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International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 2320-2084 Volume-3, Issue-6, June-2015
Abstract- In stand-alone micro-hydro power system, water turbine will vary in speed due to the variation of consumer load.
This speed variation will cause in fluctuation in both voltage and frequency output from a generator. To solve this problem,
electronic load controllers were invented and used by using single method in micro-hydro power system. Although using
single method may satisfy for low power rating, it can not only generate the large amount of harmonics but also reduce the
control resolution of system for large power rating. In this paper, combination method of binary load regulation and pulse
width regulation is used to be minimal harmonic effect into the power system and to improve the control resolution.
Microcontroller based proposed ELC design is simulated and studied on LCD display by Proteus 8 professional software.
Keywords- Binary Load Regulation, Combination Method, Electronic Load Controller (ELC), Pulse Width Regulation,
Stand-Alone Micro-Hydro Power System.
Design Of Electronic Load Controller By Using Combination Method For Micro-Hydro Power Plant And Its Control And Monitoring Program Simulation
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International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 2320-2084 Volume-3, Issue-6, June-2015
PG = Generated power of the generator (which should of dump load timing accuracy
be of trigger pulse.
kept constant), -Control system
PC = Consumer load power, and is complex.
PD = Dump load power Uncontrolle -Can use any -Harmonics
The power dissipated in the dump load can be used for d bridge number/size -Effectiveness is
battery charging, water heating, cooking, etc. rectifier with combination limited by
a chopper of dump load timing accuracy
of duty cycle.
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International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 2320-2084 Volume-3, Issue-6, June-2015
transistor switching losses is really noticeable and The main type of ELC designs that are prevalent are:
significant in high frequency [2]. Power insulated gate 1) Feedback voltage and frequency sensing circuit
bipolar transistors (IGBT) or metal oxide 2) Power supply circuit and
semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET) 3) Microcontroller, LCD display and optoisolator.
should be used in this control method. Control circuit consists of:
1) Dump or ballast load power circuit and
V. PROPOSED ELC DESIGN AND SYSTEM 2) Consumer load circuit.
CONFIGURATION
VI. DESIGN CALCULATION OF PROPOSED
The selected method of proposed ELC is the ELC
combination of binary load regulation and pulse width
regulation. Because binary load regulation is minimal Electronic load controller circuits are developed based
harmonics and pulse width regulation is fast respond on various methods whilst holding their purposes. The
compared to others schemes. main function of ELC is to dissipate the exceeded
power in dump load and to obtain the balancing
3 Ø , Sy n ch r o n ou s
between the hydro turbine input and the generator
G e n era tor output [5]. With the variation of consumer load, the
load controller has to change the effective dump load
Fe ed b ac k V an d f T ra n sf o rm er
se n sin g circ u it (S te p D o w n)
C o n tr ol
c ir cu it P ow er resistance.
su p p ly
c ir cu it
PG = PC + PD
R e ctif ie r
R ec tifier The power in dump load depends on both the duty
Filte r
R ef er en ce cycle of PWM and binary load regulation and is given
S u p ply
Filter as:
A n alo g D iffe re n tial A n a log PD = PB + PPWM (2)
v o ltag e A m plifier fre q u en c y
sig n al sig na l
C o n sta nt D C
v o lta ge su pp ly
PPWM= (DVdc)2 / RD (3)
where,
PB = Binary load power
P IC M ic ro c o ntr o ller
PPWM = PWM load power
D = Duty cycle of PWM
L C D d isp lay O p to iso later
(V , I, f, D (% ) )
( PW M an d Vdc = DC output voltage of uncontrolled bridge
B in a ry sig n als)
rectifier
RD= Dump load resistance
3 Ø , 6 p u lse The rating of dump load resistance is given by:
C u rre n t B allast
Se n sor
U n co n tro lle d
R e ctif ie r
IG BTs L o ad s RD= Vdc2 / PD (4)
D u m p lo a d
p o w er c irc uit C o nsu m er
A. Generator Parameters
C u rr en t
Se n sor C o n sum er lo a d Loads Three phase synchronous generator model of 60 kW,
p o w er c irc uit
440 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole is considered. The generator is
salient pole type. The speed of synchronous generator
Fig.3 Block diagram of proposed ELC design
is calculated as below:
Ns= 120 f / p
(5)
where,
Ns = synchronous speed of generator
f = frequency of generated voltage
p = number of pole
B. Design of ELC
The rating of bridge rectifier and PWM switch
depends on the rated voltage and power of the
synchronous generator. The DC output voltage of
uncontrolled bridge rectifier is given as below:
Rated load power PL= 60 kW
System line voltage, VL= 440V
Vdc =(3√2 VL)/π (6)
Vdc =(3√2 x 440)/π = 594 V
ELC current is given as,
Fig.4 Power line circuit diagram of proposed ELC design Idc = PG/ Vdc (7)
Design Of Electronic Load Controller By Using Combination Method For Micro-Hydro Power Plant And Its Control And Monitoring Program Simulation
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International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 2320-2084 Volume-3, Issue-6, June-2015
C. Design of DC Filter Capacitor The calculation of duty cycle is heart of the PWM
When the AC signal passed through rectifier it would control for PWM load. PWM load control is required
become an uneven DC. A filtering section is used to to smooth the load control system. Because 4 kW steps
smooth out this uneven DC signal. Filters filte between binary dump load combinations cannot
unwanted AC in the output of a rectifier. The Ripple regulate the system smoothly. Proper duty cycle with
factor for C- filter is given by: switching frequency can be calculated according to
r = 1/(4√3fCRL) (9) PWM load range and resistance.
Where, Duty cycle is calculated as:
r = Ripple factor of C- filter D= TON / T (10)
f = frequency (in Hz) T = 1 / fsw (11)
RL = Resistance of dump load (in Ohm) Where,
C = 1/(4√3frRL) D = duty cycle
Assume, the ripple factor is 15% for 3 phase, bridge TON= on-time of pulse width
rectifier, T= the time of a cycle
C = 1/(4√3 x 50 x 0.15 x 5.88 ) = 3273 µF fsw = switching frequency of PWM
D. Design of Duty Cycle for PWM Load VII. SIMULATION STUDY OF PROPOSED
ELC
Table II
Duty Cycle Calculation for 400 W range of PWM
Load
PL Vo = Io = Vo / D = Vo / Vi
(W) √ PL RL RL (A)
(V)
400 188 2.13 0.31
800 265 3.00 0.45
1200 325 3.68 0.55
1600 375 4.25 0.63
2000 420 4.76 0.71
2400 460 5.22 0.77
2800 497 5.63 0.84
3200 531 6.02 0.89 Fig.5 Complete circuit diagram of proposed ELC
Design Of Electronic Load Controller By Using Combination Method For Micro-Hydro Power Plant And Its Control And Monitoring Program Simulation
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International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 2320-2084 Volume-3, Issue-6, June-2015
Design Of Electronic Load Controller By Using Combination Method For Micro-Hydro Power Plant And Its Control And Monitoring Program Simulation
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International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 2320-2084 Volume-3, Issue-6, June-2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Design Of Electronic Load Controller By Using Combination Method For Micro-Hydro Power Plant And Its Control And Monitoring Program Simulation
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International Journal of Electrical, Electronics and Data Communication, ISSN: 2320-2084 Volume-3, Issue-6, June-2015
an Isolated Power Generation”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Power Plant or Distributed Generation Applications.” Elsevier
Conversion, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 764-773, 2008. Trans. on Hydrogen Energy Policy,1-6,2010
[7] Bhim Singh and V. Rajagopal, “Battery energy storage based [9] D. Henderson, "An Advanced Electronic Load Governor for
voltage and frequency controller for isolated pico hydro Control of Micro Hydroelectric Generation”
systems,” Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 9, No. 6, pp.
874-883, Nov. 2009. [10] D. Henderson, “An advanced electronic load governor for
control of micro hydro electric generation,” IEEE Trans.
[8] J.L. Ma´rquez, M.G. Molina, J.M. Pacas, “Dynamic Modeling, Energy Conversion, Vol.13, No. 3, pp. 300-304, Sep. 1998.
Simulation and Control Design of an advanced Micro-Hydro
Design Of Electronic Load Controller By Using Combination Method For Micro-Hydro Power Plant And Its Control And Monitoring Program Simulation
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