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Advanced Engineering Mathematics

Mathematical Techniques for Engineering

Dr Athar Kharal
atharkharal.github.io

atharkharal@gmail.com

https://pk.linkedin.com/in/atharkharal

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Dirac’s Delta Function

De…nition
1
k , a t a+k
Consider a function fk (t a) = ,
0 , otherwise

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Dirac’s Delta Function

De…nition
1
k , a t a+k
Consider a function fk (t a) = , which
0 , otherwise
has unit area

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Dirac’s Delta Function

De…nition
1
k , a t a+k
Consider a function fk (t a) = , which
0 , otherwise
has unit area as

Z ∞ Z a +k
1
fk ( t a) dt = dt = 1.
0 a k

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Dirac’s Delta Function

De…nition
1
k , a t a+k
Consider a function fk (t a) = , which
0 , otherwise
has unit area as

Z ∞ Z a +k
1
fk ( t a) dt = dt = 1.
0 a k

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Dirac’s Delta Function

De…nition
1
, a t a+k
k
Consider a function fk (t a) = , which
0 , otherwise
has unit area as

Z ∞ Z a +k
1
fk ( t a) dt = dt = 1.
0 a k

Then Dirac’s delta function (aka, unit impulse function) is de…ned


as
δ (t a) = lim fk (t a) .
k !0

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Dirac (8 August 1902 – 20
October 1984) was an English
theoretical physicist

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Dirac (8 August 1902 – 20
October 1984) was an English
theoretical physicist who made
fundamental contributions to
the early development of both
quantum mechanics and
quantum electrodynamics.

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Dirac (8 August 1902 – 20
October 1984) was an English
theoretical physicist who made
fundamental contributions to
the early development of both
quantum mechanics and
quantum electrodynamics.
Among other discoveries, he
formulated the Dirac
equation, which describes the
behaviour of fermions and
predicted the existence of
antimatter.

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Dirac (8 August 1902 – 20
October 1984) was an English
theoretical physicist who made
fundamental contributions to
the early development of both
quantum mechanics and
quantum electrodynamics.
Among other discoveries, he
formulated the Dirac
equation, which describes the
behaviour of fermions and
predicted the existence of
antimatter.Dirac shared the
Nobel Prize in Physics for
1933 with Erwin
Schrödinger, "for the
discovery of new productive
forms of atomic theory".
Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Dirac (8 August 1902 – 20 He also did work that forms
October 1984) was an English the basis of modern attempts
theoretical physicist who made to reconcile general relativity
fundamental contributions to with quantum mechanics
the early development of both resulting into Superstrings
quantum mechanics and Theory and lastly, the Baby
quantum electrodynamics. Universes of Stephen Hawking.
Among other discoveries, he
formulated the Dirac
equation, which describes the
behaviour of fermions and
predicted the existence of
antimatter.Dirac shared the
Nobel Prize in Physics for
1933 with Erwin
Schrödinger, "for the
discovery of new productive
forms of atomic theory".
Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Dirac (8 August 1902 – 20 He also did work that forms
October 1984) was an English the basis of modern attempts
theoretical physicist who made to reconcile general relativity
fundamental contributions to with quantum mechanics
the early development of both resulting into Superstrings
quantum mechanics and Theory and lastly, the Baby
quantum electrodynamics. Universes of Stephen Hawking.
Among other discoveries, he
formulated the Dirac
equation, which describes the
behaviour of fermions and
predicted the existence of
antimatter.Dirac shared the
Nobel Prize in Physics for
1933 with Erwin
Schrödinger, "for the
discovery of new productive
forms of atomic theory".
Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics
LT of Dirac’s Delta Function
LT of Dirac’s Delta function may be obtained by writing it in
Heaviside terms as
1
δ (t a) = [u (t a) u (t (a + k ))]
k

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


LT of Dirac’s Delta Function
LT of Dirac’s Delta function may be obtained by writing it in
Heaviside terms as
1
δ (t a) = [u (t a) u (t (a + k ))]
k
L ( fk ( t a)) =

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


LT of Dirac’s Delta Function
LT of Dirac’s Delta function may be obtained by writing it in
Heaviside terms as
1
δ (t a) = [u (t a) u (t (a + k ))]
k
1 h as i 1 e ks
L ( fk ( t a)) = e e (a +k )s = e as
ks ks

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


LT of Dirac’s Delta Function
LT of Dirac’s Delta function may be obtained by writing it in
Heaviside terms as
1
δ (t a) = [u (t a) u (t (a + k ))]
k
1 h as i 1 e ks
L (fk (t a)) = e e (a +k )s = e as
ks ks
1 e ks
L lim fk (t a) = lim e as
k !0 k !0 ks

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


LT of Dirac’s Delta Function
LT of Dirac’s Delta function may be obtained by writing it in
Heaviside terms as
1
δ (t a) = [u (t a) u (t (a + k ))]
k
1 h as i 1 e ks
L (fk (t a)) = e e (a +k )s = e as
ks ks
1 e ks
L lim fk (t a) = lim e as
k !0 k !0 ks
d ks
as dk 1 e
= e lim d
(l’Hopital)
k !0
dk (ks )
se ks
as as
= e =e
s k =0
as
L ( δ (t a)) = e

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) ,
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage,
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as follows:
d2 d
dt 2
q (t ) + 20 dt q (t ) + 10000 q (t ) = δ (t ) ; q (0) = q 0 (0) = 0
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as follows:
d2 d
dt 2
q (t ) + 20 dt q (t ) + 10000 q (t ) = δ (t ) ; q (0) = q 0 (0) = 0

s2Q q 0 (0) sq (0) + 20 s Q 20 q (0) + 10000 Q = 1


Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as follows:
d2 d
dt 2
q (t ) + 20 dt q (t ) + 10000 q (t ) = δ (t ) ; q (0) = q 0 (0) = 0

s2Q q 0 (0) sq (0) + 20 s Q 20 q (0) + 10000 Q = 1


1 +q 0 (0 )+s q (0 )+20 q (0 )
Q= s 2 +20 s +10000
= s 2 +20 s1+10000 = 1
(s +10 )2 +9900
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as follows:
d2 d
dt 2
q (t ) + 20 dt q (t ) + 10000 q (t ) = δ (t ) ; q (0) = q 0 (0) = 0

s2Q q 0 (0) sq (0) + 20 s Q 20 q (0) + 10000 Q = 1


1 +q 0 (0 )+s q (0 )+20 q (0 )
Q= s 2 +20 s +10000
= s 2 +20 s1+10000 = 1
(s +10 )2 +9900
p 10 t
p
11e sin (30 11t )
By inverse LT, q (t ) = 330
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as follows:
d2 d
dt 2
q (t ) + 20 dt q (t ) + 10000 q (t ) = δ (t ) ; q (0) = q 0 (0) = 0

s2Q q 0 (0) sq (0) + 20 s Q 20 q (0) + 10000 Q = 1


1 +q 0 (0 )+s q (0 )+20 q (0 )
Q= s 2 +20 s +10000
= s 2 +20 s1+10000 = 1
(s +10 )2 +9900
p 10 t
p
11e sin (30 11t )
By inverse LT, q (t ) = 330

v (t )
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as follows:
d2 d
dt 2
q (t ) + 20 dt q (t ) + 10000 q (t ) = δ (t ) ; q (0) = q 0 (0) = 0

s2Q q 0 (0) sq (0) + 20 s Q 20 q (0) + 10000 Q = 1


1 +q 0 (0 )+s q (0 )+20 q (0 )
Q= s 2 +20 s +10000
= s 2 +20 s1+10000 = 1
(s +10 )2 +9900
p 10 t
p
11e sin (30 11t )
By inverse LT, q (t ) = 330

q (t )
v (t ) = C jC =10 4
Question:
Find output voltage response of the four-terminal
RLC circuit given in …gure if
R = 20Ω, L = 1H, C = 10 4 F , the input is an
impulse, current and charge are zero at time
t = 0?
Solution: Since for this circuit
Li 0 + Ri + Cq = 1i 0 + 20i + 10000 q = δ (t ) , but the question is
about voltage, hence the equation may be re-written as follows:
d2 d
dt 2
q (t ) + 20 dt q (t ) + 10000 q (t ) = δ (t ) ; q (0) = q 0 (0) = 0

s2Q q 0 (0) sq (0) + 20 s Q 20 q (0) + 10000 Q = 1


1 +q 0 (0 )+s q (0 )+20 q (0 )
Q= s 2 +20 s +10000
= s 2 +20 s1+10000 = 1
(s +10 )2 +9900
p 10 t
p
11e sin (30 11t )
By inverse LT, q (t ) = 330

q (t ) 1000
p 10 t
p
v (t ) = C jC =10 4 = 33 11e sin 30 11t
Question: (10e-6.4-10)
1
y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = δ t 2π + u (t π ) cos t ; y (0) =
y 0 (0) = 0

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10e-6.4-10)
1
y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = δ t 2π + u (t π ) cos t ; y (0) =
y 0 (0) = 0
s
e sπ
π
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 s Y 5 y (0) + 6 Y = e 2s
s 2 +1

Using ICs and isolating Y , we have


Y = s 2 +51 s +6 e 2 s s 2 s+1 e s π
π

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10e-6.4-10)
1
y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = δ t 2π + u (t π ) cos t ; y (0) =
y 0 (0) = 0
s
e sπ
π
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 s Y 5 y (0) + 6 Y = e 2s
s 2 +1

Using ICs and isolating Y , we have


Y = s 2 +51 s +6 e 2 s s 2 s+1 e s π
π

1 π
2s
s sπ
Y = (s +3 )(s +2 )
e (s +3 )(s +2 )(s 2 +1 )
e

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10e-6.4-10)
1
y 00 + 5y 0 + 6y = δ t 2π + u (t π ) cos t ; y (0) =
y 0 (0) = 0
s
e sπ
π
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 s Y 5 y (0) + 6 Y = e 2s
s 2 +1

Using ICs and isolating Y , we have


Y = s 2 +51 s +6 e 2 s s 2 s+1 e s π
π

1 π
2s
s sπ
Y = (s +3 )(s +2 )
e (s +3 )(s +2 )(s 2 +1 )
e

Using Partial Fractions


Y =
1 1 π 2 1 1 s +1 3 1
(s +2 ) (s +3 )
e 2s 5 (s +2 ) + 10 s 2 +1 + 10 (s +3 ) e sπ

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


π π
e 2s e 2s sπ
y (t ) = L 1
s +2 L 1
s +3 + 25 L 1 1
s +2 e
sπ sπ
1
10 L
1 s
1 +s 2
e sπ 1
10 L
1 1
1 +s 2
e 3
10 L
1 1
s +3 e

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


π π
e 2s e 2s sπ
y (t ) = L 1
s +2 L 1
s +3 + 25 L 1 1
s +2 e
sπ sπ
1
10 L
1 s
1 +s 2
e sπ 1
10 L
1 1
1 +s 2
e 3
10 L
1 1
s +3 e

3
y (t ) = e π 2t u t 21 π e 2 π 3t u t 12 π +
2 2π 2t 1
5 e u (t π ) 10 ( (cos t ) u (t π ))
1 3 3π 3t
10 ( (sin t ) u (t π )) 10 e u (t π )

y (t ) =
1
10 u (t π) 3 e 3 t +3 π + sin (t ) + cos (t ) + 4 e 2 t +2 π +
u (t π/2) e 3 t +3/2 π + e 2 t +π

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.4-12)

d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.4-12)

d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5

s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 2s Y 2 y (0) + 5 Y = 25 s12 100 e sπ

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.4-12)

d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5

s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 2s Y 2 y (0) + 5 Y = 25 s12 100 e sπ

1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 2 y (0)

1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ +1 2s

100 e s π s 2 +2 s 3 s 2 25
Y = s 2 (s 2 +2 s +5 )

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.4-12)

d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5

s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 2s Y 2 y (0) + 5 Y = 25 s12 100 e sπ

1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 2 y (0)

1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ +1 2s

100 e s π s 2 +2 s 3 s 2 25
Y = s 2 (s 2 +2 s +5 )

Y = 100 s 2 +21 s +5 e sπ 2 s 2 +2s s +5 + 1


s 2 +2 s +5
+ 25
s 2 (s 2 +2 s +5 )

y (t ) = 50 u (t π) e t +π sin (2 t ) + 5 t 2

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.4-12)

d2 d
dt 2
(t ) + 2 dt
y y (t ) + 5 y (t ) =
25 t 100 δ (t π ) , y (0) = 2, y 0 (0) = 5

s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 2s Y 2 y (0) + 5 Y = 25 s12 100 e sπ

1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 2 y (0)

1
Y = s 2 +2 s +5
25 s12 100 e sπ +1 2s

100 e s π s 2 +2 s 3 s 2 25
Y = s 2 (s 2 +2 s +5 )

Y = 100 s 2 +21 s +5 e sπ 2 s 2 +2s s +5 + 1


s 2 +2 s +5
+ 25
s 2 (s 2 +2 s +5 )

y (t ) = 50 u (t π ) e t +π sin (2 t ) + 5 t 2
5t 2 , t<π
y (t ) =
5t 2 50e π t sin (2t ) , t > π
Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Convolution: Product of Transforms

For two functions f and g , it must be noted that


L (f ) L (g ) 6= L (fg ) ,

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Convolution: Product of Transforms

For two functions f and g , it must be noted that


L (f ) L (g ) 6= L (fg ) , instead we have L (f ) L (g ) = L (f ? g ) ,

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Convolution: Product of Transforms

For two functions f and g , it must be noted that


L (f ) L (g ) 6= L (fg ) , instead we have L (f ) L (g ) = L (f ? g ) ,
where f ? g is de…ned as
Z t
(f ? g ) (t ) = f ( τ ) g (t τ) d τ
0

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Convolution: Product of Transforms

For two functions f and g , it must be noted that


L (f ) L (g ) 6= L (fg ) , instead we have L (f ) L (g ) = L (f ? g ) ,
where f ? g is de…ned as
Z t
(f ? g ) (t ) = f ( τ ) g (t τ) d τ
0

In words one says: product of transforms is not the transform of


product, instead

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Convolution: Product of Transforms

For two functions f and g , it must be noted that


L (f ) L (g ) 6= L (fg ) , instead we have L (f ) L (g ) = L (f ? g ) ,
where f ? g is de…ned as
Z t
(f ? g ) (t ) = f ( τ ) g (t τ) d τ
0

In words one says: product of transforms is not the transform of


product, instead product of transforms is the transform of
convolution.

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


1 1
Question: Find L ?
(s 2 + ω 2 )2

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


1 1
Question: Find L ?
(s 2 + ω 2 )2
Solution: We note that given entity seems a product of two
familiar LT

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


1 1
Question: Find L ?
(s 2 + ω 2 )2
Solution: We note that given entity seems a product of two
familiar LT i.e. 2 1 2 2 = (s 2 +1 ω2 ) (s 2 +1 ω2 ) .
(s + ω )

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


1 1
Question: Find L ?
(s 2 + ω 2 )2
Solution: We note that given entity seems a product of two
familiar LT i.e. 2 1 2 2 = (s 2 +1 ω2 ) (s 2 +1 ω2 ) . We also recall
(s + ω )
L 1 1
s 2 +ω 2
= sin (ωωt ) .

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


1 1
Question: Find L ?
(s 2 + ω 2 )2
Solution: We note that given entity seems a product of two
familiar LT i.e. 2 1 2 2 = (s 2 +1 ω2 ) (s 2 +1 ω2 ) . We also recall
(s + ω )
L 1 1
s 2 +ω 2
= sin (ωωt ) . Hence we write

1 1 sin (ωt ) sin (ωt )


L = ?
s 2 + ω2 ω ω

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


1 1
Question: Find L ?
(s 2 + ω 2 )2
Solution: We note that given entity seems a product of two
familiar LT i.e. 2 1 2 2 = (s 2 +1 ω2 ) (s 2 +1 ω2 ) . We also recall
(s + ω )
L 1 1
s 2 +ω 2
= sin (ωωt ) . Hence we write

1 1 sin (ωt ) sin (ωt )


L = ?
s 2 + ω2 ω ω
Z t
since (f ? g ) (t ) = f ( τ ) g (t τ) d τ
0
Z t
1 1 sin (ωτ ) sin (ω (t τ ))
L = dτ
s2 + ω2 0 ω ω

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


1 1
Question: Find L ?
(s 2 + ω 2 )2
Solution: We note that given entity seems a product of two
familiar LT i.e. 2 1 2 2 = (s 2 +1 ω2 ) (s 2 +1 ω2 ) . We also recall
(s + ω )
L 1 1
s 2 +ω 2
= sin (ωωt ) . Hence we write

1 1 sin (ωt ) sin (ωt )


L = ?
s 2 + ω2 ω ω
Z t
since (f ? g ) (t ) = f ( τ ) g (t τ) d τ
0
Z t
1 1 sin (ωτ ) sin (ω (t τ ))
L = dτ
s2 + ω2 0 ω ω
Z t
1 1
= 2
[ cos (ωt ) + cos (2ωτ ωt )] d τ
ω 0 2
1 sin (ωτ ) t
= τ cos ωt +
2ω 2 ω τ =0
1 sin (ωt )
= t cos ωt +
2ω 2 ω
Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Properties of Convolution:

f ?g = g ?f
f ? (g + h ) = f ?g +f ?h
f ? (g ? h ) = (f ? g ) ? h
f ?0 = 0?f = 0
f ?1 6= f (why?)

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-6) Find convolution e at ? e bt , (a 6= b)?

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


at bt
Question: (10ed-6.5-6) Find convolutionR t e ? e , (a 6= b)?
Solution: Since we have (f ? g ) (t ) = 0 f (τ ) g (t τ ) d τ, we
take f (t ) = e at and g (t ) = e bt :
Rt Rt
0
e aτ e b (t τ) d τ = 0
e bt bτ e aτ dτ

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


at bt
Question: (10ed-6.5-6) Find convolutionR t e ? e , (a 6= b)?
Solution: Since we have (f ? g ) (t ) = 0 f (τ ) g (t τ ) d τ, we
take f (t ) = e at and g (t ) = e bt :
Rt Rt
0
e aτ e b (t τ) d τ = 0
e bt bτ e aτ dτ

by rewriting e aτ e b (t τ) = e aτ ln (e ) e b (t τ ) ln (e )

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


at bt
Question: (10ed-6.5-6) Find convolutionR t e ? e , (a 6= b)?
Solution: Since we have (f ? g ) (t ) = 0 f (τ ) g (t τ ) d τ, we
take f (t ) = e at and g (t ) = e bt :
Rt Rt
0
e aτ e b (t τ) d τ = 0
e bt bτ e aτ dτ

by rewriting e aτ e b (t τ) = e aτ ln (e ) e b (t τ ) ln (e )

Rt b (t τ ) ln (e ) Rt
= 0
e aτ ln (e ) e dτ = 0
e aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) dτ

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


at bt
Question: (10ed-6.5-6) Find convolutionR t e ? e , (a 6= b)?
Solution: Since we have (f ? g ) (t ) = 0 f (τ ) g (t τ ) d τ, we
take f (t ) = e at and g (t ) = e bt :
Rt Rt
0
e aτ e b (t τ) d τ = 0
e bt bτ e aτ dτ

by rewriting e aτ e b (t τ) = e aτ ln (e ) e b (t τ ) ln (e )

Rt b (t τ ) ln (e ) Rt
= 0
e aτ ln (e ) e dτ = 0
e aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) dτ

Substituting u = aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) implies at
τ = 0, u = bt and τ = t, u = at and
du = ddτ (aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e )) = a b ) adub = d τ

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


at bt
Question: (10ed-6.5-6) Find convolutionR t e ? e , (a 6= b)?
Solution: Since we have (f ? g ) (t ) = 0 f (τ ) g (t τ ) d τ, we
take f (t ) = e at and g (t ) = e bt :
Rt Rt
0
e aτ e b (t τ) d τ = 0
e bt bτ e aτ dτ

by rewriting e aτ e b (t τ) = e aτ ln (e ) e b (t τ ) ln (e )

Rt b (t τ ) ln (e ) Rt
= 0
e aτ ln (e ) e dτ = 0
e aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) dτ

Substituting u = aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e ) implies at
τ = 0, u = bt and τ = t, u = at and
du = ddτ (aτ ln (e ) b (τ t ) ln (e )) = a b ) adub = d τ
R at ln (e ) eu e at ln (e ) e ln (e )bt e at e bt
= ln (e )bt (a b ) ln (e )
du = (a b ) ln (e )
= (a b )

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-13)
Z t
y (t ) + 2e t y (τ ) e τ
d τ = te t
0

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-13)
Z t
y (t ) + 2e t y (τ ) e τ
d τ = te t
0
Z t
y (t ) + 2 y (τ ) e t τ
d τ = te t
0

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-13)
Z t
y (t ) + 2e t y (τ ) e τ
d τ = te t
0
Z t
y (t ) + 2 y (τ ) e t τ
d τ = te t
0
y (t ) + 2 y (t ) ? e t = te t

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-13)
Z t
y (t ) + 2e t y (τ ) e τ
d τ = te t
0
Z t
y (t ) + 2 y (τ ) e t τ
d τ = te t
0
y (t ) + 2 y (t ) ? e t = te t
1 1
Y +2 Y =
s 1 (s 1)2

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-13)
Z t
y (t ) + 2e t y (τ ) e τ
d τ = te t
0
Z t
y (t ) + 2 y (τ ) e t τ
d τ = te t
0
y (t ) + 2 y (t ) ? e t = te t
1 1
Y +2 Y =
s 1 (s 1)2
1
Y =
s2 1
1 1
y (t ) = L
s2 1
y (t ) = sinh t

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-14)
Z t
1 2
y (t ) y ( τ ) (t τ) d τ = 2 t
0 2

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-14)
Z t
1 2
y (t ) y ( τ ) (t τ) d τ = 2 t
0 2
1 2
y (t ) (y (t ) ? t ) = 2 t
2
1 2 1
Y Y =
s2 s s3

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-14)
Z t
1 2
y (t ) y ( τ ) (t τ) d τ = 2 t
0 2
1 2
y (t ) (y (t ) ? t ) = 2 t
2
1 2 1
Y Y =
s2 s s3
2s 2 1
Y =
s s3
1 1 1
Y = + +
2 (s 1) 2 (s + 1) s
1 t 1 t
y (t ) = e + e +1
2 2
y (t ) = 1 + cosh t

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-22)
e as
s (s 2 )
=

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-22)
e as 1 e as
s (s 2 )
= s 2 s = L e 2t L (u (t a)) = e 2t ? u (t a)

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-22)
e as 1 e as
s (s 2 )
= s 2 s = L e 2t L (u (t a)) = e 2t ? u (t a)

choose f (t ) =R e 2t and g (t ) = u (t a) in convolution integral


t
(f ? g ) (t ) = 0 f ( τ ) g (t τ ) d τ

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-22)
e as 1 e as
s (s 2 )
= s 2 s = L e 2t L (u (t a)) = e 2t ? u (t a)

choose f (t ) =R e 2t and g (t ) = u (t a) in convolution integral


t
(f ? g ) (t ) = 0 f ( τ ) g (t τ ) d τ
Rt
e 2t ? u (t a) = 0
e 2τ u ((t τ) a )d τ

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (10ed-6.5-22)
e as 1 e as
s (s 2 )
= s 2 s = L e 2t L (u (t a)) = e 2t ? u (t a)

choose f (t ) =R e 2t and g (t ) = u (t a) in convolution integral


t
(f ? g ) (t ) = 0 f ( τ ) g (t τ ) d τ
Rt
e 2t ? u (t a) = 0
e 2τ u ((t τ) a )d τ

1 t
= 2u (t a τ ) e 2τ + e 2t 2a
τ =0
1
= 2u (t a τ ) e 2τ + e 2t 2a
τ =t
1
2u (t a τ ) e 2τ + e 2t 2a τ =0

= 12 u ( a) e 2t 2a + e 2t 1
2u (t a) e 2t 2a +1

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (9ed-6.5-20) Using convolution theorem solve the
following IVP

y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (9ed-6.5-20) Using convolution theorem solve the
following IVP

y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2

1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (9ed-6.5-20) Using convolution theorem solve the
following IVP

y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2

1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )

2 4t t
Y = (s +2 )
L e L (e )

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (9ed-6.5-20) Using convolution theorem solve the
following IVP

y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2

1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )

2 4t t 2t 4t t
Y = (s +2 )
L e L (e ) = 2L e L e L (e )

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (9ed-6.5-20) Using convolution theorem solve the
following IVP

y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2

1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )

2 4t t
Y = (s +2 )
L e L (e ) = 2L e 2t L e 4t L (e t
)
Rt 4τ e (t τ ) d τ
Y = 2e 2t ? e 4t ?e t = 2e 2t ? 0 e

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


Question: (9ed-6.5-20) Using convolution theorem solve the
following IVP

y 00 + 5y 0 + 4y = 2e 2t ; y (0) = 0, y 0 (0) = 0
2
s2Y y 0 (0) sy (0) + 5 sY 5 y (0) + 4 Y = s +2

1 2
Y = s 2 +5 s +4 s +2 + y 0 (0) + sy (0) + 5 y (0) =
2 (s +1 2 ) 1
(s +4 )(s +1 )

2 4t t
Y = (s +2 )
L e L (e ) = 2L e 2t L e 4t L (e t
)
Rt 4τ e (t τ ) d τ
Y = 2e 2t ? e 4t ?e t = 2e 2t ? 0 e

Y = 2e 2t ? 1 t 3τ τ =t
3e τ =0

1 1
= 2e 2t ? 3e
t
3e
4t = 32 e 2t ? e t e 4t

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


2
Rt 2τ (t τ ) 4 (t τ )
Y = 3 0
e e e dτ

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics


2
Rt 2τ (t τ ) 4 (t τ )
Y = 3 0
e e e dτ

2 1 t t 2 t
y (t ) = 3 2e (e 1) (e + 2)

2
y (t ) = 13 e t
(e t 1) (e t + 2)

Dr Athar Kharal Advanced Engineering Mathematics

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