e 2t ? e 4t ?e t = 2e 2t ? 0 e
Y = 2e 2t ? 1 t 3τ τ =t
3e τ =0
1 1
= 2e 2t ? 3e
t
3e
4t = 32 e 2t ? e t e 4t
2 1 t t 2 t
y (t ) = 3 2e (e 1) (e + 2)
2
y (t ) = 13 e t
(e t 1) (e t + 2)