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Chapter 7

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

7.1 CONCLUSIONS
The present work is an attempt to improve the reliability indices

of an HVDC both current source and voltage source converters tapped

by a voltage source converter (VSC) tapping station. In this process

Markov modeling is used to evaluate the reliability values of each

component of HVDC transmission system. In this chapter important

conclusions are drawn and a few suggestions for future research in

the area of reliability analysis of HVDC transmission system are

presented.

Chapter 1 provides over view of the thesis, concept of reliability,

introduction to HVDC , configurations of HVDC, literature survey,

problem outline, organization and objective of the thesis. In chapter 2

Markov modeling is applied to evaluate the unavailability of converter

and converter transformer with and without backups. Also an attempt

has been taken the presence of bypass valve on unavailability of 12-

pulse voltage source converter. From the results obtained, it can be

concluded that among the three valve parameters failure rate, repair

time and installation time, the effect of failure rate influence is more

on the unavailability of the 12-pulse voltage source converter.

Comparing the two types of converter transformers unavailability of

three phase three winding transformer has lower unavailability than

the three single phase three winding transformer. Also presence of

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bypass valve decreases the unavailability of 12-pulse voltage source

converter as compared to converter without bypass valve.

In chapter 3 the concept of installation of tapping station on

bipole CSC-HVDC ( base system) and bipole VSC-HVDC (proposed

system) is applied to improve the reliability indices at the load point.

The comparison of results concludes that the installation of tapping

station improves the reliability indices of both base system and

proposed system. But compared to base system, proposed system has

better reliability indices by installing the tapping station at the middle

of the transmission line.

The effect of parametric variation in reliability indices of

proposed system is presented in chapter 4. From the results it is

concluded that increasing converter failure rate increases the

probability of failure, frequency of failure, expected duration of load

curtailment, expected load curtailment and expected energy is not

supplied. The effect of location of tapping station below 200km away

from the receiving end gives lower reliability indices, compared to

other locations of tapping station. Optimal capacity of tapping station

is identified, at which the reliability indices are very small as

compared to other tapping station capacities. Increase in load level

increases the probability of failure, frequency of failure, expected

duration of load curtailment, expected load curtailment and expected

energy is not supplied. The operating points of system at load levels

0.5p.u and 0.7p.u are identified.

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Also in this chapter a method of improving reliability indices of

proposed system is illustrated by provision of converter transformer

backups, the presence of bypass valve. From the results it can be

concluded that Provision of converter transformer backups and

presence of bypass valve improves the reliability indices of proposed

system.

Chapter 5 describes the types of multi terminal HVDC systems

and their classification. In this chapter reliability analysis of three

developing technologies of multi terminal HVDC are discussed and

compared. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that

comparing the reliability indices of three multi terminal systems, such

as combination of CSC and VSC, VSC and CSC multi terminal with

CSC converter used only at the bulk power source and multi terminal

VSC, multi terminal VSC has better reliability indices compared with

the rest of the two technologies.

Also the chapter described the expansion of transmission in order

to extend the short-term planning of multi terminal HVDC systems

into long-term planning, factors affecting the system in long-term

planning and enhancement of reliability in long term planning.

Whether the installation of tapping station is cost beneficial or not is

investigated in chapter 6 by evaluating the ECOST and IEAR of

proposed system without and with tapping station at single and

different load levels. Also the impact of tapping station on

interconnected AC/DC transmission system is discussed in reliability

cost/ benefit point of view. The results of studies show that ECOST
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and IEAR are reduced by installation of tapping station on bipole

VSC-HVDC transmission system. Also insertion of tapping station on

inter connected AC/DC transmission line reduces the ECOST and

IEAR. Therefore installation of tapping station is cost beneficial in

reliability point of view

7.2 FUTURE SCOPE OF THE THESIS

This research work can be extended by providing one more tapping

station in order to increase installation capacity or improve the

reliability indices. The effect of VSC tapping station on reliability

indices can also be done on homo polar VSC-HVDC transmission

systems. Reliability evaluation can be done on bipole HVDC

transmission system using converters of more than 12-pulse or 24-

pulse, 48-pulse converters etc. Tapping station concept can be

implemented to Multi terminal HVDC systems. Also extend the cost

analysis of HVDC transmission system at different transmission

voltages and different size of the conductor of transmission lines.