-Introduction

The process of changing some characteristic (e.g. amplitude, frequency,

or phase) of carrier wave in accordance with the intensity of a signal is
known as Modulation.

Is the process of varying one or more properties of a high frequency

periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a
modulating signal, This is done in a similar fashion as a musician may
modulate a tone (a periodic waveform) from a musical instrument by
varying its volume, timing and pitch. The three key parameters of a
periodic waveform are its amplitude ("volume"), its phase ("timing")
and its frequency ("pitch"), all of which can be modified in accordance
with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal. Typically a
high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier signal, but a square
wave pulse train may also occur.

We can see that this sinusoid has 3 parameters that can be altered, to
affect the shape of the graph. The first term, A, is called the magnitude,
or amplitude of the sinusoid. The next term, ω is known as the
frequency, and the last term, φ is known as the phase angle. All 3
parameters can be altered to transmit data. The sinusoidal signal that is
used in the modulation is known as the carrier signal, or simply "the
carrier". The signal that is being modulated is known as the "data
signal".
-Why do we use modulation? Because Modulation allows us to
send a signal over a band-pass frequency range. If every signal gets its
own frequency range, then we can transmit multiple signals
simultaneously over a single channel, all using different frequency
ranges. And we use Modulation to modulate a signal is to allow
the use of a smaller antenna.

Modulation is primarily used in telecommunication technologies that

require the transmission of data via electrical signals. It is considered
the backbone of data communication because it enables the use of
electrical and optical signals as information carriers.

A modem is a common example/implementation of a modulation

technique in which the data is modulated with electrical signals and
transmitted over telephone lines. It is later demodulated to receive the
data.
-Types of Modulation
There are six types of modulation:

 Amplitude Modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in

electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information
via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude of the
carrier wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal being
transmitted.

 Frequency Modulation (FM) is the encoding of the information in a

carrier wave by varying the instantaneous frequency of the wave.
In analog frequency modulation, such as FM radio broadcasting of an
audio signal representing voice or music, the instantaneous frequency
deviation, the difference between the frequency of the carrier and its
center frequency, is proportional to the modulating signal.
 Phase Modulation (PM) is a modulation pattern for conditioning
communication signals for transmission. It encodes a message signal as
variations in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave. Phase
modulation is one of the two principal forms of angle modulation,
together with frequency modulation.

 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

 Space modulation (SM)
 single-sideband modulation (SSB)
- Conclusion

Modulation is a process through which audio, video, image or text

information is added to an electrical or optical carrier signal to be
transmitted over a telecommunication or electronic medium.
Modulation enables the transfer of information on an electrical signal to
a receiving device that demodulates the signal to extract the blended
information.
Modulation is a process of mixing a signal with a sinusoid to produce a
new signal. This new signal, conceivably, will have certain benefits of an
un-modulated signal, especially during transmission. If we look at a
general function for a sinusoid:

f(t) = Asin(ωt + φ)

Usually high frequency sine wave is used as a carrier wave signal.

These modulation techniques are classified into two major types analog
and digital or pulse modulation. There are various forms of modulation,
each designed to alter a particular characteristic of the carrier wave.
The most commonly altered characteristics include amplitude,
frequency, phase, pulse sequence, and pulse duration.

The sinusoidal signal that is used in the modulation is known as

the carrier signal, or simply the carrier. The signal that is used in
modulating the carrier signal is known as the data signal or the message
signal. It is important to notice that a simple sinusoidal carrier contains
no information of its own.

Analog modulation refers to the process of transferring an analog

baseband (low frequency) signal, like an audio or TV signal over a
higher frequency signal such as a radio frequency band.
-Reference

 Analog and Digital Signals and Systems (By R. K. Rao Yarlagadda)

 Wireless Communication (By Andrea Goldsmith)
 Introduction to analog and digital communication (By M. A.
Bhagyaveni, R. Kalidoss, K. S.)
 How to make a noise: Frequency modulation synthesis, volum 4
(By Simon Cann)
 Look-Ahead Based Sigma-Delta Modulation (By Erwin Janssen,
Arthur van Roermund)
 Valipour, M. Hadi; Homayounpour, M. Mehdi; Mehralian, M. Amin
(2012). "Automatic digital modulation recognition in presence of
noise using SVM and PSO". 6th International Symposium on
Telecommunications
Sulaimani Polytechnic University

Communication engineering (evening)

Second stage

2018-2019

“Modulation”

Prepared by Berwan Farhad Salih

-Modulation theorem (Shift Theorem Dual)

The Fourier dual of the shift theorem is often called the modulation theorem:

This is proved in the same way as the shift theorem above by starting with the inverse Fourier
transform of the right-hand side:

or,