Tutorial chapter 5

1. Wall friction test and internal friction test were conducted with the Jenike Shear Tester to
obtain effective yield locus and wall yield locus respectively of powder.The results are plotted
as shown in Table 1 and 2. Then the powder flow function is represented in table 3 below.

Table 1: Internal Friction (𝛿) Test Data

Shear Stress (kN/m2) 0.285 0.57 0.857 1.14

Normal Stress (kN/m2) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Table 2: Wall Friction (Φ𝑤 ) Test Data

Shear Stress (kN/m2) 0.172 0.334 0.516 0.688

Normal Stress (kN/m2) 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Table 3: Powder flow function data

Compacting Stress
2.5 2.01 1.8 1.5
(kN/m2)
Unconfined yield Stress
0.95 0.90 0.83 0.76
(kN/m2)

If the bulk density of the powder is 1300 kg/m3, determine the wall slope and opening diameter
(B) of the circular hopper to ensure mass flow of the powder during packaging.

Formula:
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
Tan (Φ𝑤 ) = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

Tan (𝛿) = 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙

ANS:
Φ𝑤 = 19˚
𝛿 = 30˚
ff = 1.8
ϴ = 27.5°
σcrit = 0.76kN/m2
B = 0.14m
2. The angle of wall friction for this powder in stainless steel is 19° and under flow condition. The bulk
density of the powder is 1100kg/m3. The effective angle of internal friction is found to be 30°.

(σc) 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.3

Compacting
stress (kN/m2)
(σY)Unconfined 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.78
yield stress
(kN/m2)

a) Determine the maximum semi included angle (𝜃) of conical stainless steel hopper which will
confidently give mass flow.
b) The minimum diameter of the circular hopper outlet (B) necessary to ensure flow when the outlet
slide valve is opened.

3. A powder has an effective angle of internal friction of 60° and has a powder flow function represented
by the equation, σy = σc0.60 where is the unconfined yield stress and is the compacting stress, both
kN/m2. If the bulk density of the powder is 980kg/m3 and its angle of friction on stainless steel plate
is 26°, with the aid of graph, determine for stainless steel hopper, the maximum semi-included angle
of cone required to safety ensure mass flow, and the maximum size of circular outlet to ensure flow
when the outlet is open.