BAB (d)

oksigen, nutrien / oxygen, nutrients Platlet / Platelets

Pengangkutan
1 Transport
(e) jauh / too far
(f) sistem peredaran / circulatory system
1. Cebisan / Fragments
2. nukleus / nucleus
3. pembekuan darah / blood clotting
Keperluan Sistem Pengangkutan
dalam Organisma Multisel Leukosit / Leucocytes
1.1 Importance of a Transport System in
Eksperimen 1.1
Experiment 1.1 (a) Granulosit / Granulocytes
Multicellular Organisms
(i) Eosinofil / Eosinophils
1. Organisma unisel / Unicellular organisms Hipotesis / Hypothesis: • radang, alergi / inflammation, allergic
(a) besar / large Kubus yang mempunyai nisbah JLP/I yang • parasit / parasitic
(b) sangat kecil / very small besar membenarkan bahan larut bergerak (ii) Basofil / Basophils
(c) luas permukaan per isi padu, tinggi dengan cepat ke dalamnya. • heparin, membeku / heparin, clotting
total surface area / volume, high A cube with a larger TSA/V ratio allows solutes to
move faster into its interior.
(iii) Neutrofil / Neutrophils
(d) oksigen, nutrien / oxygen, nutrients • Fagosit / Phagocytes
(e) dekat / close Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated:
(b) Agranulosit / Agranulocytes
(f) resapan, membran plasma / simple Nisbah JLP/I / TSA/V ratio
(i) Limfosit / Lymphocytes
diffusion, plasma membrane Bergerak balas / Responding: • tindak balas keimunan, antibodi /
Organisma multisel / Multicellular
Kadar kemasukan bahan larut (fenolftalein) immune response, antibodies
organisms ke dalam kubus / Rate of penetration of solutes (ii) Monosit / Monocytes
(a) kecil / small (phenolphthalein) into the cubes • Fagosit / Phagocytes
(b) besar / large Dimalarkan / Fixed:
(c) luas permukaan per isi padu, kecil / Bahan terlarut / Soluble solutes
Kepekatan fenolftalein, masa / Concentration 1. Ion-ion / Ions
total surface area, volume, small of phenolphthalein, time 2. Protein plasma / Plasma proteins
3. Hormon / Hormones
Data:
4. (a) Nutrien / Nutrients
Panjang Nisbah Peratus (b) Bahan buangan / Waste products
Jumlah Jarak Kadar (c) Gas pernafasan / Respiratory gases
sisi kubus luas bahagian
luas Isi padu resapan resapan
(cm) permukaan berwarna
permukaan (cm3) (cm) (% min-1) Fungsi Darah dalam Pengangkutan
Side
Volume / isi padu (%)
dimensions
(cm2) Length of Rate of The Function of Blood in Transport
(cm3) Total surface Percentage of
Total surface diffusion diffusion
of the cube area / volume coloured area
area (cm2) (cm) (% min–1) 1. tindak balas kimia / biochemical reactions
(cm) ratio (%)
2. suhu badan / body temperature
1 6 1  6:1 1.0 100 20 otot rangka / skeletal muscles
kulit / skin
2 24  8 3:1 1.0 50 10 3. (a) peparu, alveolus / lungs, alveolus
(b) Hemoglobin, oksihemoglobin (HbO8)
3 54 27  3:1 0.9 30 6 / Haemoglobin, oxyhaemoglobin (HbO8)
(c) hemoglobin dan oksigen, respirasi
4 96 64  1.5 : 1 0.6 15 3 sel / haemoglobin and oxygen, cellular
respiration
4. (a) kapilari, vena portal hepar, hati /
Perbincangan / Discussion: (c) jangkitan penyakit / infections capillaries, hepatic portal vein, liver
1. berkurang / decreases 2. (a) Darah / Blood (b) lakteal, sistem limfa, vena
2. terbesar / largest (b) Hemolimfa / Haemolymph subklavikel / lacteals, lymphatic system,
3. besar / larger (c) Arteri / Arteries subclavian veins
4. cepat / faster (d) Kapilari / Capillaries 5. (a) karbon dioksida / carbon dioxide
5. kepekatan / concentration (e) Vena / Veins (b) (i) Ion hidrogen karbonat /
6. saiz organisma, menurun / size of the (f) Jantung / Heart Hydrogen carbonate ions
organism, decreases (g) Pam / pump (ii) Karbaminohemoglobin /
7. keperluan sel / cellular requirements (h) darah / blood Carbaminohaemoglobin
resapan / simple diffusion (iii) Karbon dioksida terlarut /
peredaran / circulatory Komposisi Darah Manusia Dissolved carbon dioxide
8. pengangkutan / transport The Composition of Human Blood (c) alveolus / alveoli
oksigen, nutrien / oxygen, nutrients 6. insulin / glukagon, kelenjar endokrin
karbon dioksida, urea / carbon dioxide, urea (a) 45 (pankreas) / insulin / glucagon, endocrine
Kesimpulan / Conclusion: (b) 55 glands (pancreas)
kecil, besar, cepat / smaller, larger, faster 7. (a) deaminasi, hati, urea / Deamination,
Eritrosit / Erythrocyte
liver, urea
1. cakera dwicembung / biconcave disc
Sistem Peredaran Darah dalam (b) urea, ginjal / urea, kidneys
Manusia dan Haiwan
nukleus / nucleus
1.2 The Circulatory Systems in Humans and tinggi / large
Animals oksigen / oxygen Fungsi Hemolimfa dalam Pengangkutan
The Function of Haemolymph in Transport
2. hemoglobin / haemoglobin
1. (a) nutrien dan oksigen / nutrients and
oxygen
3. sumsum tulang / bone marrow 1. Hemolimfa / Haemolymph
(b) bahan buangan / waste products 4. hati, limpa / liver, spleen hemoselom / haemocoelom

1
 2. sistem peredaran terbuka / open 4. mengecut dan mengendur / contracts and Sistem Peredaran Manusia, Ikan dan
circulatory system relaxes Amfibia
3. Air, Garam inorganik, Sebatian organik / 5. kardium miogenik / myogenic cardiac The Circulatory Sytems in Humans, Fish and
Amphibians
Water, Inorganic salts, Organic compounds 6. injap, sehala / valves, only one
4. gas pernafasan / respiratory gases (a) trikuspid / Tricuspid 1. (a) terbuka / Open
sistem trakea / tracheal system (b) bikuspid / Bicuspid (b) tertutup / Closed
(c) Injap sabit, arteri pulmonari, aorta (c) tunggal / Single
Salur Darah Manusia / Semi lunar valves, pulmonary artery, (d) ganda dua / Double
Human Blood Vessels aorta (e) tidak lengkap / Incomplete
1. (a) Arteri / Artery (f) lengkap / Complete
(b) Kapilari / Capillaries Peredaran Darah dalam Manusia 2. (A) Perbezaan / Differences:
(c) Vena / Vein The Circulation of Blood in Humans
Ikan / Fish
2. (a) (i) berotot yang tebal dan elastik, (a)
1. P: Nodus sinoatrium / Sinoatrial (SA) Kapilari insang
tekanan darah yang tinggi / node Gill capillaries
Thick, elastic, muscular, high
Q: Gentian Purkinje / Purkinje fibres

pressure of blood
R: Nodus atrioventrikel / Atrioventricular

(ii) paling nipis, setebal satu sel / (AV) node Arteri
Thinnest wall, one cell thick Artery
S: Berkas His / Bundle of His fibres

(iii) berotot yang nipis, kurang
elastik / Thin, less elastic, less (a) perentak / pacemaker Ventrikel
muscular (b) Nodus sinoatrium (SA), impuls Ventricle
(b) (i) kecil, cepat / Small, faster elektrik / sinoatrial (SA) node, electrical Atrium

(ii) sangat kecil / very small impulses

(iii) besar, rintangan / Large,
resistance
(c) (i) tiada injap / No valve
(ii) tiada injap / No valve
(iii) Ada, aliran balik / Have, back flow
(d) (i) tinggi / High
(ii) rendah / Low
(e) (i) jantung / heart
(ii) arteri / arteries
(iii) badan / body
(f) (i) beroksigen / Oxygenated
(ii) arteriol, venul / arteriole, venule
(iii) terdeoksigen / Deoxygenated
(g) (i) bertekanan tinggi / high pressure
(ii) pertukaran gas, resapan/
gaseous exchange, diffusion
(iii) tisu, jantung / tissues, heart
Jantung Manusia
The Human Heart
1. (a) Injap pulmonari / Pulmonary valve
(b) Atrium kanan / Right atrium
(c) Injap trikuspid / Tricuspid valve
(d) Ventrikel kanan / Right ventricle
(e) Aorta / Aorta
(f) Atrium kiri / left atrium
(g) Otot kardium / Cardiac muscle
(h) Ventrikel kiri / Left ventricle
2. salur darah / blood vessels
(a) peparu, vena pulmonari / lungs,
pulmonary veins
(b) bahagian lain badan, vena kava /
rest of the body, vena cava
(c) terdeoksigen, arteri pulmonari /
Deoxygenated, pulmonary arteries
(d) beroksigen, aorta / Oxygenated, aorta
3. ruang / chambers
(a) atrium, terima darah / atria, receive
blood
(b) ventrikel, pam darah / ventricles,
pump blood
(c) ventrikel kiri, ventrikel kanan,
mengepam darah / left ventricle, right
ventricle, pump blood
(d) Septum
(c) atrium / atria
(d) mengecut / contract
(e) ventrikel / ventricles
(f) nodus atrioventrikel / atrioventricular
(AV) node
(g) Berkas His, gentian Purkinje /
Bundle of His, Purkinje fibres
(h) ventrikel / ventricles
(i) mengecut / contract
(j) (i) terdeoksigen, peparu /
Deoxygenated, lungs
(ii) beroksigen, badan /
Oxygenated, body
(k) (i) Saraf parasimpatetik /
Parasympathetic nerve
(ii) Saraf simpatetik /
Sympathetic nerve
(iii) Hormon (adrenalina) / Hormone
(adrenaline)
2. (a) daya, arteri, arteriol, kapilari / force,
arteries, arterioles, capillaries
(b) vena, tekanan, tidak mencukupi /
veins, pressure, insufficient
(c) pengecutan / contraction
(d) mengecut, mengecut, darah,
jantung / contract, constrict, blood, heart
3. (a) daya, dinding / force, walls
(b) tinggi, sistol , rendah, diastol /
highest, systole, lowest, diastole
(c) badan, otak / body, brain
(d) suap balik negatif / negative feedback
4. (a) lemah / weaker
(i) Memperlahankan / Lowers
(b) mengendur, mengembang /
relax, widen
(i) mengurangkan / reduce
(ii) Pemvasodilatan / Vasodilation
5. (a) kuat / stronger
(i) Meningkatkan / Increases
(b) mengecut, menjadi sempit /
contract, narrow
(i) meningkatkan / increase
(ii) Pemvasocerutan /
Vasoconstriction
Vena
Vein
Kapilari sistemik
Systemic capillaries
(b) peredaran tertutup tunggal, sekali /
Single closed circulatory, once
(c) dua, atrium, ventrikel / two, atrium,
ventricle
(d) Darah terdeoksigen, kapilari insang,
Darah beroksigen, kapilari badan,
kapilari sistemik / Deoxygenated
blood, gill capillaries, Oxygenated blood,
body capillaries, systemic capillaries
(e) kapilari insang / gill capillaries
Amfibia / Amphibians
(a) Kapilari pulmonari
Pulmonary capillaries
Atrium Atrium
kanan kiri
Right Left
atrium
atrium
Ventrikel
Ventricle
Kapilari sistemik
Systemic capillaries
(b) peredaran ganda dua tertutup yang
tidak lengkap, dua / Incomplete
double closed circulatory, two
(c) tiga, dua, satu / three, two, one
(d) atrium kanan, atrium kiri,
bercampur, ventrikel, sistem
peredaran pulmonari, sistem
peredaran sistemik / right atrium, left
atrium, mixing, ventricle, pulmocutaneous
circulation, systemic circulation
(e) peparu dan kulit / lungs and on skin

2
 Manusia / Humans 2. Platlet / platelets 1. Tiub hujung-buntu / Blind-end tubes
(a) Kapilari pulmonari
Faktor pembeku / Clotting factors 2. tidak diserap / not absorbed
Pulmonary capillaries tromboplastin / thromboplastins 3. kekuningan, limfa / yellowish, lymph
Fibrinogen 4. lebih besar / larger
kalsium / Calcium 5. injap / valves
K (a) pengaliran secara berterusan /
Protrombin / Prothrombin continuous flow
Trombin / Thrombin (b) berpatah balik / back flow
Fibrin 6. berselang-seli / at intervals
Atrium Atrium sel darah merah / red blood cells 7. limfosit / lymphocytes
kanan kiri keruping / scab
Right Left 3. (a) platlet, faktor pembeku,
atrium atrium Aliran Limfa
tromboplastin / platelets, clotting The Flow of Lymph
Ventrikel factors, thromboplastins
Ventrikel kiri
kanan Left (b) ion kalsium, vitamin K, protrombin, Cecair interstis, Vena subklavikel kanan,
Right ventricle trombin / calcium ions, prothrombin, Vena subklavikel kiri, Duktus limfa kanan,
ventricle thrombin Duktus toraks / Interstitial fluid, Right subclavian
Kapilari sistemik (c) fibrinogen, fibrin vein, Left subclavian vein, Right lymphatic duct,
Systemic capillaries (d) sel darah merah / red blood cells Thoracic duct
(e) keruping / scab
(b) peredaran ganda dua tertutup dan 4. Hemofilia / Haemophilia: Peranan Sistem Limfa dalam
lengkap, dua, dua / Complete double (a) pewarisan, faktor pembeku / Pengangkutan
closed circulatory, twice, two hereditary, clotting factors The Role of the Lymphatic System in Transport
(c) empat, dua, dua / four, two, two (b) pendarahan yang berlebihan /
(d) ventrikel kanan, arteri pulmonari, excessive bleeding 1. Cecair interstis yang berlebihan,
atrium kiri (aorta, vena kava) / right (c) pendarahan dalaman / internal keseimbangan bendalir / excess interstitial
ventricles, pulmonary arteries, left atrium bleeding fluid, fluid balance
(aorta, vena cava) Trombosis / Thrombosis: (a) bengkak / swollen
(e) alveolus / peparu / alveolus / lungs (a) Pembentukan darah beku / clot (b) ruang di antara sel, edema / spaces
formation between the cells, oedema
(B) Persamaan / Similarities:
(b) trombus / thrombus 2. titisan lipid, vitamin larut lemak / lipid
(i) tertutup / closed droplets, fat soluble vitamins
(c) embolus
(ii) salur darah / blood vessels
(d) embolisme / embolism
(iii) jantung / hearts (e) arteri koronari, oksigen, serangan
Kandungan Darah, Cecair Interstis dan
(iv) injap / valves Limfa
jantung / coronary artery, oxygen, heart The Contents of Blood, Interstitial Fluid and
3. attack / myocardial infarction Lymph
Vena jugular
Jugular vein
Arteri karotid
Carotid artery
(f) strok / stroke
Kepala dan leher
Head and neck Bendalir badan / Body fluid:
Vena subklavikel Arteri subklavikel
Subclavian vein Subclavian artery Darah / Blood
Tangan Sistem Limfa
Vena Arms 1.4 The Lymphatic System Cecair interstis / Interstitial fluid
kava
superior Arteri Limfa / Lymph
Peparu
Superior
pulmonari 1. arteriol, tekanan hidrostatik / arterial end,
vena Pulmonary
artery
Lungs
hydrostatic pressure Persamaan / Similarities:
cava
Aorta 2. bendalir, plasma darah, ruang di antara sel gas, nutrien, bahan buangan / gases, nutrients,
fluid, blood plasma, spaces between the cells waste products
Vena pulmonari
Pulmonary vein 3. Cecair interstis, bendalir tisu / interstitial Perbezaan / Differences
Vena Atrium kanan Atrium kiri fluid, tissue fluid
kava Right atrium Left atrium
1. di antara sel / between the cells
inferior 4. (a) air, nutrien terlarut, leukosit / water, 2. Terdeoksigen / Deoxygenated
Inferior dissolved nutrients, leucocytes
vena
Ventrikel kanan
Right ventricle
Ventrikel kiri
Left ventricle
3. eritrosit, leukosit, platlet / erythrocytes,
cava
Vena hepar Arteri hepar
(b) eritrosit, protein plasma, platlet / leucocytes, platelets
Hepatic vein
Hati
Hepatic artery erythrocytes, plasma protein, platelets 4. eritrosit, platlet / erythrocytes, platelets
Liver
Arteri mesenteri 5. (a) persekitaran dalaman / internal 5. leukosit / leucocytes
Vena portal hepar
Gastric and environment 6. eritrosit, platlet / erythrocytes, platelets
mesenteric arteries
Hepatic portal vein (b) kapilari darah, sel badan / blood 7. limfosit / lymphocytes
Perut dan usus capillaries, body cells
Stomach and 8. lebih / more
Vena renal intestines Arteri renal (i) Nutrien, oksigen / Nutrients, 9. kurang / less
Renal vein Renal artery
Ginjal oxygen 10. lebih, kurang / more, less
Kidneys
(ii) Karbon dioksida, bahan kumuh 11. lipid
Vena femur Arteri femur
Femoral vein Femoral artery / Carbon dioxide, waste products 12. tinggi / High
Kaki
Legs 6. venul / venous end
7. kapilari limfa / lymphatic capillaries
Peranan Sistem Peredaran Darah
8. limfa / lymph dalam Mekanisme Pertahanan
Mekanisme Pembekuan Darah
1.3 The Mechanism of Blood Clotting 1.5 Badan
Struktur Sistem Limfa The Role of the Circulatory System in
1. (a) serius / serious The Structure of the Lymphatic System Body’s Defence Mechanism

(b) mikroorganisma, partikel asing / kapilari limfa, salur limfa dan 1. melindungi, patogen / defends, pathogen
microorganisms, foreign particles nodus limfa / Iymphatic capillaries, lymphatic 2. Tiga / Three
(c) tekanan darah / blood pressure vessels and (a) pertama / first line
(d) peredaran darah / blood circulation lymph nodes Kulit / Skin

3
 (i) Sebum 2. Keimunan pasif / Passive immunity 2. Virus Imunodefisiensi manusia / Human
(ii) Peluh / Sweat menerima / receives immunodeficiency virus
(iii) Air mata / Tears (a) semula jadi / Naturally 3. (a) air mani, darah / semen, blood
(iv) Air liur / Saliva (i) ibu / mother (i) seks / sexual
(ii) plasenta / placenta (ii) pemindahan darah / blood
Membran mukus / Mucous membrane (iii) sementara / Temporary
(i) Rembesan mukus / Secretion of transfusions
(b) buatan / Artificially (iii) jarum / needles
mucus (i) antiserum, serum
(ii) Asid hidroklorik / Hydrochloric (b) plasenta, susu ibu / placenta, breast milk
(ii) berpenyakit, ular berbisa /
acid 4. (a) Pemusnahan / Destruction
infected, poisonous snake
(b) kedua / second line (b) limfosit / lymphocytes
(iii) segera, sementara / Immediate,
Fagositosis / Phagocytosis temporary (c) jangkitan penyakit lain / other infections
(c) ketiga / Third line 5. (a) seks / sexual
limfosit / lymphocytes AIDS (Sindrom Kurang Daya Tahan (b) gaya hidup / lifestyle
3. (a) lapisan luar yang kuat / Tough outer Penyakit) (c) Tidak berkongsi / not share
layer AIDS ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) (d) Program kesedaran / Educational
(b) (i) sebum programmes
1. Sindrom kurang daya tahan penyakit /
(ii) peluh, lisozim / sweat, lysozyme Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(c) lisozim / lysozyme
(d) perut / stomach
Menghargai Sistem Kardiovaskular yang Sihat
(e) trakea, salur respirasi, salur 1.6 Appreciating a Healthy Cardiovascular System
pencernaan dan salur urogenital
trachea, respiratory passage ways, 1. Karbon monoksida bergabung 1 Merokok / Smoking
digestive and urogenital tracts
(f) mukus, lisozim / mucus, lysozyme dengan hemoglobin membentuk (a) Karbon monoksida (b) Nikotina dalam
4. (a) Fagositosis, menelan, mencerna / karboksihemoglobin dalam asap rokok. rokok.
Phagocytosis, engulf, digest menyebabkan pengangkutan Carbon monoxide in Nicotine in cigarette.
(b) (i) Neutrofil / Neutrophils oksigen yang tidak efektif. / Carbon cigarette smoke.
monoxide binds to haemoglobin to
(ii) Makrofaj / Macrophages form carboxyhaemoglobin leading to
(c) 1. bahan kimia / chemicals inefficiency of oxygen transport. Pencerutan Menyebabkan
2. pseudopodia, menelannya / salur darah. ketagihan
pseudopodium, engulf Constriction of Causes addiction.
3. fagosom / phagosome Angina Strok / stroke blood vessels.
4. lisosom / lysosome
5. dicerna / digested Tekanan darah meningkat.
6. jasad residu / residual body Increases blood pressure.
7. bahan buangan / waste products
5. (a) sistem keimunan, khusus / immune
system, specific Tekanan darah tinggi
Increases blood pressure.
(b) dijangkiti / infection
(c) (i) jasad asing / foreign body 2.
(ii) permukaan luar / outer surface Tisu mati. teruk Serangan
(iii) limfosit, antibodi / lymphocytes, Dead tissue. jantung
severe
antibodies Heart attack
(d) limfosit / lymphocytes
(e) antibodi / antibody Pembekuan darah mungkin
(i) toksin / toxins 2 Trombosis
berlaku di arteri koronari
(ii) patogen bergumpal / pathogen to Diet tak seimbang koronari
yang sempit. Coronary
clump Imbalanced diet Blood clot may occur in narrow thrombosis
(f) vaksin / vaccine (a) Pengambilan coronary arteries.

Pelbagai Jenis Keimunan makanan tinggi

The Various Types of Immunity lemak dan Pemendapan plak Plak menyekat dan
kolesterol. (lemak dan menyempitkan lumen,
1. Keimunan aktif / Active immunity High intake of fats kolesterol) di dinding pengaliran darah Aterosklerosis
antibodi / antibodies and cholesterol. dalam arteri. menjadi perlahan Atherosclerosis
(a) semula jadi / Naturally Deposits of plaque (fats Plaque clogs and
and cholesterol) on the narrows the lumen,
(i) jangkitan / infection
inner walls of arteries. blood flow decreases
(ii) kekal / permanent
(iii) Jangkitan cacar / Chicken pox
(b) buatan / Artificially Plak menjadi keras dengan pengenapan Arteri menjadi kurang Arteriosklerosis
(i) imunisasi / vaksinasi / kalsium. kenyal. Arteriosclerosis
The plaque becomes hardened with calcium deposits. Less elasticity of artery.
immunisation / vaccination
(ii) Vaksin, patogen / Vaccine,
pathogens Meningkatkan Jantung mengepam
(iii) limfosit, antibodi / lymphocytes, (b) Pengambilan tekanan osmotik darah dengan lebih kuat
Tekanan darah
antibodies garam berlebihan / tekanan darah. tinggi
(iv) memasuki / invades Excess intake of Raises the blood
Hypertension The heart has to pump
(v) berpanjangan / long time salt osmotic pressure / blood harder
(vi) campak, BCG / Measles, BCG pressure.

4
 3. 3 (k) tinggi / higher, tinggi / higher
Kurang bersenam
Lack of exercise
Suhu / Temperature
Obesiti (b) tinggi / higher, tinggi / higher
Gaya hidup yang banyak duduk. Obesity (c) Suhu / Temperature
Sedentary lifestyle. (j) (i) Pertambahan / increase
(ii) penyejatan / evaporation
Sebab: gaya hidup yang tidak sihat Keputusan / Results (iii) stoma / stomata
Cause: unhealthy lifestyle (a) bertambah, berkurang / increases, (k) tinggi / higher, tinggi / higher
1. lemak dan kolesterol / fats and cholesterol decreases Pergerakan udara / Air movement
2. bersenam / exercise (b) bengkak, layu / swells, withers (b) laju / faster, tinggi / higher
3. Obesiti / Obesity Penerangan / Explanation (c) Pergerakan udara / Air movement
4. Merokok / Smoking (a floem / phloem (e) Suhu persekitaran, keamatan
5. Stres / Stress (b) bahan organik / organic substances cahaya, kelembapan relatif.
(c) bengkak / swelling Surrounding temperature, light intensity,
Cara-cara mengatasi
(d) xilem, air / xylem, water relative humidity.
Ways to overcome
(e) mati, bahan organik / die, organic (j) (i) Pertambahan / increase
1. Hadkan / Restrict
substances (ii) menyingkir / remove
2. Kurangkan / Reduce
(iii) kecerunan kepekatan /
3. bersenam / regularly concentration gradient
4. Elakkan / Avoid Pengangkutan Bahan Organik dan
Air dalam Tumbuhan (k) laju / faster, tinggi / higher
5. merokok / smoke 1.8 The Transport of Organic Substances and Kelembapan relatif / Relative humidity
6. Kurangkan / Reduce Water in Plants
(b) tinggi / higher, rendah / lower
(c) Kelembapan relatif / Relative humidity
Pengangkutan Bahan dalam Pengangkutan Bahan Organik dalam
(e) Suhu persekitaran, keamatan
1.7 Tumbuhan Tumbuhan
The Transport of Organic Substances in Plants cahaya, pergerakan udara.
The Transport of Substances in Plants
Surrounding temperature, light intensity,
1. (a) air, bahan terlarut / water, dissolved 1. bahan organik terlarut, floem / dissolved air movement.
solutes organic substances, phloem (j) (i) Pertambahan / higher
(b) Air, fotosintesis, ion mineral / Water, 2. (a) Kemandirian / survival (ii) penyejatan / evaporation
photosynthesis, mineral ions (b) disimpan, ditukar / stored, converted (k) tinggi / higher, rendah / lower
(c) ketinggian pokok / height of the tree (c) daun, simpanan / leaves, storage
Pergerakan Air dari Tanah ke Daun
(d) vaskular / vascular (d) simpanan / storage The Movement of Water from the Soil to the Leaves
2. (a) xilem, floem / xylem, phloem
(b) air, garam mineral terlarut / water, Pengangkutan Air dalam Tumbuhan
The Transport of Water in Plants
1. tekanan akar / root pressure
dissolved mineral salts (a) hipotonik / hypotonic
(c) bahan organik / organic substances (b) osmosis
1. wap air, penyejatan, permukaan
3. (a) daun / leaf ; atas, bawah / upper, lower
tumbuhan, stoma, lentisel / water vapour, (c) jalur Caspary / Casparian strip
(b) batang / stem ; berkas vaskular /
evaporation, surface of plants, stomata, lenticels (d) salur xilem / xylem vessels
vascular bundles
2. menyejat, fotosintesis, segah / 2. tindakan kapilari / capillary action
(c) akar / root ; silinder vaskular /
evaporated, photosynthesis, turgid (a) lekitan, lekatan / cohesive, adhesive
vascular cylinder
4. Xilem / Xylem 3. (a) air, ion mineral / water, mineral ions (b) Salur xilem / Xylem vessels
(a) (i) tiub berongga yang berterusan, (b) fotosintesis, kelayuan /
3. tarikan transpirasi / transpirational pull
photosynthesis, wilting
berterusan / long continuous (a) liang stoma, transpirasi / stomata,
(c) kesan penyejukan / cooling effect
hollow tube, continuously transpiration
(ii) lignin, sokongan mekanikal / 4. (a) Potometer
(b) pengambilan air, kehilangan air, (b) xilem / xylem
lignin, mechanical support
(iii) mati / dead transpirasi / water uptake, water loss, Pengawalan Transpirasi oleh Stoma
transpiration
(iv) berliang / pits The Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata
(c) jarak gelembung udara, masa /
(c) bahan makanan / food substances
distance travelled by the air bubbles, time 1. (a) epidermis bawah / lower epidermis
(d) sokongan / support
5. (a) Keamatan cahaya / Light intensity (b) sel pengawal, pertukaran gas /
Floem / Phloem (b) Suhu / Temperature guard cells, gaseous exchange
(a) (i) silinder / cylindrical (c) Pergerakan udara atau kelajuan 2. Pada waktu siang / During the day
(ii) sitoplasma / cytoplasm angin / Air movement or wind speed (a) fotosintesis / photosynthesis
(iii) plat tapis / sieve plate (d) Kelembapan relatif / Relative humidity (b) Glukosa / Glucose
(b) (i) nukleus, mitokondrion / nucleus, 6. bertambah, pertambahan, pengurangan (c) ion kalium / potassium ions
mitochondria increases, increase, decrease (d) hipertonik, osmosis / hypertonic,
(ii) protein, ATP, nutrien / proteins, 7. Keamatan cahaya / Light intensity osmosis
ATP, nutrients (b) tinggi / higher, tinggi / higher (e) segah / turgid
(c) bahan makanan / food substances (c) Keamatan cahaya / Light intensity (f) melengkung / bend outward
(d) sokongan / support (e) Suhu persekitaran, kelembapan (g) terbuka / opens
5. Kaedah / Method relatif, pergerakan udara. Pada waktu malam / During the night
(a) satu gelang lengkap kulit / complete
Surrounding temperature, relative (a) tidak berlaku / stops
ring of bark
humidity, air movement. (b) keluar / exit
(j) (i) Pertambahan / increase (c) meresap keluar / diffuses out
(b) Vaselin / Vaseline
(ii) stoma / stomata (d) flasid / flaccid
(c) diameter / diameters
(iii) lebih banyak / more (e) tertutup / closes

5
 (ii) P is transpiration. It functions to cool
PRAKTIS SPM 1
Trombin down the plant – water absorb heat
Fibrinogen Fibrin from the plant to evaporate
Soalan Objektif Thrombin

(ii) Habuk menutupi daun, kurang
1. C 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. C (c) Untuk mengelakkan kehilangan
cahaya diserap oleh kloroplas
6. D 7. B 8. B 9. B 10. A darah yang berlebihan dari badan.
To prevent excessive blood loss from the
sel pengawal. Ini menyebabkan
body. kadar fotosintesis yang rendah.
Soalan Struktur
Darah beku menutup luka dan Sel pengawal menjadi kurang
Bahagian A menghalang kemasukan zarah segah, stoma tutup.
asing ke dalam badan melalui The dusts covers the leaves, so
1. (a) (i) Alveolus less light absorbed by chloroplast in
saluran darah yang rosak / luka.
(ii) Pertukaran gas secara resapan guard cell. This cause lower rate of
The blood clot seals a wound and
Gaseous exchange by diffusion photosynthesis in guard cell. As a
prevents the entry of foreign particles
(iii) Oksigen yang keluar dari result guard cell become less turgid
into the body through the damaged blood
alveolus diangkut ke sel badan and the stoma close.
vessel / wound.
untuk respirasi sel. Untuk (d) Fagositosis (barisan pertahanan (d) Akar tumbuhan tenggelam di dalam
menyingkir karbon dioksida kedua). Fagosit tertarik oleh air menyebabkan kurang pertukaran
yang dihasilkan oleh sel. / The bahan kimia yang dihasilkan oleh gas respirasi. Respirasi berhenti
oxygen that leaves the alveoli is patogen atau bakteria. Fagosit dan tumbuhan mati.
transported to the body cells for The root submerge in water cause less
menelan patogen / bakteria untuk
cellular respiration. To remove exchange of respiratory gas. Respiration
membentuk fagosom. Enzim lisozim
carbon dioxide released by respiring stops, and the plant dies.
cells.
dirembeskan ke dalam fagosom
untuk mencerna patogen / bakteria. 4. (a) Fagositosis / Phagocytosis
(b) (i) Sistem peredaran ganda dua (b) • Sel darah putih tertarik kepada
Phagocytosis (second line of defence).
tertutup dan lengkap / Complete bahan kimia yang dihasilkan oleh
The phagocyte is attracted by the
double closed circulatory system
chemicals produced by the pathogen bakteria
(ii) or bacterium. Phagocytes engulf White blood cell is attracted by the
Manusia / Humans Ikan / Fish the pathogen / bacterium to form a chemicals produced by the bacteria
Darah memasuki Darah memasuki
phagocytic vacuole (phagosome). The • Menelan bakteria
enzyme lysozyme is released into the Engulfs the bacteria
jantung manusia jantung sekali.
Blood enters the
phagosome to digest the pathogen / • Membentuk fagosom
sebanyak dua kali. bacterium. Forms phagosome
Blood enters the heart heart once.
(Juga terima jawapan untuk barisan • Enzim lisozim dalam lisosom
twice.
pertahanan ketiga / Also accept mencernakan bakteria
Jantung mengepam Jantung answer for 3rd line defence) Enzyme lysozyme in the lysosome
darah beroksigen ke mengepam darah (e) Hemofilia. Disebabkan pengurangan digests the bacteria
sel-sel badan. terdeoksigen ke faktor pembeku dalam badan dan
Oxygenated blood is insang. disebabkan kecacatan gen pada Bahagian B
pumped by the heart to The heart pumps kromosom X yang mengawal
4. AIDS adalah disebabkan oleh HIV
all body cells. deoxygenated blood penghasilan faktor pembekuan AIDS is cause by Human Immunodeficiency
to the gills. darah. Virus (HIV)
Pertukaran gas Pertukaran gas Haemophilia. Due to the reduction in
clotting factor in the body and a gene

HIV berjangkit melalui cecair badan
berlaku di alveolus. berlaku di insang. (darah, semen, bendalir faraj dan
abnormality at chromosome X that
The gaseous exchange Gaseous exchange susu ibu) daripada penghidap HIV.
takes place in the takes place in the controls the clotting factor.
HIV is spread in certain body fluids (blood,
alveolus. gills. semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk) from
3. (a)
Jantung mempunyai Jantung a person infected with HIV.
Sel Q Sel mesofil berspan
Virus ini menyerang limfosit, iaitu
empat ruang supaya mempunyai dua Cell Q Spongy mesophyll cell
darah beroksigen dan ruang. sejenis sel khusus dalam sistem
terdeoksigen tidak Has a two- Sel-sel Sel-sel tersusun keimunan badan.
bercampur. chambered heart. tersusun rapat. longgar. / The cells are The virus attacks lymphocyte cells, a
Has a four-chambered / The cells are loosely arranged. specific type of immune system cell in the
heart to prevent the body.
closely arranged.
mixing of oxygenated
Sistem keimunan badan menyusut
and deoxygenated blood. Body immune system is severely weakened
(b) R adalah tisu xilem. Xilem
mempunyai dinding berlignin yang
Mudah dijangkiti patogen lain
2. (a) (i) P: Trombokinase / Thrombokinase Easily infected by other pathogens
mencegah vesel daripada runtuh
R: Ion kalsium / Calcium ion
Risiko untuk mengalami penyakit lain
(ii) Menukar protrombin ke trombin, dan berfungsi menahan tekanan air.
R is xylem tissue. It has lignified wall
seperti pneumonia, tibi dan Hepatitis
dengan bantuan ion kalsium B adalah tinggi
which prevent the vessel from collapsing
dan vitamin K. / Converts The risk of other disease such as pneumonia,
and to withstand water pressure.
prothrombin to thrombin, with the tuberculosis and hepatitis B are higher
help of the calcium ion and vitamin
(c) (i) P adalah proses transpirasi. P
berfungsi untuk menyejukkan 5. Kita perlu mengambil makanan yang
K.
tumbuhan – air menyerap seimbang dan bernutrisi, tidak merokok
(b) (i)
haba daripada tumbuhan untuk dan mengamalkan gaya hidup yang
Trombokinase
Protrombin Trombin disejatkan. sihat untuk mengelakkan penyakit
Prothrombin Thrombokinase Thrombin kardiovaskular.

6

We should take a balanced and nutritious
meals, not smoking and practicing healthy
lifestyles to prevent cardiovascular disease.
Diet seimbang / Balanced diet
Pengambilan lemak dan karbohidrat
yang seimbang boleh menghalang
pemendakan kolesterol di dalam
lumen salur darah
A balanced intake of fats and carbohydrate
can avoid the deposition of cholesterol in
the lumen of blood vessel
Pengambilan jumlah garam yang
betul dalam diet dapat menghalang
peningkatan tekanan osmosis darah
/ menghalang peningkatan tekanan
darah atau serangan jantung
Correct amount intake of salt in diet can
avoid raising the blood osmotic pressure
/ avoid increases in the blood pressure or
heart attack
Ambil makanan dalam kuantiti yang
sepatutnya untuk mengelakkan
masalah obesiti
Take food in a right amount to avoid obesity
Tidak merokok / Not smoking
Tiada nikotina, maka tidak ketagih /
mengekalkan tekanan darah normal
No nicotine, thus not addicted / maintain
normal blood pressure
Asap rokok yang mengandungi karbon
monoksida tidak memasuki peparu
Cigarette smokes containing carbon
monoxide do not get into the lungs
Maka, tiada karbon monoksida
bersaing dengan oksigen untuk
bergabung dengan hemoglobin
Thus, no competition to bind with
haemoglobin between carbon monoxide
and oxygen
Mengelakkan kesukaran untuk
mengangkut oksigen
Prevent inefficiency of transporting of
oxygen
Amalan gaya hidup yang sihat
Practicing healthy lifestyle
Bersenam boleh memulihkan
peredaran darah dan menyingkirkan
toksin melalui perpeluhan
Exercising can help to improve blood
circulation and eliminate toxin by sweating
Hidup tanpa tekanan
Live your life without stress
Gaya hidup yang tidak aktif Daripada batang ke daun
menambahkan risiko penyakit
From the stems to the leaves
kardiovaskular
Air tersejat daripada sel mesofil ke
Sedentary lifesyles contribute to increased dalam ruang antara sel dalam daun
risk of cardiovascular diasease Water evaporates from mesophyll cells into
the spaces between the leaves cell
3. Daripada tanah ke dalam akar
Wap air kemudiannya meresap keluar
From the soil into the roots
melalui stoma ke persekitaran
Sap sel akar adalah hipertonik kepada The water vapour then diffuse into the
surrounding
tanah di sekelilingnya
The cell sap of root hair cells is hypertonic
Kehilangan air diganti oleh air yang
to the surrounding soil mengalir masuk dari salur xilem daun
Air meresap masuk ke dalam sel Water loss is replaced by water which
flows in from the xylem vessels in the
rambut akar secara osmosis
leaves
Water diffuses into the root hair cell by
osmosis
Hal ini menghasilkan satu daya
Sap sel menjadi hipotonik kepada sel sedutan yang dikenal sebagai tarikan
korteks bersebelahan transpirasi
The cell sap becomes hypotonic compared This creates a suction force called
to the adjacent cortex cell transpirational pull
Air meresap masuk ke sel
Air mengalir secara berterusan dari
bersebelahan secara osmosis akar ke daun
Water diffuse into the adjacent cell by Water flows continuously from the roots to
osmosis the leaves
Air memasuki xilem di akar secara
Soalan Klon MRSM
berterusan
Water diffuse continuously into the xylem
A
Hal ini menghasilkan satu daya
tolakan ke atas yang dikenal sebagai
tekanan akar untuk mengangkut air ke
atas Tumbuhan kehilangan jisim
This create an upward force known as root
Plant lost its mass
pressure which helps to transport water
Kehilangan jisim tumbuhan lebih tinggi
upward
dalam keadaan bercahaya berbanding
dalam keadaan gelap
Daripada akar ke batang The plant lost more mass during in light than
From the roots to the stem during in dark
Air bergerak ke atas melalui xilem Beg plastik tidak telap kepada air, maka
dalam batang secara tindakan kapilari menghalang air hilang daripada tanah
Water moves up through the xylem in the
Plastic bag impermeable to water, thus
stem by capillary action
prevents loss of water from soil
Tindakan kapilari adalah disebabkan
Air hanya hilang daripada daun,
oleh daya lekitan dan lekatan
Capillary action is due to forces of cohesion penurunan jisim tumbuhan adalah
and adhesion disebabkan oleh transpirasi
Hal ini membolehkan air bergerak ke Water only lost from leaves, so the loss of
mass is only due to transpiration
atas di sepanjang salur xilem yang
sempit
This enable water moves up along the
narrow xylem vessels
7
 BAB (i) Tulang kranium, otak / Cranial (ii) Skapula / scapula ; Radius dan ulna
Pergerakan dan Sokongan
2 Locomotion and Support

bones, brain
(ii) muka / Facial
/ radius and ulna
(iii) karpus / carpals
Sokongan dan Pergerakan pada
(iii) sutur / suture (iv) metakarpus / metacarpals
Manusia dan Haiwan (iv) rahang bawah / lower jaw (v) falanks / phalanges
2.1 Support and Locomotion in Humans and
Animals
(b) Sangkar rusuk / Thoracic cage Tulang kaki / Lower limb
Tulang rusuk / Ribs ; Sternum ; (i) Femur
1. makanan / food ; tempat perlindungan Vertebra toraks / Thoracic vertebra (ii) sendi lesung, punggung / ball-and-
/ shelter ; mangsa / prey ; pasangan (i) 12, tulang rusuk / 12, ribs socket joint, hip
bagi pembiakan / mate for reproduction ; (ii) 12 vertebra / 12 vertebrae tibia, sendi engsel / tibia, hinge joint
pemangsa / predators (ii) Sternum (iii) Patela, tempurung lutut / patella,
2. (a) menghalang pergerakan (c) Turus vertebra / Vertebrae column kneecap
resist movement Vertebra serviks (7) / Cervical (iv) Fibula
(b) daya tarikan graviti / force of gravity vertebrae (7) ; Vertebra toraks (12) / (v) tarsus / tarsals
(c) ketidakstabilan / instability Thoracic vertebrae (12) ; Vertebra (vi) metatarsus / metatarsals
3. sistem rangka lumbar (5) / Lumbar vertebrae (5) ; (vii) falanks / phalanges

skeletal system
Sakrum (5-bercantum) / Sacrum
4. (a) bentuk / shape (5-fused) ; Koksiks (4-bercantum) / Peranan Otot Rangka, Tendon dan
(b) pelekatan otot / muscle attachment Coccyx (4-fused) Ligamen dalam Pergerakan
(c) organ dalaman / internal organs (i) saraf tunjang / spinal cord Role of Skeletal Muscles, Tendons and Ligaments
(d) mineral / minerals (ii) kepala / head in Movement
(e) sel-sel darah / blood cells (iii) tulang rusuk , lengkungan Struktur / Structure
5. (1) Rangka hidrostatik pelvis, lekatan otot, leher / ribs, 1. gentian otot / muscle fibres
Hydrostatic skeleton pelvic girdle, muscle, neck
2. terkawal, impuls / voluntary muscle, nerve
(a) bendalir / watery fluids rawan / cartilage impulses
(b) tekanan / under pressure (i) turus vertebra / vertebral column
(c) cacing tanah / Earthworm (ii) hentakan / shock Fungsi / Function
1. daya, tendon / force, tendons
(2) Rangka luar (d) Struktur am vertebra
Exoskeleton 2. pendek / shorter
Structure of a typical vertebra
(a) kutikel / cuticle 3. pasangan antagonis, mengecut,
Cuaran melintang / Transverse
(b) lilin, kehilangan air mengendur / antagonistic pairs, contracts,
process ; Salur saraf / Neural canal ;
wax, water loss relaxes
Cuaran spina / Spinous process ;
(c) ekdisis / ecdysis 4. tenaga / ATP, mitokondria / energy / ATP,
Sentrum / Centrum
(d) serangga, ketam / Insects, crabs mitochondria
Salur arteri vertebra / Vertebrarterial canal
(3) Rangka dalam • salur arteri vertebra / Vertebrarterial Ligamen / Ligament
Endoskeleton canal 1. elastik / elastic
(a) tulang, rawan / bones, cartilage Cuaran spina / Spinous process 2. tulang, tulang / bones, bones
(b) tulang / bones • Panjang, bawah / long, downwards 3. sendi / joint
(c) Burung, katak, ikan Sentrum / Centrum Tendon / Tendons
Bird, frog, fish • Sentrum / Centrum 1. kuat, tidak elastik / strong, inelastic
5, 4
Rangka Manusia 2. otot rangka, tulang / skeletal muscle, bones
The Human Skeleton 3. Lengkungan pektoral 3. mengecut, memindahkan daya, menarik
Pectoral girdle / contracts, transmit force, pull
1. Rangka paksi
Axial skeleton
(a) rangka paksi, tulang lengan / axial
skeleton, upper limbs Pergerakan Lengan
Tengkorak / Skull ; Tulang rusuk / Ribs ;
Sternum (b) (i) Klavikel / Clavicle The Movement of the Forearm

Turus vertebra / Vertebrae column (ii) Skapula / Scapula

Rangka apendaj
Appendicular skeleton
Klavikel / Clavicle ; Skapula / Scapula
; Humerus ; Ulna ; Radius ; karpus
/ Carpals ; Metakarpus / Metacarpals
Falanks / Phalanges
Lengkungan pelvis
Pelvic girdle
Femur ; Tibia ; Fibula ; Tarsus / Tarsals
Metatarsus / Metatarsals ; Falanks /
Phalanges
2. (a) Tengkorak / Skull
Tulang muka / Facial bones ; Tulang
kranium / Cranial bone ; Sendi tidak
bergerak / Suture ; Rahang bawah /
Lower jaw
Membengkokkan lengan / Bending the
Klavikel / Clavicle ; Skapula / Scapula ; forearm
Humerus ; Ulna ; Metakarpus / (i) mengecut / contracts
Metacarpals ; Falanks / Phalanges
(ii) mengendur / relaxes
Lengkungan pelvis / Pelvic girdle 1. biseps, triseps / biceps, triceps
(a) rangka paksi, tulang kaki / axial 2. Tendon, daya tarikan / tendons, pulling force
skeleton, lower limbs
3. sendi siku, ke atas / elbow joint, upwards
(b) tulang punggung, simfisis pubis / hip
Meluruskan lengan / Straightening the
bone, pubic symphysis
forearm
Ilium ; Pubis ; iskium / Ischium ; Simfisis
(i) mengendur / relaxes
pubis / Pubic symphysis ; Femur ; Patela /
(ii) mengecut / contracts
Patella ; Tibia ; Fibula ; Tarsus / Tarsals ;
Metatarsus / Metatarsals ; Falanks / 1. triseps, biseps / triceps, biceps
2. tendon, ulna / tendons, ulna
Phalanges
3. diluruskan / straightened
Tulang lengan / Upper limb
(i) Humerus

8
 Sendi
Joints
1. (a) dua tulang / two bones
(b) Sendi sinovia / synovial joint
Ligamen / Ligament
(i) kuat, elastik / strong, elastic
(iii) bergerak, terseliuh / move, dislocation
Kapsul sendi / Joint capsule
Rongga sinovia / Synovial cavity
(i) bendalir sinovia / synovial fluid
(ii) pelincir / lubricant
Rawan / Cartilage
(i) melapik / cushions
(ii) menyerap / absorbs
(iii) mengurangkan / reduces
Membran sinovia / Synovial membrane ;
Tulang / Bone
2. (a) Sendi engsel / The hinge joint
(i) satu / one
(ii) sendi lutut , siku / knee joint ,
elbow
(b) Sendi lesung / The ball-and-socket joint
(i) berputar, semua / rotational, all
(ii) sendi bahu / shoulder joint
Mekanisme Pergerakan pada Haiwan
The Mechanism of Locomotion in an Animal
1. hidrostatik / hydrostatic
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
(a) selom / coelom
(b) berantagonis / antagonistic
(i) otot lingkar / circular muscles
(ii) Otot membujur / longitudinal
(c) keta / chaetae
Mekanisme pergerakan / Mechanism of
locomotion
(a) mengecut, mengendur / contract,
relax
(b) mengecil dan memanjang, hadapan
/ thinner and longer, forward
(c) Otot membujur, otot lingkar, segmen
memendek / Longitudinal muscles,
circular muscles, shortened segments
(d) memendek, menebal / shorter, thicker
(e) Segmen memendek / shortened
segment
(f) Gelombang peristalsis, pengecutan,
pengenduran / peristaltic waves,
contraction, relaxation
2. rangka luar / exoskeleton
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
(a) tiga / three
(b) berantagonis, fleksor dan ekstensor
/ antagonistic, flexor and extensor
(c) belakang, melompat / rear, hopping
Mekanisme pergerakan / Mechanism of
locomotion
berjalan / walking
(i) tiga kaki / three legs
(ii) tiga kaki / three legs
Otot ekstensor / Extensor muscle ; Otot
fleksor / Flexor muscle ; Otot ekstensor
/ Extensor muscle ; Otot fleksor / Flexor
muscle
(i) Otot fleksor / Flexor muscle
(ii) Kaki belakang, bentuk Z / hind leg,
Z-shape
Otot ekstensor / Extensor muscle
ke hadapan dan ke atas / forward and
upward
3. rangka dalam / endoskeleton
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
(a) (i) larus / streamlined
(ii) sisik / scales
(iii) lendir / slimy coating
(b) berbentuk-W, antagonis / W-shaped
antagonistically
(c) pundi renang / swim bladders
(d) sirip / fins
Kepentingan dan mekanisme
pergerakan / Importance and mechanism
of locomotion
(a) rintangan air / water resistance
(b) mengecut, mengendur, pengecutan
/ contract, relaxes, contracts
(c) berselang seli, ekor / alternating, tail
(d) hadapan / forwards
(e) keapungan / buoyancy
(f) pesongan, golekan / yawing, rolling
(g) junaman, brek, kemudi / pitching,
brakes, rudders
(h) haluan / direction
4. rangka dalam / endoskeleton
Ciri-ciri / Characteristics
(a) aerofoil
(b) antagonis, pektoralis major,
pektoralis minor / antagonistic ,
pectoralis major, pectoralis minor
Mekanisme pergerakan / Mechanism of
locomotion
(a) daya angkat / lift
(b) mengecut, mengendur, ditarik ke
atas / contract, relaxes, pulled up
(c) mengecut, mengendur, ditarik ke
bawah / contract, relaxes, pulled down
Kesan Kecacatan Sistem Otot Rangka
Terhadap Sokongan dan Pergerakan
The Concequences of an Impaired
Musculoskeletal System on Support and
Locomotion
1. ringan / thinner ; rapuh / brittle ; poros /
porous
Sebab / Cause:
Kalsium, fosforus / calcium, phosphorus
2. radang / inflammation
Sebab / Cause:
penuaan / ageing ; bendalir sinovia /
synovial fluid ; rawan / cartilage ; ligamen /
ligaments
Jenis / Types:
(a) Osteoartritis / Osteoarthritis ; haus
dan lusuh / wear and tear
(b) Artritis reumatoid / Rheumatoid
arthritis ; membran sinovia / synovial
membrane
9
(c) Gout / Gout ; asid urik / uric acid
3. merosot / degeneration
Sebab / Cause:
kromosom X / X chromosome
4. Pengecutan secara tiba-tiba / sudden
contraction
Sebab / Cause:
regangan, kelesuan, asid laktik, garam
natrium / stretching, fatigue, lactic acid,
sodium salt
Menghargai Sistem Otot Rangka
yang Sihat
2.2 Appreciating a Healthy Musculoskeletal
System
2. (a) kalsium, fosforus, osteoporosis /
calcium, phosphorus
(b) postur yang baik / good posture
(c) pakaian yang sesuai, ketat / proper
attire, tight
(d) langkah berjaga-jaga / precautions
steps
(e) teknik senaman / exercise techniques
Sokongan dalam Tumbuhan
2.3 Supports in Plants
1. (a) kekal tegak / upright
(b) cahaya matahari / sunlight
(c) berat / weight
(d) rintangan angin / wind resistance
2. graviti / gravity ; daya keapungan /
buoyancy
Tumbuhan tenggelam / Submerged
plants
(a) nipis, kecil, fleksibel / thin, narrow, flexible
(i) arus air / water flow
Pundi udara / Air sacs
(a) terapung dalam air / afloat
(i) cahaya matahari / sunlight
(a) Daya keapungan / Water buoyancy
Tumbuhan terapung / Floating plants
(a) lebar / broad
aerenkima / aerenchyma
(a) daya keapungan, terapung /
Buoyancy, float
3. Tumbuhan herba / Herbaceous plants
(a) kesegahan, parenkima, kolenkima /
Turgidity, parenchyma, collenchyma
(b) Penebalan / Thickening
(i) Selulosa, pektin, mekanikal /
cellulose, pectin, mechanical
Tumbuhan berkayu / Woody plants
(a) (i) berlignin / lignified
(ii) gentian, sklereid / fibre, sclereids
(b) lignin ; anulus, bergelang / annular,
rings ; berpilin, berpilin / spiral, coil ;
skalariform, bersilang / Scalariform,
cross band ; retikulat, berjaring /
reticulate, network
(c) (i) banir / buttress

PRAKTIS SPM 2
Soalan Objektif
1. A 2. B 3. A 4. A 5. C
6. C 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. C
11. A 12. C
Soalan Struktur
Bahagian A (ii) Otot membujur / Longitudinal
1. (a) P : Triseps / Triceps
Q : Ligamen / Ligament
R : Biseps / Biceps
S : Tendon / Tendon
(b) Tidak kenyal / kuat / teguh / Inelastic
/ strong / tough
(c) (i) - pengecutan dan pengenduran otot
(ii) Tindak balas antagonis, R
/ biseps mengecut dan P /
triseps mengendur. Biseps
memindahkan daya ke radius
melalui tendon dan lengan
dibengkokkan.
Antagonistic action, R / biceps
contracts and P / triceps relaxes.
Biceps transmit a force to the radius
by the tendon and the forearm is
bent.
2. (a) (i) Rawan / Cartilage
(ii) Kesukaran dalam pergerakan,
sendi sakit dan bengkak akibat
X terlalu haus membawa
kepada osteoartritis.
Difficulty in movement, pain and
swelling at the joint due to excessive
wear and tear of X leading to
osteoarthritis.
(b) (i) Membran sinovia
Synovial membrane
(ii) Cecair itu bertindak sebagai
pelincir untuk mengurangkan
geseran antara tulang.
The fluid acts as a lubricant to
reduce the friction between the end
of the bones.
(c) (i) Pengumpulan asid laktik / tidak
cukup regangan / panas badan
Accumulation of lactic acid /
Inadequate stretching / warm up
(ii) Untuk meningkatkan suhu
badan / untuk melancarkan
peredaran darah badan /
mencegah kecederaan otot.
To increase body temperature /
to increase blood circulation / to
prevent muscle injuries.
(d) Diet kaya dengan kalsium dan
fosfat untuk tulang yang kuat /
mengekalkan postur yang baik /
kerap bersenam / memakai pakaian
yang sesuai.
Diet rich in calcium and phosphate for
strong bones / maintain good posture /
exercise regularly / wear proper clothing.
3. (a) (i) Otot lingkar / Circular muscles
muscles
(b) Otot lingkar dan otot membujur
bertindak secara antagonis
/ Pengecutan otot lingkar /
pengenduran otot membujur /
menyebabkan segmen cacing untuk
memanjang / menjadi lebih panjang
/ Pengecutan otot membujur
/ pengenduran otot lingkar
menyebabkan segmen cacing untuk
memendek /menjadi lebih pendek.
Circular muscles and longitudinal
muscles act antagonistically / The
contraction of circular muscles /
relaxation of longitudinal muscles /
Cause the segments of the earthworm to
extend / become longer / The contraction
of longitudinal muscles / the relaxation of
circular muscles / Cause the segments
of the earthworm to shorten / become
shorter.
(c) (i) P: Pundi udara / Air sac
Q: Berkas vaskular / Vascular
bundle
(ii) Memberi daya keapungan /
mengurangkan ketumpatan
tumbuhan akuatik / tumbuhan
terapung mendekati permukaan
air / untuk mendapatkan cahaya
matahari yang maksimum.
Provides buoyancy / reduces the
density of the aquatic plant / keeps
the plant floating close to the water
surface / for obtaining maximum
sunlight.
(iii) Tekanan kesegahan cecair
dalam vakuol / menolak sel
membran ke dinding sel /
mewujudkan sokongan untuk
batang, daun dan akar.
Turgor pressure of the fluids in the
central vacuole / pushes the cell
membrane against the cell walls /
creates support for the stem, leaves
and roots.
Bahagian B
4. Burung mempunyai sepasang sayap
berbentuk aerofoil
Birds have aerofoil wings
- menjanakan daya angkat yang
membolehkan burung terbang di
udara
which generate the lift for flying through air
10
Badan burung berbentuk larus
Birds have streamlined body shapes
- untuk mengurangkan rintangan
udara semasa terbang
to reduce resistance in the air while flying
Burung mempunyai tulang berongga,
kepala yang kecil dan tidak
menyimpan lemak
Birds have hollow bones, small head and
their body are free of fats
- supaya badan adalah ringan
to achieve light weight
Mempunyai sepasang otot
berantagonis, pektoralis major dan
pektoralis minor
Having a pair of antagonistic muscles,
pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
menggerakkan sayap ke atas dan
ke bawah
the contraction and relaxation of the
muscles enable the wings to move up
and down
Kebanyakan organnya wujud secara
tunggal dan kecil seperti ginjal dan
testis
Some of their internal organs are small
such as kidney and testis
- mengurangkan berat
to reduce weight
Mempunyai bulu pelepah pada ekor
dan sayapnya
Having feathers in their tails and wings
- meningkatkan luas permukaan
semasa penerbangan
to increase surface area during flying
Soalan Klon MRSM
1. C          2.
C
Untuk menghalang tulang bergerak
To immobilise the bone
Memastikan hujung tulang yang patah
dalam kedudukan yang betul semasa
proses penyembuhan
Keep the broken ends in proper a position
during healing process
Membenarkan pertumbuhan sel-sel
tulang baharu
Allow new bone cells to grow
Mencegah kecederaan lebih serius
pada tulang yang patah
Prevent affected bone from further injury
 BAB
Koordinasi dan Gerak Balas
3 Coordination and Response
Gerak Balas dan Koordinasi
3.1 Response and Coordination
1. (a) gerak balas / responses
Rangsangan / Stimuli
Luaran / External
2. Bunyi / Sound
3. Bau / Smell
5. Suhu / Temperature
7. Sentuhan / Touch
(a) menyesuaikan / adjust
(b) bahaya / harm
(c) kemandirian / survival
Dalaman / Internal
1. gula / sugar
2. osmosis / osmotic
(d) homeostasis
Koordinasi / Coordination
Gerak balas / Response
(b) Gerak balas / Response
(c) Fototropisme / Phototropism ;
Hidrotropisme / Hydrotropism ;
Geotropisme / Geotropism ; Nasti / Nastic
; Taksis / Tactic
2. Cahaya / Light ; Bahan kimia / Chemical
; Bunyi / Sound ; Sentuhan, tekanan /
Touch, pressure ; Kesakitan / Pain ; Suhu
udara / Air temperature ; Kulit / Skin
3. Rangsangan luar (cahaya) / External
stimulus (light)
(a) Reseptor deria / Sensory receptors
(b) Neuron aferen / Afferent neurone
(c) Pusat integrasi / Integrating centre
(d) Neuron eferen / Efferent neurones
(e) Efektor / Effectors
(f) Gerak balas / Response
(g) Aferen / Afferent
(h) eferen / Efferent
Rangsangan dalam (pH darah) /
External stimulus (blood pH)
(a) Reseptor deria / Sensory receptors
(b) Neuron aferen / Afferent neurone
(c) Pusat integrasi / Integrating centre
(d) Neuron eferen / Efferent neurones
(e) Efektor / Effectors
(f) Gerak balas / Response
(g) Aferen / Afferent
(h) eferen / Efferent
4. Jenis reseptor / Type of receptor
Kemoreseptor / Chemoreceptor ;
Osmoreseptor / Osmoreceptor ;
Termoreseptor / Thermoreceptor ;
Kemoreseptor / Chemoreceptor ;
Baroreseptor / Baroreceptor
Pankreas / Pancreas ; Hipotalamus
/ Hypothalamus ; Hipotalamus /
Hypothalamus ; Medula oblongata, aorta
dan arteri karotid / Medulla oblongata,
aortic and carotid artery ; Aorta dan arteri
karotid / Aortic and carotid artery
5. (a) rangsangan / stimuli
(b) (i) Sistem saraf / Nervous system
(ii) Sistem endokrin / Endocrine
system
Peranan Sistem Saraf Manusia
3.2 The Role of the Human Nervous System
1. deria , integrasi, motor / sensory,
integration, motor
(a) rangsangan / stimulus
(b) Input deria / Sensory input
(c) Output motor / Motor output
(d) Efektor / Effector
(e) luar, dalam / internal, external
(f) impuls saraf, sistem saraf pusat
(SSP) / nerve impulses, al nervous
system (CNS)
(g) mengintegrasi / integrates
(h) gerak balas / responses
(i) efektor, otot / kelenjar ; Effectors,
muscles / glands
2. Sistem saraf pusat / Central nervous
system ; Otak / Brain ; Saraf tunjang /
Spinal cord ; Saraf kranium / Cranial nerve
; Saraf spina / Spinal nerve ; Sistem saraf
periferi / Peripheral nervous system
Otak: Struktur dan Fungsi
The Brain: Structure and Function
(a) Talamus / Thalamus
(b) Serebelum / Cerebellum
(c) Medula oblongata / Medulla oblongata
(d) Kelenjar pituitari / Pituitary gland
(e) Hipotalamus / Hypothalamus
(f) Serebrum / Cerebrum
1. (a) masuk, keluar, korteks serebrum /
Incoming, outgoing, cerebral cortex
(b) reseptor deria, serebrum /
sensory receptors, cerebrum
2. (a) pengecutan otot, pergerakan badan
/ muscle contractions, body movements
(b) keseimbangan badan / body
balancing
3. (a) tindakan luar kawal / involuntary
actions
(b) denyutan jantung, peristalsis,
pernafasan dan perubahan saiz
salur darah / heart beat, peristalsis,
breathing and vasoconstriction (or
vasodilation).
(c) muntah, batuk, bersin, telan /
Vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing
4. (a) homeostasis
(b) keletihan, kelaparan, dahaga,
suhu badan, keseimbangan air an
tekanan darah / sleep, hunger, thirst,
body temperature, water balance and
blood pressure
(c) kelenjar pituitari / pituitary gland ;
sistem saraf / nervous ; endokrin /
endocrine systems
5. (a) hormon, mengawal / hormones,
controls
6. (a) (i) besar, kompleks / largest,
complex
(ii) korteks serebrum,
11
menambahkan luas permukaan
/ cerebral cortex, increase surface
area
(b) (i) input deria, integrasi, gerak
balas motor / sensory input,
integrative, motor responses
(ii) aktiviti terkawal badan,
persepsi deria / voluntary muscle
movements, sensory perception
(iii) pembelajaran, ingatan,
pertimbangan , kemahiran
berbahasa, berucap, kemahiran
matematik, imaginasi, bakat
seni dan ciri-ciri personaliti.
/ learning, memory, reasoning,
language skills, speech,
mathematical skills, imagination,
artistic talent and personality traits.
Saraf Tunjang: Struktur dan Fungsi
The Spinal Cord: Structure and Functions
1. turus vertebra / vertebral column
2. cecair serebrospinal, penyerap
hentakan, nutrien / cerebrospinal fluid,
shock absorber, nutrient
(a) jirim putih / white matter ; badan sel /
cell bodies
(b) akson bersalut mielin / myelin-coated
axons
(c) Akar dorsal / Dorsal root ; akson
neuron aferen / axons afferent neurons
(d) Ganglion, badan sel, neuron
aferen / Ganglion, cell bodies, afferent
neurones
(e) Saraf spina / Spinal nerve
(f) akson, neuron eferen / axons, efferent
neurones
(g) Neuron aferen / Afferent neurone
(h) Interneuron / Interneurone
(i) Neuron eferen / Efferent neurone
3. (i) maklumat deria, tindak balas,
neuron eferen / sensory information,
responses, efferent neurons
(ii) neuron, otak / neurons, brain
(iii) refleks / reflex
Neuron: Struktur dan Fungsi
The Neurones: Structure and Function
(a) aferen / afferent
Fungsi / Function:
reseptor / receptor ; otak / brain ; saraf
tunjang / spinal cord
(b) eferen / efferent
Fungsi / Function:
otak atau saraf tunjang, efektor / brain or
spinal cord, effectors
(c) otak, saraf tunjang / brain, spinal cord ;
neuron aferen, neuron eferen / afferent
neurones, efferent neurones
Dendrit / Dendrites:
(i) neuron / neurones
(ii) badan sel / cell body
badan sel / Cell body:
(i) nukleus, organel / nucleus organelles
(ii) Mengintegrasi, mengkoordinasi /
Integrates, coordinates
Akson / Axon:
(i) Badan sel / cell body
(ii) salut mielin / myelin sheath
Terminal sinaps / Synaptic terminal:
(i) sel otot, kelenjar, dendrit / muscle cells,
glands, dendrites
Penghantaran Maklumat daripada
Reseptor ke Efektor
Transmission of Information from Receptors to
Effectors
1. isyarat elektrik, impuls saraf / electrical
signals, nerve impulses
2. akson / axon
3. (a) Rangsangan / stimulus
(b) Reseptor / Receptors
(c) neuron aferen / afferent neurons
(d) interneuron / interneurons
(e) (i) Otak / brain
(ii) neuron eferen / efferent neuron
(f) efektor / effector
(g) otot, gerak balas / muscles, responses
(h) Gerak balas / Response
Penghantaran Maklumat Merentasi Sinaps
Transmission of Information Across Synapse
1. dua neuron / two neurones
2. (a) Akson / Axon
(b) Vesikel sinaps / Synaptic vesicle
(c) Bonggol sinaps / Synaptic terminals
(d) Ruang sinaps / Synaptic cleft
(e) Salut mielin / Myelin sheath
(f) Mitokondria / Mitochondria
(g) Reseptor / Receptor
(h) Reseptor dendrite / Dendrite receptor
3. (a) impuls / impulse ; membran pra-
sinaps / presynaptic membrane ;
bonggol sinaps / synaptic terminals
(b) vesikel sinaps / synaptic vesicles ;
neurotransmitter / neurotransmitters
; asetilkolina / acetylcholine ; ruang
sinaps / synaptic cleft
(c) Mitokondria / mitochondria ; tenaga /
energy ; aktif / active
(d) meresap / diffuses ; reseptor /
receptors ; membran pos-sinaps /
post-synaptic membrane
(e) impuls elektrik / electrical impulse
(f) impuls elektrik / electrical impulse ;
impuls kimia / chemical impulse ; satu
/ one
4. (a) Mengawal, mengintegrasi impuls
saraf / Controlling, integrating the nerve
impulses
(b) satu arah / one direction
Tindakan Terkawal dan Tindakan Luar
Kawal
Voluntary and Involuntary Actions
Tindakan terkawal / Voluntary actions
Korteks serebrum / Cerebral cortex of cerebrum
; disedari / conscious ; Berjalan, bercakap
/ Walking, talking ; Rangsangan / Stimulus
; Reseptor / Receptor ; Korteks serebrum
di otak / Cerebral cortex in brain ; Efektor /
Effector
Tindakan luar kawal / Involuntary actions
Medula oblongata / Medulla oblongata ;
automatik / automatically ; Peristalsis,
denyutan jantung, arka refleks, sentakan
lutut / Peristalsis, beating of heart, the reflex arc,
knee-jerk ; Rangsangan / Stimulus ; Reseptor
/ Receptor ; Medula oblongata / hipotalamus
/ saraf tunjang ; Medulla oblongata /
hypothalamus / spinal cord ; Efektor / Effector
Arka refleks / The reflex arc
neuron aferen, interneuron, neuron eferen,
saraf tunjang / afferent neurons, interneurone,
efferent neurons, spinal cord
1. Pin tajam / sharp pin
2. Reseptor deria / sensory receptors ;
impuls saraf / nerve impulses
4. Saraf tunjang / Spinal cord ; impuls saraf
/ nerve impulses
6. Otot biseps / Biceps muscle
7. mengecut / contracts
neuron aferen, neuron eferen, saraf tunjang
/ afferent neurons, efferent neurons, spinal cord
1. tendon, otot kuadriseps, tulang / Tendon,
quadriceps muscle, bone
2. reseptor regang / stretch receptors
4. Saraf tunjang / Spinal cord
6. Otot kuadriseps / Quadriceps muscle
7. mengecut, ke hadapan / contracts, forward
Penyakit Berkaitan dengan Sistem Saraf
Nervous System Related Diseases
Faktor-faktor / Factors:
(i) Genetik / Genetic
(ii) Persekitaran / Environmental
(c) (i) pertimbangan / reasoning
(ii) mengurus / care
(iii) keliru / confused
(iv) daya ingatan / memory
60 tahun / 60 years
(d) (i) ketaran / tremors
(ii) normal / normal
(iii) keseimbangan / balance
Peranan Hormon dalam Manusia
3.3 The Role of Hormones in Humans
1. (a) kelenjar endokrin, aliran darah /
endocrine glands, bloodstream
(b) tisu sasaran / target cells
(c) tindak balas / response
(i) kelenjar endokrin, hormon /
endocrine gland, hormones
(ii) meresap, aliran darah / diffuse,
bloodstream
(iii) diangkut, badan / transported,
body
(iv) organ sasaran khas / specific
target organs
2. Sistem endokrin, kelenjar endokrin,
hormon / endocrine system, endocrine
glands, hormones
12
3. tidak berduktus / ductless
4. (a) homeostasis
(b) merangsang / stimulate ;
menghalang / inhibit ; menggalakkan
/ promote ; menghalang / inhibit
5. proses fisiologi, sistem endokrin /
physiological processes, endocrine system
(a) haid / menstrual
(b) seks sekunder / secondary sexual
(c) pertumbuhan / growth
6. melengkapkan / complements ; neuron /
neurons ; hormon antidiuresis / antidiuretic
hormone
Kelenjar Utama Sistem Endokrin Manusia
The Main Glands of the Human Endocrine
System
(a) Kelenjar pituitari
Pituitary gland
(b) Pankreas
Pancreas
(c) Testis
Testis
(d) Kelenjar tiroid
Thyroid gland
(e) Kelenjar adrenal
Adrenal gland
(f) Ovari
Ovary
1. (a) Hormon perangsang tiroid (TSH)
/ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ;
Merangsang, tiroksina / Stimulates,
thyroxine
(b) Hormon perangsang folikel (FSH)
/ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ;
folikel / follicles ; spermatogenesis
(c) Hormon peluteinan (LH) / Luteinising
hormone (LH) ; pengovulan, korpus
luteum / Ovulation, corpus luteum ;
testosteron / testosterone
(d) Hormon pertumbuhan (GH) / Growth
hormone (GH) ; pertumbuhan / growth
(e) Hormon antidiuresis (ADH)
/ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ;
penyerapan semula air / water
reabsorption
(f) Tiroksina / Thyroxine ; metabolisme
/ metabolism ; suhu badan / body
temperature ; pertumbuhan / growth
(g) Adrenalina / Adrenaline ; gula, asid
lemak / sugar, fatty acids ; aktiviti
jantung, pernafasan / heart activity,
breathing ; metabolisme / metabolic
(h) Insulin / Insulin ; glukosa darah
/ blood glucose ; glukosa kepada
glikogen / glucose to glycogen
(i) Glukagon / Glucagon ; glukosa darah
/ blood glucose ; glikogen kepada
glukosa / glycogen to glucose
(j) Estrogen / Oestrogen ; ciri seks
sekunder, ovum / secondary sexual
characteristics, ova ; dinding uterus /
uterine lining
(k) Progesteron / Progesterone ;
 perkembangan / development ;
pengovulan / ovulation
(l) Testosteron / Testosterone ; lelaki /
male
Pengawalaturan Rembesan Hormon
The Regulation of Hormone Secretion
1. (a) Kelenjar pituitari anterior / Anterior
pituitary gland
(b) TSH
(c) Kelenjar tiroid / Thyroid gland
(d) Tiroksina / Thyroxine
(e) hormon perangsang tiroid / thyroid
stimulating hormone
(f) kelenjar tiroid, tiroksina / thyroid
gland, thyroxine
(g) tiroksina, menghalang / Thyroxine,
inhibits
2. (a) insulin, pengambilan glukosa /
Insulin, glucose uptake
(b) glukagon, glikogen / glucagon,
glycogen
3. (a) impuls saraf / nerve
(b) kelenjar pituitari / pituitary glands
(c) Kelenjar adrenal, adrenalina /
Adrenal glands, adrenaline
Bagaimana Sistem Endokrin Melengkapkan
Sistem Saraf
How does the Endocrine System Complement
the Nervous System
Keadaan cemas / Flight or flight” situation:
rangsangan / stimuli ; Hipotalamus /
hypothalamus ; Medula adrenal / Adrenal
medulla ; Adrenalina / Adrenaline
Peningkatan dalam / Increases in:
(i) denyutan jantung / heart beat
(ii) pernafasan / breathing
(iii) darah / blood
(iv) glukosa / glucose
(v) metabolisme / metabolic
Kesan / The effect:
(i) oksigen, glukosa / oxygen, glucose
(ii) bertenaga, melawan, melarikan diri /
Energised, fight, flee
Pengawalaturan Rembesan Hormon
The Regulation of Hormone Secretion
Insulin ; Hormon pertumbuhan / Growth
hormones
Kegunaan Hormon dalam Perubatan
The Use of Hormones in Medicine
Hormon pertumbuhan / Growth hormone:
(a) Kekerdilan / Dwarfism
(i) tulang / bone
(ii) Organ / organs
(iii) Saiz / size
(b) kegergasian / gigantism
(i) tulang / bone
(ii) ketinggian / tall
(c) akromegali / acromegaly
Tiroksina / Thyroxine: Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
(a) Kretinisme / Cretinism Besar, besar / higher, higher
(b) Miksedema / Myxedema
(i) Kadar denyutan jantung / heart rate Sistem Perkumuhan
The Excretory System
(ii) Kadar metabolisme / metabolic rate
(iii) Suhu badan / body temperature 1. (a) perkumuhan / excretion
(c) Hipotiroidisme, beguk / Hypothyroidism, (b) pengosmokawalaturan /
goitre
osmoregulation
(d) (i) Peluh berlebihan / Excessive sweating 2. (a) nefron / nephron
(ii) Intoleransi haba / Heat intolerance (b) (i) Glomerulus / glomerulus
(iii) Peningkatan pergerakan usus / (ii) Kapsul Bowman / Bowman’s
Increased bowel movements capsule
(iv) Keresahan / Nervousness (iii) Tubul renal / Renal tubule ;
(v) Kadar jantung yang cepat / Rapid berlingkar proksimal / proximal
heart rate
convoluted ; Henle ; berlingkar
(vi) Kekurangan berat badan / Weight distal / distal convoluted
loss
(c) duktus pengumpul / collecting duct
(vii) Hipertiroidisme / Hyperthyroidism
(d) (i) Piramid Medula
Insulin: Medullary pyramid
(a) Diabetes melitus, tinggi / Diabetes (ii) Korteks
mellitus, high Cortex
(b) Hipoglisemia, rendah / Hypoglycaemia, (iii) Kapsul renal
low Renal capsule
(iv) Arteri renal
ADH: Renal artery
Diabetes insipidus / Diabetes incipidus; Edema (v) Vena renal
/ Oedema Renal vein
(vi) Ureter
Ureter
Homeostasis dalam Manusia (vii) Pelvis
3.4 Homeostasis in Humans
Pelvis
1. (a) cecair interstis, plasma darah / (e) (i) Kapsul Bowman
interstitial fluid, blood plasma Bowman’s capsule
(b) (i) fizikal / Physical (ii) Arteriol eferen
(ii) kimia / Chemical Efferent arteriole
(iii) Tekanan separa / Partial pressure (iii) Arteriol aferen
(iv) osmosis / Osmotic Afferent arteriole
(v) gula / sugar (iv) Glomerulus
(c) mengekalkan persekitaran dalaman Glomerulus
/ constant internal environment (v) Tubul berlingkar proksimal
2. Proses kawal atur persekitaran dalaman Proximal convoluted tubule
yang agak malar / The maintenance of a (vi) Tubul berlingkar distal
relatively constant internal environment Distal convoluted tubule
(vii) Duktus pengumpul
Eksperimen 3.1: Collecting duct
Experiment 3.1:
(viii) Liku Henle
Loop of Henle
Hipotesis / Hypothesis:
Besar, besar / larger, larger 3. Ultraturasan / Ultrafiltration ; Penyerapan
semula / Reabsorption ; Rembesan /
Pemboleh ubah / Variables:
Secretion ; Penyerapan semula air /
Dimanipulasikan / Manipulated:
Reabsorption of water
Isi padu air yang diminum / Volume of water
intake air, glukosa, asid amino, urea, garam
Bergerak balas / Responding: mineral / water glucose, amino acids, urea,
Isi padu air kencing yang dikumpul / Volume of mineral salts ; Pengangkutan aktif / Active
transport ; Osmosis ; Pengangkutan aktif
urine collected
/ Active transport
Keputusan / Results: Pengangkutan pasif / Passive transport ;
Jawapan murid / Student’s results Pengangkutan pasif / Passive transport ;
Perbincangan / Discussion: Osmosis
1. Besar, besar / larger, larger Pengangkutan pasif / Passive transport ;
2. berkurang, banyak / decreases, more Osmosis ; resapan, Pengangkutan aktif
3. kurang, lebih / less, more / diffusion, Active transport
Osmosis / Osmosis
4. (a) bertekanan hidrostatik tinggi / high
hydrostatic pressure
13
 (b) arteriol aferen, arteriol eferen /
afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole
(c) glomerulus, ultraturasan / glomerulus,
ultrafiltration
(d) hasil turasan glomerulus / glomerular
filtrate
Mekanisme Pengosmokawalaturan
The Mechanism of Osmoregulation
1. tetap / constant
2. mekanisme suap balik negatif / negative
feedback mechanism
Minum kurang air / Drinking too tittle water
meningkat / increases ; hipotalamus /
hypothalamus
Mekanisme pembetulan / Corrective
mechanisms
pituitari / pituitary ; ADH ; Meningkatkan /
Increases ; diserap semula / reabsorbed ;
pekat, menurun / concentrated, decreases ;
lebih sedikit / small ; lebih gelap / darker ;
menurun / falls
Melalui mekanisme suap balik negatif /
By negative feedback mechanism
mengurangkan / reduces ; Hentikan, ADH /
Stops, ADH
Minum lebih air / Drinking too much water
Tekanan osmosis darah / Blood osmotic
pressure ; Sel osmoreseptor / Osmoreceptor
cells
Mekanisme pembetulan / Corrective
mechanisms
ADH ; tubul berlingkar distal, pengumpul /
convoluted tubule, collecting ; diserap semula /
reabsorbed ; cair, meningkat / dilute, increases ;
lebih besar / larger ; lebih cerah / lighter
Secara mekanisme suap balik negatif / By
negative feedback mechanism
meningkat / rises
Kesan Kegagalan Fungsi Ginjal
The Consequences of Impaired Kidney Function
1. penyakit, ubat atau kecederaan /
diseases, drugs or injury
2. (a) Bahan buangan metabolisme /
Metabolic waste
(b) Tekanan osmosis darah / Blood
osmotic pressure
(c) Isi padu darah / Blood volume
3. (b) pemindahan ginjal / kidney transplant
(i) mesin dialisis / dialysis machine
(ii) meresap / diffuse
(iii) isotonik / isotonic
(iv) salur darah / blood vessels
Pengawalaturan Aras Gula dalam Darah
The Regulation of Blood Sugar Level
Selepas hidangan / After meal
75 – 110 mg / 100 ml
meningkat / rises ; pankreas, insulin /
pancreas, insulin
1. respirasi, hati, otot, adipos / respiration,
liver, muscle, adipose
2. glikogen, disimpan / Glycogen, storage
3. lemak / fats
menurun / lowered
Di antara hidangan / In between meal
menurun / drops ; pankreas, glukagon /
pancreas, glucagon
4. glikogen, hati / glycogen, liver
5. lipid, asid lemak, tenaga / lipid, fatty acids,
energy
meningkat / rises
Pengawalaturan Suhu Badan
The Regulation of Body Temperature
Suhu badan / Body temperature
Meningkat / Increases ; Termoreseptor, haba,
kulit / Thermoreceptors, heat, skin ; badan,
suhu luaran / body, external temperature
Menurun / Drops ; hipotalamus, sejuk
/ hypothalamus, cold ; penurunan /
decrease ; Pusat pengawalaturan suhu /
Thermoregulatory centre
Dalam persekitaran yang panas
In a warm environment
1. Pemvasodilatan / Vasodilation ;
Mengendur / relax ; meningkatkan /
increases ; sinaran / radiated
2. peluh / sweat ; penyejatan / evaporation ;
kehilangan / loses
3. mengendur / relax ; Menurunkan,
mendatar / Lowering, flatten ; Udara
panas / Warm air
4. menggigil / shivering
5. adrenalina, tiroksina / adrenaline, thyroxine
; rendah / low
Efektor terlibat
Effectors involved
Otot licin / Smooth muscles
Kelenjar peluh / Sweat glands
Otot regang / Erector muscles
Otot rangka / Skeletal muscles
Adrenal dan tiroid / Adrenal and thyroid
Dalam persekitaran yang sejuk
In a cold environment
1. Pemvasocerutan / Vasoconstriction ;
mengecut / contract ; mengurangkan /
reduces ; sinaran / radiated
2. Perpeluhan / Sweating
3. mengecut / contract ; Menegakkan /
Raising ; lapisan penebat / insulating layer
; Menghalang / Prevents
4. Menggigil / Shivering
5. Lebih / More ; meningkatkan / increases
Mengamalkan Gaya Hidup Sihat
3.5 Practising a Healthy Lifestyle
1. Bahan kimia / Chemicals ; ubatan /
medicine ; sinaps / synapse ; narkotik /
narcotics ; keseronokan / pleasure
14
2. Perangsang / Stimulants
Meningkatkan, sistem saraf pusat
/ Increase, central nervous system;
kecerdasan mental, denyutan jantung,
aras glukosa / mental alertness, heartbeat,
blood glucose ; penyakit mental / mental
illness
Contoh / Examples:
Kafeina (kopi, teh, dan minuman cola)
/ Caffeine (coffee, tea and cola drinks) ;
Nikotina (rokok) / Nicotine (cigarettes) ;
Kokaina / Cocaine ; Amfetamina /
Amphetamines
Penenang / Depressants
Perlahankan / Slow down ; serebrum /
cerebrum
Contoh / Examples:
Candu (opium, morfin, heroin dan
kodein) / Opiates (opium, morphine, heroine
and codeine) ; Barbiturat / Barbiturates ;
Trankuiliser / Tranquilisers
Halusinogen / Hallucinogens
halusinasi / hallucinations ; tidak wujud /
non-existent ; emosi / emotional
Contoh / Examples:
Ganja (marijuana) / Cannabis (marijuana) ;
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
Alkohol / Alcohol
otak / brain ; penglihatan, pendengaran,
pertuturan / vision, hearing, speech ;
keseimbangan / balance ; sistem saraf /
nervous system ; tindak balas / responses ;
jarak / distances
3. (a) Tekanan di tempat kerja, sekolah
atau rumah. / Stress in the work place,
school or home
(b) Tidak dapat menghadapi, melarikan
diri dari kenyataan. / Inability to cope,
escapism.
(c) Pengaruh rakan sebaya / Peer
influence.
(d) Tekanan emosi (kebimbangan &
kemurungan) / Emotional distress
(anxiety & depression)
(e) Perasaan ingin tahu / Curiosity
(f) Mempunyai ibu bapa yang
mengambil dadah / Having parents
who take drugs
(g) Melegakan kesakitan (ketagih
kepada ubat-ubatan mereka) / Relief
of pain (addicted to their medication)
Hormon Tumbuhan
3.6 Plant Hormones
1. rendah, pertumbuhan, perkembangan /
low, growth, development
2. auksin, etilena / auxins, ethylene
3. fototropisme / phototropism
 Auksin 4. membengkok, cahaya, positif / Bending, Penggunaan Hormon dalam Pertanian
Auxins the light, positive The Uses of Hormones in Agriculture

1. meristem apeks / apical meristem graviti / gravity

(a) akar adventitus / adventitious roots
2. pemanjangan sel / cell elongation 1. auksin / auxins
(b) partenokarpi / parthenocarpy
3. pembahagian sel / cell division 2. Cahaya, graviti, bahagian bawah / Light,
gravity, lower side
(c) pemasakan buah-buahan / ripening of
4. pemanjangan sel / cell elongation fruits
3. lebih tinggi / higher
Peranan Auksin dalam Fototropisme dan
(i) selulase, selulosa / cellulase, cellulose
4. atas / upwards ; negatif / negative
Geotropisme (ii) karbohidrat kompleks / complex
5. merencat, membengkok ke bawah, carbohydrates
The Role of Auxin in Phototropism and
Geotropism
positif / Inhibits, bends downwards, positive
Akar / Root ; Pucuk / Shoot ; pertumbuhan
cahaya / light
maksimum, merencat / maximum growth,
  1. pucuk, bawah / Shoot, downwards
inhibits ; terlalu rendah / too low
2. cahaya, satu arah / light, one direction
3. kawasan teduh, cepat / shaded side,
faster

15

PRAKTIS SPM 3
Soalan Objektif
1. A 2. B 3. D 4. A 5. D
6. D 7. D 8. B 9. D 10. B
11. D
Soalan Struktur
Bahagian A T become flatten, less air trapped and
1. (a) P : Glomerulus
Q : Liku Henle / Loop of Henle
R : Tubul berlingkar proksimal /
Proximal convoluted tubule
S : Duktus pengumpul / Collecting
duct
(b) Ultraturasan. Plasma darah terturas
keluar dari P ke kapsul Bowman
disebabkan oleh tekanan hidrostatik
yang tinggi dan diameter arteriol
eferen yang lebih kecil berbanding
arteriol eferen. / Ultrafiltration. Blood
plasma filtered out from P to Bowman’s
capsule due to high hydrostatic pressure
and the smaller diameter of efferent
arteriole comparing to afferent arteriole.
(c) Ultraturasan / penyerapan semula /
rembesan ; Ultrafiltration / reabsorption
/ secretion
(d) Sebagai organ perkumuhan untuk
mengumuh air kencing, sebagai
organ pengosmokawalaturan
untuk mengawal atur kandungan
air dalam badan dan mengawal
pH darah melalui rembesan ion
hidrogen. / As an excretory organ to
excrete urine, as an osmoregulatory
organ to regulate water balance in
the body and regulates blood pH by
3. (a) R: Kelenjar peluh / Sweat gland
secretion of hydrogen ion.
2. (a) X: Kelenjar adrenal / Adrenal gland
Y: Pankreas / Pancreas
(b) (i) Hormon 1 / Hormone 1 : Insulin /
Insulin
Hormon 2 / Hormone 2 :
Glukagon / Glucagon
(ii) Hormon 1 / Hormone 1:
Insulin yang dirembeskan oleh
pankreas menukar glukosa
berlebihan kepada glikogen dan
disimpan di dalam hati atau tisu
otot / Insulin secreted by pancreas
stimulate the conversion of excess
glucose into glycogen and store in
the liver or muscle cells
Hormon 2 / Hormone 2:
Glukagon yang dirembeskan
oleh pankreas menukar
glikogen kepada glukosa
di dalam darah / Glucagon
secreted by pancreas stimulate the
conversion of glycogeninto glucose
in the blood
(c) Kegagalan ginjal menyebabkan
pengosmokawalaturan tidak berlaku
/ Kidney failure cause osmoregulation
not occur
Penyerapan semula air tidak berlaku
/ Reabsorption of water cannot occur
Kandungan air dalam darah rendah
/ Low water content in the blood
Tekanan osmotik darah meningkat /
Increase blood osmotic pressure
Lebihan air kencing / More urine is
formed
Menyebabkan ternyahhidrat / Cause
dehydrate
(d) Darah pesakit mengalir melalui
tiub separa telap. / Blood from the
patient flows through semi-permeable
tubing.
Cecair dialisis adalah hisotonik
terhadap plasma darah. / The
dialysis fluid is isotonic to blood
plasma.
Darah mengandungi ke pekatan
urea yang lebih tinggi berbanding
cecair dialisis.
The blood has higher concentration of
urea compare to dialysis fluid.
Urea meresap daripada darah ke
dalam cecair dialisis.
The urea diffuses from the blood into
the dialysis fluid.
Urea disingkirkan, darah yang
ditapis masuk semula ke salur
darah.
Urea is eliminated, the filtered blood
re-enters the blood vessels.
S: Otot regang / Erector muscle
T: Bulu roma / Hair
(b) (i) Sebagai penebat haba /
Sebagai sumber tenaga /
As heat insulator / As energy source.
(ii) Membolehkan pengaliran darah
To allow blood flow.
(c) Apabila suhu badan rendah
daripada julat normal, kapilari darah
mengecut, pemvasocerutan berlaku.
Kapilari darah menjauhi permukaan
kulit, kurang darah mengalir
menyebabkan kurang haba hilang
secara sinaran.
When the body temperature goes
lower than the normal range, the blood
capillaries constrict, vasoconstriction
occurs. The blood capillary moves further
from the skin surface, less blood flow
cause less heat lost by radiation.
(d) R dirangsang untuk membebaskan
lebih banyak peluh, menyebabkan
lebih banyak haba dihilangkan.
16
R is stimulated to release more sweat,
reasulting in more heat loss.
S mengendur dan menarik bulu
roma ke bawah.
S relaxes and pulling the hair down.
T mendatar, kurang udara
terperangkap dan menyebabkan
lebih haba dihilangkan.
cause more heat loss
Bahagian B
4. Mata Alif mengesan rangsangan, iaitu
anjing yang sedang mengejarnya
Alif’s eyes detect stimuli, which is the dog
that is chasing him
Reseptor mencetus impuls saraf dan
dihantar ke hipotalamus di otak
Receptors trigger the nerve impulses and
are sent to the hypothalamus in the brain
Hipotalamus menghantar impuls saraf
ke medula adrenal
Hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to
adrenal medulla
Kelenjar adrenal dirangsang untuk
merembeskan adrenalina dan
diangkut oleh aliran darah
Adrenal glands are stimulated to secret
adrenaline and transported by the blood
stream
Adrenalina meningkatkan kadar
denyutan jantung
Adrenaline increase heartbeat rate
- jantung mengepam lebih banyak
oksigen ke tisu otot untuk menjana
lebih tenaga
heart pump more oxygen to muscle
tissue to generate more energy
Adrenalina meningkatkan kadar
pernafasan
Adrenaline increase breathing rate
- untuk meningkatkan aras oksigen
dalam badan
to increase the oxygen level in body
Adrenalina meningkatkan aras
glukosa darah
Adrenaline increase the blood glucose level
- untuk membekalkan lebih banyak
glukosa untuk tenaga
to supply more glucose for energy
Pemvasodilatan pada salur darah otot
dan otak
Vasodilation of muscle and brain blood
vessel
- untuk menyalurkan lebih banyak
oksigen dan glukosa pada otot
untuk gerak balas otot dan cepat
berfikir dalam situasi panik
to channel more oxygen and glucose to
the muscle for the action of the muscle
and quick thinking in panic situation

Koordinasi yang melibatkan sistem
saraf dan sistem endokrin dalam
badan Alif menjadikan otot rangka
lebih bertenaga dan membolehkan Alif
melarikan diri
The coordination involving the nervous
system and endocrine system make the
musculoskeletal more energetic and allow
Alif to flee immediately
Gerak balas ini disebut gerak balas
‘lawan atau lari’
This response is called the ‘fight or flight’
response
Soalan Klon MRSM The neurotransmitters are release across the
synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic membrane
1. C          2.
C Oleh sebab neurotransmiter dibebaskan
dari membran pra-sinaps, maka
penghantaran impuls dalam arka reflex
adalah sehala
Vesikel yang mengandungi Due to the release of neurotransmitters from
neurotransmiter hanya terdapat di the presynaptic membrane, transmission of
bonggol pra-sinaps impulses in the reflex arc is unidirectional
Vesicles containing neurotransmitter only
found on pre-synaptic knob
Neurotransmiter dibebaskan merentasi
ruang sinaps ke membran post-sinaps
17
 BAB 3. (a) kepala, bahagian tengah, ekor / (e) sepanjang hayat / life long
Pembiakan dan Pertumbuhan
4 Reproduction and Growth
head, midpiece, tail
(b) Akrosom, enzim hidrolisis /
(f) spermatogonium, spermatosit
primer / spermatogonium, primary
Acrosome, hydrolytic enzyme spermatocytes
Pembentukan Gamet
4.1 Gamete Formation (c) nukleus / nucleus (g) spermatosit sekunder / secondary
(d) mitokondria / mitochondria sperma tocyhes
1. (a) anak / offspring (e) Ekor / The tail Oogenesis
(b) (i) spesies / species 4. epididimis / epididymis ; Vas deferens / (a) Ovari, perempuan / Ovary, female
(ii) gen / genes Vas deferens ; Vesikel semen / Seminal (b) Satu ovum, tiga jasad kutub / One
2. (a) gamet haploid, zigot diploid / haploid vesicle ; Kelenjar prostat / Prostate gland ; ovum, three polar bodies
gametes, diploid zygote Uretra / Urethra (c) lebih besar / bigger
(b) gamet / gametes (d) silia / cilia
3. Jantan, 46 / Male, 46 ; Testis / Testes Sistem Pembiakan Perempuan (e) fetus, menopaus, kitar haid / foetus,
The Human Female Reproductive System
; Sperma, 23 / Sperms, 23 ; Betina, menopause, menstrual cycle
46/ Female, 46 ; Ovari / Ovary ; Ovum, 1. (a) Tiub Fallopio (f) oogonium, oosit primer / oogonium,
23 ; Zigot, 46 / Zygote, 46 ; Anak, 46 / Fallopian tubes primary oocytes
Offspring, 46 (b) Ovari (g) oosit sekunder, jasad kutub /
(a) sperma / sperms ; ovum / ova ; Ovary secondary oocyte, one polar body
meiosis (c) Endometrium
(b) haploid ; haploid ; zigot diploid / (d) Faraj Peranan Hormon dalam Kitar Haid
diploid zygote Vagina 4.2 The Role of Hormones in the Menstrual
(e) Uterus Cycle
(c) mitosis, 46
(d) (i) diploid (f) Serviks Haid dan Kitar Haid
(ii) Kemandirian / survival Cervix Menstruation and Menstrual Cycle
Pelbagai peringkat folikel dalam ovari
Sistem Pembiakan Lelaki 1. endometrium, tisu epitelium, ovum tak
manusia / Various stages of follicles in the
The Human Male Reproductive System human ovary tersenyawa, darah / epithelial tissues,
➀ Folikel primer / Primary follicle unfertilised ovum, blood
1. (a) Vesikel semen 2. (a) perkembangan folikel, pengovulan,
➂ Folikel Graaf / Graafian follicle
Seminal vesicle penebalan endometrium, haid,
➅ Korpus luteum matang / Mature corpus
(b) Uretra akil baligh / follicle development,
luteum
Urethra ovulation, thickening of the endometrium,
(c) Epididimis 2. oogenesis ; Oosit primer / Primary oocyte
menstruation , puberty
Epididymis ; folikel primer / primary follicle ; Oosit
sekunder / Secondary oocyte (b) 28 hari / 28 days
(d) Testis (c) pengovulan, hormon / ovulation,
Testes ➀ sel epitelium germa, mitosis, hormones
(i) Tubul seminiferus oogonium / germinal epithelial cells, (d) penempelan / implantation
Seminiferous tubule mitotically, oogonia 3. (a) ovum tersenyawa / fertilised ovum
(ii) Sel germa (2n) ➁ oosit primer / primary oocyte
Germinal cell (2n)
(b) ovum matang, pengovulan / mature
➂ folikel primer / primary follicles ova, ovulation
(iii) Spermatosit primer (2n)
Primary spermatocyte (2n)
➃ meiosis, profasa I / meiosis, prophase I (c) gamet betina / female gamete
(iv) Spermatosit sekunder (2n) ➄ oosit sekunder, jasad kutub /
secondaryoocyte, polar body Hormon yang Terlibat dalam Kitar Haid
Secondary spermatocyte (2n)
(v) Spermatid (n ➅ meiosis II, metafasa II / meiosis II, The Hormones involved in the Menstrual Cycle

Spermatids (n) metaphase II

Hormon perangsang folikel / FSH (Follicle-
(vi) Sperma ➆ jasad kutub, ovum / polar body, ovum
stimulating hormone)
Spermatozoa ➇ oosit sekunder, korpus luteum /
secondary oocyte, corpus luteum
(i) folikel / follicles
(e) Vas deferens (ii) estrogen / oestrogen
Vas deferens
Perbandingan antara Pembentukan Hormon peluteinan / LH (Luteinising hormone)
(f) Kelenjar prostat
Prostate gland
Sperma dengan Ovum (i) pengovulan / ovulation
Comparison between the Formation of Sperm (ii) korpus luteum / corpus luteum
(g) Zakar and Formation of Ovum
Penis (iii) progesteron / progesterone
2. testis, spermatogenesis / testes, 1. (a) sel epitelium germa, organ Estrogen / Oestrogen
spermatogenesis pembiakan / germinal epithelial cells, (i) folikel / follicles
(a) Sel epitelium germinal, mitosis, reproductive organs (ii) endometrium
spermatogonium / Germinal epithelial (b) spermatogonium, oogonium / (iii) positif / positive
cells, spermatogonia spermatogonia, oogonia Progesteron / Progesterone
(b) spermatosit primer, diploid / primary (c) meiosis, gamet / meiosis, gametes (i) penempelan / implantation
spermatocytes, diploid (ii) FSH dan LH / FSH and LH
(d) pertumbuhan / growth
(c) meiosis I, spermatosit sekunder /
2. Spermatogenesis 1. ➀ Hipotalamus / Hypothalamus ;
meiosis I, secondary spermatocytes
(a) Testis, lelaki / Testes, male kelenjar pituitari / pituitary gland
(d) meiosis II, spermatid, empat / ➁ folikel / follicles ; menghalang, FSH /
meiosis II, spermatids, four (b) empat sperma / Four sperms
(c) lebih kecil / smaller inhibits, FSH
(e) sel sertoli, sperma, pembezaan sel / ➂ estrogen, semakin meningkat /
sertoli cells, sperms, cell differentiation (d) ekor / tails
oestrogen, increases

18
 ➃ meningkat / rise Perkembangan Awal Zigot dalam Plasenta
➄ pengovulan / ovulation 4.3 Manusia The Placenta
➅ korpus luteum, progesteron / corpus Early Development of a Zygote in Humans
luteum, progesterone 1. (a) Plasenta / Placenta
➆ FSH, LH 1. nukleus, sperma, ovum, zigot, tiub (b) Endometrium
➇ menebal, kaya dengan salur darah, Fallopio / nuclei, sperm, ovum, zygote, (c) Tali pusat / Umbilical cord
penempelan / thicken, vascularise, Fallopian tube (d) Fetus / Foetus
implantation Pembentukan zigot / The formation of a
(e) Amnion
➈ estrogen, progesteron / oestrogen, zygote (f) Korion / Chorion
progesterone (i) perhubungan seks, sperma / sexual 2. nutrien, gas respirasi, bahan kumuh
intercourse, sperms metabolisme, tali pusat / nutrients,
2. Gejala fizikal / Common physical
symptoms:
(ii) tiub Fallopio / Fallopian tube respiratory gases, metabolic wastes, umbilical
(iii) oosit sekunder / secondary oocyte cord
(a) Sakit kepala / Headache
(iv) membran plasma, meiosis II, ovum Vena tali pusat / Umbilical veins
(b) Sakit sendi dan otot / Joint / muscle pain
/ plasma membrane, meiosis II, ovum (a) Oksigen / Oxygen
(c) Keletihan / Tiredness
(v) Membran persenyawaan / fertilisation (b) Air / Water
(d) Kesukaran untuk tidur / Difficulty in
membrane (c) Glukosa / Glucose
sleeping
(d) Asid amino / Amino acids
(e) Sakit perut / Upset stomach (vi) Nukleus, zigot diploid / nuclei, diploid
(e) Lipid / Lipids
(f) Perut kembung / Bloating zygote
(f) Garam mineral / Mineral salts
(g) Perubahan selera makan / 2. Hari 1
(g) Vitamin / Vitamins
mengidam makanan / Appetite zigot / zygote
(h) Hormon / Hormones
changes / food cravings
Hari 2 (i) Antibodi / Antibodies
(h) Bengkak dan kelembutan pada
mitosis, dua sel, empat sel, lapan sel / Arteri tali pusat / Umbilical artery
payu dara / Swelling and tenderness of
mitosis, two-celled, four-celled, eight-celled (a) Karbon dioksida / Carbon dioxide
the breast
Hari 3 (b) Bahan kumuh bernitrogen /
Sindrom prahaid / Premenstrual Nitrogenous waste
syndrome (PMS): morula
3. (a) hormon, bahan kimia, darah ibu /
(b) fizikal, mental, emosi / physical, Hari 5 hormones, chemicals, mother’s blood
mental, emotional blastosista, jisim sel dalam, trofoblas / (b) pecah, tekanan tinggi / burst, high
(b) sebelum / before blastocyst, inner mass cells, trophoblast pressure
(c) estrogen, progesteron / oestrogen, (c) bakteria berbahaya, toksin / harmful
progesterone Hari 8
menempel, embrio, plasenta / implants, bacteria, toxins
Gangguan emosi / Emotional (d) percampuran, pengaglutinatan /
embry, placenta
disturbances: mixing, aglutination
(a) Rasa tertekan / Tension
Pembentukan Anak Kembar
(ii) Cepat marah / Irritability The Formation of Twins Sumbangan Sains dan Teknologi
(iii) Kemurungan / Moodiness kepada Pembiakan Manusia
(iv) Perubahan kebimbangan / Anxiety 1. anak kembar / twins 4.4 The Contribution of Science and
swings Technology to Human Reproduction
Pembentukan kembar seiras / The
(v) Muram / Depression formation of identical twins
(vi) Kesukaran memberi perhatian dan 1. Perancangan keluarga / Family planning
(a) satu zigot / a zygote (a) anak / children
mengingat / Difficulty in concentrating
(b) dua embrio berasingan, dua fetus / (b) mencegah kehamilan / prevent
and recalling
two separate embryos, 2 foetuses pregnancy
3. Punca & Kesan / Cause & Effects
(c) tali pusat sendiri, plasenta yang (c) kesihatan ibu / mother
(a) Ovari, FSH dan LH / ovary, FSH and
sama / own umbilical cord, same (a) semula jadi / natural
LH
placenta Kaedah pencegahan kehamilan /
(b) folikel, pengovulan / follicles, ovulation
(d) genetik yang sama / same genetic Contraception methods:
(c) estrogen, progesteron / oestrogen,
(e) berkongsi / share (a) semula jadi / Natural
progesterone
(d) mengandung / bear any children (f) sama jantina / same sex 2.
Umur / age: Pembentukan kembar tidak seiras / Perempuan Lelaki
45 – 55 The formation of fraternal twins Female Male
Putus haid / Menopause: (a) Dua, dua / Two, two
kitar haid / menstrual cycle (a) Tiub Fallopio (a) Duktus sperma
(b) dua embrio yang berasingan, fetus / tersumbat tersumbat
Gejala umum / Common symptoms: two separate embryos, foetuses
(a) Rasa panas dan berpeluh malam / Blocked Fallopian tube Blocked sperm
(c) plasenta, tali pusat sendiri / own duct
Hot flushes and night sweats placenta, umbilical cord
(b) Masalah vagina dan pundi kencing / (d) genetik yang berlainan / different (b) Ketidakupayaan (b) Bilangan
Vaginal and bladder problems genetic untuk sperma sedikit
(c) Perubahan emosi / Mood swings (e) tidak berkongsi / not share menghasilkan ovum Low sperm count
(d) Insomnia / masalah tidur ; Insomnia / The inability to
(f) sama jantina, berlainan jantina /
sleeping problems produce ova
same sex, different sexes
(e) Perubahan badan – pertambahan
berat badan / Bodily changes – weight Pembentukan kembar siam / The (c) Kegagalan embrio
gain formation of Siamese twins untuk menempel
(f) Kehilangan tisu tulang – (a) tidak lengkap / incompletely pada endometrium
Failure of an embryo
osteoporosis / Loss of bone tissue – (b) berkongsi / share to implant itself on the
osteoporosis (c) pembedahan / surgery endometrium

19
 jantan / male ; butir debunga / pollen
Perempuan Lelaki Sel antipodal
Female Male grains ; Menyokong / Supports Antipodal cells
Nukleus
(a) Persenyawaan (a) Bank sperma kutub
(i) Stigma (vi) Anter
in vitro Sperm bank Anther Polar
In-vitro fertilisation nuclei
(IVF)
(ii) Stil Sel sinergid
(b) Ibu tumpang (b) Permanian Style
Surrogate mother beradas Synergid cells
(vii) Filamen
Artificial (iii) Ovari Filament
insemination Ovary 4. (a) butir debunga, persenyawaan /
(viii) Ranggi pollen grain, fertilisation
(iv) Ovul (b) larutan gula, stigma, tiub debunga /
Kaedah pencegahan oleh lelaki / Male Ovule
Petal
contraceptive methods sugar solution, stigma, pollen tube
(a) sperma / sperms (ix) Sepal (c) stil, ovul / style, ovule
(v) Reseptakel (d) nukleus generatif, mitosis, nukleus
(b) sperma / sperms
Receptacle jantan / generative nucleus, mitosis,
(c) memotong, mengikat, tiada / cutting,
tying, no male nuclei
(e) tiub debunga / pollen tube
Kaedah pencegahan oleh wanita / Female 2. (a) Anter / Anther (f) mikropil / micropyle
contraceptive methods (b) Pundi debunga / Pollen sacs ; pundi (g) merosot, laluan ; disintegrates,
(a) sperma / sperms debunga, sel induk debunga / pollen passage
(b) penempelan / implantation sacs, pollen mother cells (h) (i) nukleus jantan, nukleus sel
(c) pengovulan / ovulation (c) Pundi debunga (2n) / Pollen mother telur, zigot diploid / male nucleus,
(d) sperma / sperms cell (2n) ; Tetrad sel haploid / Tetrad egg nucleus, diploid zygote
(e) tiub Fallopio / Fallopian tubes (ii) nukleus kutub, nukleus triploid /
of haploid cells ; meiosis, empat
Persenyawaan in vitro / In-vitro fertilisation mikrospora haploid / meiosis, four polar nuclei, triploid nucleus
(IVF) haploid microspores (iii) endosperma / endosperm
(a) Laparoskop / laparoscope (iv) Sel sinergid, sel antipodal /
(d) Mikrospora (n) / Microspore (n) ; butir
(b) larutan kultur / culture solution synergid cells, antipodal cells
debunga / pollen grain
(c) Sperma kepekatan tinggi / Concentrated 5. (a) Buah / Fruit
(e) Butir debunga (n) / Pollen grain (n) (b) Endosperma (3n) / Endosperm (3n)
sperms ; mitosis, nukleus tiub, nukleus (c) Zigot (2n) / Zigote (2n)
(d) zigot, embrio / zygotes, embryos generatif / mitosis, tube nucleus, (d) Integumen / Integuments
(e) penempelan / implantation generative nucleus (e) Biji benih / Seed ; Ovul / Ovule ; Biji
(f) fetus / foetus
benih / Seed ; Buah / Fruit
Bank sperma / Sperm bank 3. (a) Ovul 6. (a) kemandirian / survive
(a) dikumpul, dibekukan dan disimpan / Ovule (b) simpanan makanan, endosperma/
collected, frozen and kept food store, endosperm
Sel induk (c) nutrien, tenaga / nutrition, energy
Ibu tumpang / Surrogate mother pundi embrio
(a) Wanita lain / Another woman Embryo sac
(b) bapa, bank sperma, ibu, ibu tumpang / mother cell Pertumbuhan dalam Organisma
father, sperm bank, mother, surrogate mother 4.6 Multisel
(c) Sperma atau embrio / sperms or embryo Integumen Growth in Multicellular Organisms

Permanian beradas / Artificial insemination
(a) bilangan sperma rendah / low sperm
count
(b) sperma suami, bank sperma / husband’s
sperms, sperm bank
(c) tiub Fallopio / Fallopian tube
Penyakit Kelamin
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
1. hubungan seksual / sexual contact
2. Gonorea / Gonorrhoea ; Sifilis / Syphilis ;
AIDS
Pembiakan Seks dalam Tumbuhan
4.5 Berbunga
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
1. (a) Bunga / flower
(b) biseks / bisexual
karpel, betina / carpels, female ; debunga
/ pollen ; Tiub / tube ; ovul / ovule ; betina
/ female
Integument
Ovul / ovule ; sel induk pundi embrio
/ embryo sac mother cell ; integumen /
integuments
(b) meiosis, empat sel megaspora
haploid / meiosis, four haploid
megaspores cells ; merosot,
membesar, pundi embrio /
degenerate, enlarges, embryo sac
(c) mitosis / mitosis ; pembahagian
mitosis, empat nukleus haploid /
mitotic divisions, four haploid nuclei
(d) Satu, tengah, nukleus kutub / One,
centre, polar nuclei ; tiga sel / three
cells
(e) Tiga, sel antipodal / three, antipodal
cells ; satu, sel telur, sel sinergid /
one, egg cell, synergid cells ; embrio
/ embryo ; biji benih, pundi embrio,
integumen / seed, embryo sac,
integuments
1. (a) kekal, tidak berbalik / permanent,
irreversible
(b) (i) bilangan sel / number of cells
(ii) saiz sel / cell size
(iii) Pembezaan, pengkhususan /
differentiation, specialisation
2. (a) pembahagian sel / cell division ; sel,
mitosis / cells, mitosis ; meristem
apeks / apical meristem ; kecil, rapat
/ small, closely ; nukleus / nuclei ;
vakuol / vacuoles ; sitoplasma /
cytoplasm ; dinding sel / cell walls
(b) pemanjangan sel / cell elongation ;
air, osmosis, nutrien / water, osmosis,
nutrients ; vakuol, pemvakuolan /
Vacuoles, vacuolation
(c) pembezaan sel / cell differentiation ;
kekal / permanent ; epidermis, xilem
dan floem / epidermis, xylem and
phloem ; neuron, sel-sel darah putih
/ neurones, white blood cells
(d) khusus / specialised

20

Lengkung Pertumbuhan
4.7 The Growth Curve
1. (a) diukur / measure ; organisma yang
sama / same organism ; satu aspek /
one-dimensional ; pertumbuhan akar /
root growth
(b) lebih tepat / accurate ; bentuk yang
kompleks / complex shapes ; besar,
kecil / large, small
(c) tepat / accurate ; kandungan air /
water content ; dibunuh, dikeringkan /
killed, dried ; besar / large
(d) Mudah / Easy ; tidak cedera / not
injured ; organisma yang sama /
same organism ; kandungan air /
water content
2. (a) Lengkung pertumbuhan / growth
curve
(b) lengkung sigmoid / sigmoid curve
(c) A: Fasa permulaan / Lag phase
B: Fasa pertumbuhan pesat / Rapid
growth phase
C: Fasa pertumbuhan perlahan /
Slow growth phase
D: Fasa matang / Stationary phase
E: Penuaan dan fasa kematian /
Senescence and death phase
Lima fasa / Five phases
(A) (i) perlahan / slow
(ii) perlahan / slowly
(iii) sedikit atau tiada / no cell growth
(iv) menyesuaikan diri / adapts
(B) (i) paling cepat / fastest
(ii) eksponen / exponentially
(iii) secara aktif / active
(iv) cepat / rapidly
(v) rintangan / resistance
(C) (i) perlahan / slow
(ii) perlahan / slowly
(iii) saiz maksimum / maximum size
(iv) faktor luaran, faktor dalaman /
external factors, internal factors
(D) (i) sifar / zero
(ii) berhenti / stops
(iii) sel-sel mati / dead cells
(iv) tidak berubah / unchanged
(v) kematangan / maturity
(E) (i) negatif / negative
(ii) penuaan / aging
(iii) merosot / degenerate
(iv) nutrien / nutrients
(v) berkurangan / decreases
(vi) kematian / death
Pertumbuhan primer / Primary growth
3. Pemboleh ubah / Variables: 3. hujung pucuk, hujung akar / tips of stems,
Dimanipulasikan: Bilangan hari roots
penanaman / The numbers of day of 4. korteks, floem primer, xilem primer /
planting cortex, primary phloem, primary xylem
Bergerak balas: Ketinggian pokok 5. pemanjangan / length
jagung / Height of maize plant 6. (a) tahunan, terhad / annual, limited
Dimalarkan : Jenis dan saiz benih (b) sigmoid
jagung / The variety and size of the maize (c) kekurangan / depletion
seed 7. (a) pucuk, cahaya matahari, fotosintesis
Graf / Graph: / shoots, sunlight, photosynthesis
Tinggi (cm) (b) akar, air, sokongan yang kuat / roots,
Height (cm)
water, stronger support
220
Pertumbuhan sekunder / Secondary growth
1. pertumbuhan primer, berkayu, saka /
180
primary growth, woody, perennial
140 2. meristem sisi / lateral meristem
3. kambium vaskular, kambium gabus /
100
vascular cambium, cork cambium
60 (a) floem primer, xilem primer / primary
phloem, primary xylem
20
Masa (hari) (b) epidermis
0 100 120 Time (days)
20 40 60 80 4. floem sekunder / secondary phloem ; xilem
sekunder / secondary xylem ; korteks
Kesimpulan / Conclusion:
sekunder / secondary cortex ; gabus / cork
Lengkung pertumbuhan pokok jagung
5. diameter
adalah berbentuk sigmoid. / The growth
6. (a) saka, tidak terhad / perennial,
curve of a maize plant is sigmoid.
unlimited
4. (a) Peringkat bayi / Early infancy ;
(b) lengkung sigmoid / sigmoid curves
Remaja / Adolescence
(b) pertumbuhan perlahan / slow growth (c) berterusan / continuously
(c) dua / two 7. (a) lilitan, sokongan mekanikal / girth /
(d) Perempuan / Females mechanical support
(e) Lelaki / Males (b) xilem dan floem / xylem and phloem
(f) lebih besar / larger (c) gabus, perlindungan / cork, protection
5. (a) rangka luar keras, kitin / hard 8. Pertumbuhan sekunder batang pokok
exoskeleton, chitin dikotiledon / Secondary growth in a
(b) saiz badan / body size dicotyledonous stem
(c) penyalinan kulit / ekdisis ; moulting / Floem primer / Primary phloem ; Xilem
ecdysis primer / Primary xylem ; Xilem primer /
(d) (i) pertumbuhan intermiten / Primary xylem; Floem primer / Primary phloem
intermittent growth
Pertumbuhan sekunder batang pokok
(ii) tangga / stairs ; kadar dikotiledon / Secondary growth in a
pertumbuhan sifar / zero growth dicotyledonous stem
rate ; ekdisis / salin kulit / ecdysis
Floem primer / Primary phloem ; Xilem
/ moulting
primer / Primary xylem ; Xilem primer /
(iii) instar Primary xylem ; Floem primer / Primary
(e) (i) rangka luar baharu / new exoskeleton
phloem
(ii) udara / air
(iii) mengembang / expands
(iv) dewasa (imago) / adult (imago)
Pertumbuhan Primer dan Sekunder
4.8 dalam Tumbuhan
Primary and Secondary Growth in Plants
1. percambahan / germination
2. pembahagian sel / cell division ; meristem
apeks / apical meristem ; pemanjangan
sel / cell elongation ; pembezaan sel / cell
differentiation
21
 To inhibit the secretion of FSH percambahan butir debunga. Tiub
PRAKTIS SPM 4
and LH from pituitary glands. The nukleus merembes enzim untuk
Soalan Objektif menstrual cycle and ovulation do mencerna tisu stil apabila ia tumbuh
not occur. No development of new
1. A 2. D 3. C 4. B 5. B ke bawah ke arah ovari.
follicles / secondary oocytes.
6. A 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. D When the pollen grains stick on the
(b) Kelenjar pituitari merembeskan
11. B 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. C stigma, the stigma secretes sugary
hormon yang terlibat dalam kitar
16. B solution to stimulate the germination of
haid seperti hormon perangsang
folikel (FSH) dan hormon peluteinan pollen grains. The tube nucleus secretes
Soalan Struktur (LH) untuk memastikan kitar haid enzyme to digest the tissue of the style
adalah lancar. when it grows downwards to the ovary.
Bahagian A
The pituitary gland secretes hormone (b) Tiada gamet jantan terhasil,
1. (a) (i) P: 2n (46) involved in the menstrual cycle such as persenyawaan gandu dua tidak
Q : n (23) follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and berlaku. Maka, biji benih tidak
R : n (23) luteinising hormone (LH) to ensure the terhasil.
(ii) W adalah meiosis I dan X menstrual cycle proceeds smoothly.
No male gametes form, double
adalah meiosis II. Untuk (c) (i) fertilisation does not occur. Hence, no
menghasilkan gamet haploid seeds are formed.
/ sperma. Untuk memastikan Hormone concentration Pengovulan
Kepekatan hormon

zigot yang terbentuk melalui Ovulation

persenyawaan adalah diploid
LH Bahagian B
dan membentuk variasi genetik. 5. Pertumbuhan primer / Primary growth:
W is meiosis I and X is meiosis II. Berlaku apabila sebiji benih
To produce the haploid gametes
bercambah menjadi tumbuhan baharu
/ sperms. To ensure the zygote Hari
formed through fertilisation is diploid Occurs when a seed germinates to produce
0 7 14 21 28 Days
and produce genetic variation. a new plant
(b) (i) (ii) LH merangsang ovulasi dan
Tumbuhan bertambah tinggi
Folikel Folikel Folikel perkembangan korpus luteum. disebabkan oleh pembahagian dan
primer sekunder Graaf Korpus luteum merembes pemanjangan sel-sel apeks meristem
Primary Secondary Graafian sejumlah besar progesteron. dalam hujung akar dan pucuk
follicle follicle follicle LH stimulates ovulation and the Plants becomes taller due to the division
development of corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum secretes large and elongation of the apical meristems cells
(ii) Apabila sperma menembusi amount of progesterone. in the root and shoot apex
oosit sekunder semasa
3. (a) 3.1: Lengkung pertumbuhan
Kepentingan / Importance:
persenyawaan di mana meiosis
sigmoid / Sigmoid growth curve
Pemanjangan tidak berbalik pada
II akan lengkap.
3.2: Lengkung pertumbuhan tumbuhan
When a sperm penetrates the
berbentuk tangga / Series of Irreversible elongation of the plants
secondary oocyte during fertilisation
stairs growth curve
where meiosis II will be completed.
Pemanjangan batang dan akar
(b) (i) X: fasa eksponen / exponential
(c) Sperma adalah haploid dan ovum membolehkan tumbuhan untuk
phase
adalah haploid.Nukleus sperma
Kadar pertumbuhan pesat / mencapai ketinggian maksimum
bergabung dengan nukleus ovum
maksimum. Pembahagian sel Increase in length of stems and roots allows
untuk membentuk zigot diploid.
secara aktif dan pemanjangan plants to reach maximum height
Sperm is haploid and ovum is haploid.
Nucleus of sperm fuses with nucleus of the sel berlaku. Saiz organisma
membolehkan daun mendapat cahaya
ovum to form a diploid zygote. bertambah dengan pesat. matahari yang mencukupi untuk
2. (a) (i) X: Progesteron / Progesterone Growth rate is fastest / maximum. fotosintesis
Active cell division and cell
Y: Estrogen / Oestrogen elongation occurs. The size of the allows the leaves to get sufficient sunlight
(ii) Penebalan dinding organism increases rapidly. for photosynthesis
endometrium tidak dikekalkan (ii) Panjang badan / Body length
membenarkan akar berkembang ke
/ endometrium merosot. Embrio
dalam tanah untuk mencapai sumber
tidak dapat menempel / embrio (c) Lengkung Lengkung
air / sokongan kepada tumbuhan
tidak berkembang (kekurangan pertumbuhan pertumbuhan
nutrien) / keguguran berlaku. mamalia serangga allow roots to grow deep to reach new
Thickening of endometrium is Mammal growth Insect growth water source / to give a firm anchorage to
not maintained / endometrium curve curve the plants
degenerates. Embryo cannot implant
membolehkan pendebungaan oleh
Pertumbuhan Pertumbuhan
/ embryo does not develop (lack of
berterusan tidak berterusan angin / serangga
nutrients) / miscarriage occurs.
Continuous growth Discontinuous allows pollination by wind / insect
(iii) Untuk menghalang rembesan growth
FSH dan LH dari kelenjar
Menghasilkan xilem untuk
pituitari. Kitar haid dan mengangkut air ke seluruh tumbuhan
4. (a) Apabila butir debunga jatuh di
ovulasi tidak berlaku. Tiada Produce xylem to transport water to the
atas stigma, stigma merembeskan
perkembangan folikel baharu / whole plant
larutan bergula untuk merangsang
oosit sekunder.

22

Salur xilem juga membantu
menyokong tumbuhan - kerana
penebalan berlignin dinding tisu xylem
Xylem vessels also help to support the
plant - because the walls of xylem tissue
are thickened with lignin
Menghasilkan floem untuk
mengangkut makanan dan bahan-
bahan organik ke seluruh tumbuhan
Produce phloem to transports food and
organic substances to the whole plant
Soalan Klon MRSM
1. C          2.
C
1. Semasa hamil, aras hormon
progesteron meningkat . Hormon
progesteron menghalang penghasilan
FSH dan LH oleh kelenjar pituitari.
Maka, perkembangan folikel baharu
tidak berlaku.
During pregnancy, the level of progesterone
increases. Progesterone hormone inhibits the
production of FSH and LH by the pituitary
gland. Therefore, the development of new
follicle will not occur.
2. Korpus luteum berfungsi merembeskan
hormon progesteron dalam masa tiga
bulan pertama kehamilan. Hormon
progesteron merangsang pembentukan
23
lebih lagi tisu endometrium dan kapilari
darah supaya dinding endometrium
kekal tebal untuk penempelan
embrio. Kemerosotan korpus luteum
menyebabkan aras progesteron
menurun. Maka, dinding endometrium
runtuh dan keguguran berlaku.
The corpus luteum functioned to secrete
progesterone hormones within the first
three months of pregnancy. Progesterone
hormone stimulates the formation of more
endometrium tissues and blood capillaries
so that the endometrium wall remains thick
for the implantation of embryo. Disintegration
of corpus luteum causes the level of
progesterone decreases. Therefore, the
endometrium wall breaks and miscarriage
occurred.
 BAB Fenotip F1: (b) molekul DNA, kromosom / DNA
Pewarisan
5 Inheritance
F1 phenotype: molecule, chromosome ; lokus yang
sama, kromosom homolog / same
F1 × F1 Pokok Pokok
Konsep Pewarisan Berdasarkan Induk: tinggi × tinggi locus, homologous chromosomes
Parents: Tall plant Tall plant (c) fenotip, menutupi, alel resesif /
Eksperimen Mendel
5.1 The Concept of Inheritance Based on phenotype, mask, recessive allele ;
Mendel’s Experiment Genotip : Tt Tt
Genotype: huruf besar / capital letters ; tiada /
1. kod genetik / genetic codes Meiosis
T t T t absence ; huruf kecil / small letters
2. diwarisi, gen / inheritable, gene Gamet: (d) Komposisi gen / genetic composition
Gametes: ; Ciri yang ditonjolkan / observable
Ciri khusus / specific characteristic
Persenyawaan characteristics
Tinggi Rendah Fertilisation (e) Kedua-dua alel, sama / Both alleles,
Tall Short same ; TT, tt ; berbeza / different ; Tt
Genotip F2: TT Tt Tt tt
Putih Merah F2 genotype: Organisma (Homozigot/
White Red Genotip Heterozigot)
Fenotip F2: Tinggi Rendah Genotype Organism (Homozygous/
Hitam Biru F2 phenotype: Tall short
Heterozygous)
Black Blue
Nisbah fenotip F2: 3 tinggi : 1 rendah
F2 phenotypic ratio: 3 tall : 1 short
TT Homozigot dominan
Bulat Panjang Homozygous dominant
Round Long Kesimpulan Mendel / Mendel’s
Tt Heterozigot
Merah Putih conclusion
Heterozygous
Red White faktor pewarisan / heredity factors ;
dominan, resesif / dominant, recessive ; tt Homozigot resesif
Hijau Kuning Homozygous recessive
gamet, satu / gamete, one
Green Yellow
Hukum Mendel I / Mendel’s first law 5. (a) dua, gen berlainan / two, different gene
alel / alleles ; terasing, meiosis, (b) (i) dua / two
Eksperimen Mendel pembentukan gamet / segregate, meiosis, (ii) dua, kacukan dihibrid / two,
Mendel’s Experiment formation of gametes ; alel, gamet / allele,
dihybrid cross ; dominan /
gamete
1. genetik / genetics dominant ; dominan / dominant
4. (a) satu / one ; kedua-dua, alel dominan (iii) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
2. (a) Tinggi / Tall ; Rendah / Short
/ both, dominant allele
(b) Terminal / Terminal ; Aksial / Axial
(c) Ungu / Purple ; Putih / White Fenotip induk: Biji bulat, kuning × Biji kedut, hijau
Parental phenotypes: Round, yellow seeds Wrinkled, green seeds
(d) Licin / Inflated ; Berkedut / Constricted
(e) Hijau / Green ; Kuning / Yellow Genotip induk:
RRYY rryy
Parental genotype:
Meiosis
(f) Bulat / Round ; Kedut / Wrinkled
(g) Kuning / Yellow ; Hijau / Green Gamet :
RY

rY
Gametes
3. (a) pendebungaan kacuk, baka tulen
Persenyawaan
cros pollination, pure-bred Fertilisation
(b) satu, kacukan monohibrid Genotip F1:
one, monohybrid cross F1 genotype
RrYy
(c) satu / a pair Semu biji bulat, berwarna kuning
Fenotip F1: All round, yellow seeds
(d) Induk atau generasi P F1 phenotype
Parental or P generation F1 X F1 Induk: Biji bulat, kuning X Biji bulat, kuning
(e) Generasi filial pertama atau F1 / F1 X F1 Parents Round, yellow seeds Round yellow seeds
First filial or F1 generation Genotip: RrYy RrYy
Genotype: Meiosis
(f) generasi filial kedua atau F2 /
second filial or F2 generation Gamet: RY   Ry   rY   rY      RY   Ry   rY   ry
Gametes:
(g) 3:1
Gamet jantan
Fenotip Pokok × Pokok Male
induk: tinggi rendah gamete
RY Ry rY ry
Parental Tall Short Gamet
phenotype: plant plant Generasi F2: betina
F2 generation: Female gamete

Genotip RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy

induk: TT tt Ry RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
Parental
genotype rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy
Gamet : T t
Gametes: Segi empat Punnett / Punnett square
Genotip F2: R_ Y _ R_ yy rrY_ rryy

F2 genotype:
Persenyawaan
Fertilisation Fenotip F2: Bulat, Bulat, Kedut, Kedut
F2 phenotype: Kuning Hijau Kuning Hijau
Genotip F1: Tt Round, Round, Wrinkled, Wrinkled,
Yellow Green Yellow Green
F1 genotype: Semua tinggi / All tall
Nisbah fenotip F2: 9 : 3 : 3 : 1

24
 6. (a) Gabungan baru, generasi F2 / new (b)
Pewarisan Trait dalam Manusia
combinations, F2 generation 5.2 Inheritance of Traits in Humans Induk: Bapa X Ibu
(b) terpisah, bertindak secara bebas / Parents: Father Mother
separate, act independently 1. sistem ABO / ABO system Genotip: IOIO IAIB
(c) bergabung secara rawak / combine (a) pelbagai alel / multiple alleles Genotype:
Meiosis
randomly (b) IA, IB dan IO, gen I / IA, IB and IO, I Gamet:
(d) empat, gamet jantan dan betina / gene I
Gametes: I I O A B

four, male and female gametes (c) IA dan IB / IA and IB ; dominan /

Persenyawaan / Fertilisation
(e) gamet, empat gamet / gamete, four dominant ; IO ; resesif / recessive
(d) kodominan / codominance Genotip anak: IAIO IBIO
gametes
Offspring genotype:
Fenotip anak: A B
2. Fenotip Antigen pada Antibodi Boleh menderma Boleh menerima Offspring
(kumpulan phenotype:
sel darah dalam plasma kepada daripada
darah) Genotip
merah darah kumpulan darah kumpulan darah
Phenotype Genotype
Antigens in red Antibodies in Can donate blood Can receive blood Nisbah ratio: 1 : 1
(blood
blood cells blood plasma to blood group from blood group Phenotypic ratio:
group)

A IAIA atau A Anti-B A, AB A, O (c)

IAIO
I I atau
B B Induk: Bapa X Ibu
B B Anti-A B, AB B, O Parents: Father Mother
IBIO
AB IAIB A dan B Tiada / None AB AB, A, B, O Genotip: IAIB IAIB
Genotype:
Meiosis
Anti-A dan
O IOIO Tiada / None A, B, AB, O O Gamet:
Anti-B
I
Gametes: I I A B A
IB

Pewarisan Kumpulan Darah ABO dalam Kemungkinan (c) / Possibility (c) Persenyawaan
Fertilisation
Manusia
The Inheritance of ABO Blood Group in Humans Induk: Bapa X Ibu Genotip anak: IAIA IAIB IAIB IBIB
Parents: Father Mother Offspring genotype:

1. (a) Kemungkinan (a) / Possibility (a) Genotip: IAIO IBIB Fenotip anak: A AB B
Genotype:
Meiosis Offspring
Induk: Bapa X Ibu phenotype:
Parents: Father Mother Gamet:
Genotip: IAIA IBIB I
Gametes: I I A O B
Nisbah ratio: 1 : 2 : 1
Genotype:
Meiosis Persenyawaan / Fertilisation Phenotypic ratio:
Gamet: Genotip anak: I I A B
II
B O
IA
Gametes: IB Faktor Rhesus (Rh) dalam Manusia
Offspring genotype: The Rhesus (Rh) Factor in Humans
Persenyawaan / Fertilisation Fenotip anak: Kumpulan Kumpulan
Genotip anak: IAIB darah AB darah B 1. (a) Antigen, sel darah merah / antigen,
Offspring genotype: Offspring red blood cells
phenotype: Blood group Blood group
Fenotip anak: Kumpulan darah AB (b) antigen, antibodi, antigen / antigen,
AB B
Offspring antibodies, antigen

phenotype: Blood group AB
Nisbah ratio: 1 : 1 (c) alel Rh, alel rh / Rh allele, rh allele
Phenotypic ratio: (d) Alel Rh, dominan / Rh allele, dominant
Nisbah fenotip: Semua anak berkumpulan darah
AB RH-positif / RH-positive (Rh+)
Phenotypic ratio: all offspring have blood group Kemungkinan (d) / Possibility (d) faktor Rhesus / Rhesus factor
AB
Induk: Bapa X Ibu (a) Rh-Rh
Parents: Father Mother (b) Rh-rh
Kemungkinan (b) / Possibility (b) Genotip: IAIO IBIO RH-negatif / RH-negative (Rh+)
Genotype:
Meiosis
Induk: Bapa X Ibu tidak mempunyai faktor Rhesus (Rh) /
Parents: Father Mother Gamet: does not have the Rhesus (Rh) factor
I
Gametes: I I A O B
IO
Genotip: II
A A B O
II (a) rh-rh
Genotype:
Meiosis Persenyawaan
Fertilisation Masalah 1 / Problem 1:
Gamet: Rh–, Rh+ ; antibodi anti-Rh,
IA
Gametes: IB IO Genotip anak: II A B
II
A O
I I I I
B O O O

Offspring genotype: pengaglutinan / Rh antibodies, agglutination

Persenyawaan / Fertilisation
Fenotip anak: AB A B O Masalah 2 / Problem 2:
Genotip anak: IAIB IAIO Offspring
wanita Rh–, lelaki Rh+ / Rh– woman,
Offspring genotype: phenotype:
Rh+ man

Fenotip anak: Kumpulan Kumpulan
Nisbah ratio: 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 (a) fetus Rh+ / Rh+ foetus
darah AB darah A Phenotypic ratio: (b) sel darah merah, Rh+ fetus / red
Offspring
blood cells, Rh+ foetus
phenotype: Blood group Blood group
AB A (c) antibodi Rhesus / Rhesus antibodies
(d) meresap / diffuse
Nisbah ratio: 1 : 1 (e) tidak mencukupi / not enough
Phenotypic ratio:
(f) anitbodi Rhesus, Rh+ sel darah /
Rhesus antibodies, Rh+ blood cells

25
 (g) antibodi, pengaglutinan / antibodies, Perempuan / Female Induk: Bapa X Ibu
Parents: Father Mother
agglutination (a) 44 + XX
(h) hemolisis, eritroblastosis fetalis / (b) X Genotip: XBY XbXb
(c) kromosom X / X chromosome Genotype:
Meiosis
haemolysis erythroblastosis fetalis
(i) kerosakan otak, kematian / brain (d) 22+X Gamet:
XB
Gametes: Y Xb Xb
damage, die (e) persenyawaan / fertilisation ; kromosom
X / X chromosome ; kromosom Y / Y Persenyawaan
2. Kemungkinan (a) / Possibility (a) chromosome ; sama / equal
Fertilisation

(f) lelaki / male Genotip anak: XBXb XBXb XbY XbY

Induk: Bapa X Ibu Offspring genotype:
(g) 50%, 50%
Parents: Father Mother Fenotip anak: Perempuan Lelaki
Genotip: Rh-Rh rh-rh Pewarisan Terangkai Seks pembawa buta warna
Genotype:
Meiosis Sex-linked inheritance Offspring Female carrier Male colour-
phenotype: blind
Gamet:
Rh
Gametes: rh 1. Gen / genes ; kromosom seks / sex
chromosomes ; gen terangkai seks / sex- Nisbah ratio: 1 : 1
Persenyawaan / Fertilisation Phenotypic ratio:
linked
Genotip anak: Rh-rh 2. Kromosom Y, kromosom X / Y
Offspring genotype: chromosome, X chromosome Contoh 2 / Example 2:
Fenotip anak: Rh-positif (heterozigot) 3. kromosom X, Gen terangkai X / X
Offspring Rh-positive (heterozygous) Induk: Bapa X Ibu
chromosome, X-linked genes Parents: Father Mother
phenotype:
4. alel dominant / dominant ; resesif
Genotip: XHY XHXh
Nisbah fenotip: Semua Rh-positif / recessive allele ; kromosom X / X Genotype:
Meiosis
Phenotypic ratio: All are Rh-positive chromosome
Gamet: XH Y XH Xh
Kemungkinan (b) / Possibility (b) Pewarisan hemofilia Gametes:
The inheritance of haemophilia Persenyawaan
Induk: Bapa X Ibu
Parents: Father Mother (a) darah tidak membeku / blood cannot Fertilisation

clot Genotip XHXH XHXh XHY XhY

Genotip: Rh-Rh
rh-rh
Genotype:
Meiosis
(b) faktor pembeku darah / blood clotting anak:
factor Offspring
Gamet: (c) pendarahan berlebihan, anemia / genotype:
RH
Gametes: rh rh
excessive bleeding, anaemia Fenotip Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki Lelaki
Persenyawaan / Fertilisation (d) alel dominan / dominant allele anak: normal pembawa normal hemofilia
Offspring Female Female Male Male
Genotip anak: Rh-rh rh-rh (e) alel resesif / recessive allele phenotype: normal carrier normal haemophiliac
Offspring genotype: XH Y ; XH XH ; – ; XH Xh ; XhY ; Xh Xh
Fenotip anak: Rh-positif Rh-negatif Nisbah ratio:
1 : 1 : 1 : 1
Offspring (heterozigot)
Pewarisan buta warna Phenotypic ratio:
phenotype: Rh-positive Rh-negative The inheritance of colour-blindness
(a) membezakan warna tertentu, merah Induk: Bapa X Ibu
Nisbah ratio: 1 : 1 dan hijau / distinguish between certain Parents: Father Mother
Phenotypic ratio:
colour, red and green Genotip: XBY XBXb
(b) alel resesif, kromosom X / recessive Genotype:
Meiosis
Autosom dan Kromosom Seks allele, X chromosome
Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes Gamet: XB Y XB Xb
(c) merah dan hijau / red and green Gametes:
1. 46 kromosom, 44 autosom, 2 kromosom (d) alel dominant / dominant allele
Persenyawaan
seks / 46 chromosomes, 44 autosomes, 2 XB Y ; XB XB ; – ; XB Xb ; Xb Y ; Xb Xb Fertilisation

sex chromosomes Genotip XBXB XBXb XBY XbY

22 pasang (44) / 22 pairs (44) ; XX (2) ; 5. Contoh 1 / Example 1: anak:
Offspring
44 + XY (46) ; 22 + X (23) Induk: Bapa X Ibu genotype:
2. saiz, panjang / size, length Parents: Father Mother
Fenotip Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki Lelaki
3. kromosom homolog / homologous Genotip: XHY XhXh
anak: normal pembawa normal buta warna
chromosomes ; paling besar / largest ; Genotype:
Meiosis Offspring Female Female Male Male
paling kecil / smallest ; kariotip / karyotype Gamet: phenotype: normal carrier normal colour-blind
XH
Gametes: Y Xh Xh
Sindrom Down / Down’s syndrome ; 45 + Nisbah ratio:
1 : 1 : 1 : 1
XX, 45 + XY ; nombor 21 / number 21 Persenyawaan Phenotypic ratio:
Fertilisation

Penentuan Jantina Anak Genotip anak: X X H h

X X
H h
X Y X Y
h h

Sex Determination in Offspring Offspring genotype:

Fenotip anak: Perempuan Lelaki
Lelaki / Male pembawa hemofilia
(a) 44 + XY Offspring Female carrier Male
(b) X dan Y / X and Y phenotype: haemophiliac
(c) kromosom Y, kromosom X / Y
Nisbah ratio: 1 : 1
chromosome, X chromosome Phenotypic ratio:
(d) 22+X, 22+Y

26
 Contoh 3 / Example 3: Kesan / Effect: (b) gangguan genetik / genetic disorders
Induk: Bapa X Ibu 1. hemoglobin, hemoglobin abnormal / (c) gen / genes
Parents: Father Mother haemoglobin, abnormal haemoglobin (d) penderma organ berpotensi /
Genotip: XhY XHXh 2. lebih kecil, lebih pucat, mengangkut potential organ donors
Genotype:
Meiosis oksigen / smaller, paler colour, transporting Kelebihan / Advantages
oxygen (a) identiti jenayah / criminal’s identity
Gamet: Xh Y XH Xh
Gametes: Gejala / Symptoms (b) kecil / small
Persenyawaan 1. Anemia / Anaemia (c) 25 juta tahun / 25 million years
Fertilisation
2. Keletihan / Fatigue (d) Bukti DNA / DNA evidence
Genotip XHXh XhXh XHY XhY 2. set gen / set of genes ; mengesan,
anak: memeta dan menentukan, semua
Gen dan Kromosom
Offspring 5.3 Genes and Chromosomes pasangan bes / detect, map and determine,
genotype:
all base pairs ; merawat dan mencegah /
Fenotip Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki Lelaki 1. Kromosom / Chromosome ; Gen / Gene ;
anak: normal hemofilia normal hemofilia treat and prevent
DNA
Offspring Female Female Male Male
(a) kromosom / chromosomes 3. sel khusus / special cell
phenotype: normal haemophiliac normal haemophiliac
(b) bebenang, maklumat genetik (a) blastosista / blastocyst
Nisbah ratio:
1 : 1 : 1 : 1 / thread-like, genetic information ; (b) tisu dewasa, otak, otot rangka, hati
Phenotypic ratio: kromatin / chromatin ; pembahagian dan salur darah / adult tissue, brain,
sel / cell division skeletal muscles, liver and blood vessels
Induk: Bapa X Ibu (c) (i) pewarisan / unit of inheritance 4. kombinasi gen baharu / new combination
Parents: Father Mother
(ii) kromosom / chromosomes of genes ; gen / gene ; penggabungan
Genotip: XY
b B
XX b
(iii) lokus / locus semula DNA / Recombinant DNA
Genotype:
Meiosis (iv) trait / the traits
(d) (ii) molekul DNA, protein _ histon / Penggunaan kejuruteraan genetik dalam
Gamet: Xb Y XB Xb
Gametes: DNA molecule, protein – histone bidang perubatan dan pertanian
The application of genetic engineering in
Persenyawaan (e) rantai polinukleotida, heliks ganda
medicine and agriculture
Fertilisation dua / polynucleotide strands, double
helix 1. penyakit genetik / genetic disorders ; gen
Genotip XBXb XbXb XBY XbY
anak: (i) ikatan hidrogen, pasangan bes / rosak / faulty gene
Offspring hydrogen bonds, pairs of bases 2. melawan penyakit / resist diseases ;
genotype:
(f) nukleotida / nucleotides pengeluaran makanan / food production ;
Fenotip Perempuan Perempuan Lelaki Lelaki (g) (i) gula pentosa (5C) / a pentose daging / meat ; hasil susu / milk yield
anak: pembawa buta warna normal buta warna (5C) sugar
Offspring Female Female Male Male 3. organisma diubah suai secara genetik
phenotype: carrier colour-blind normal colour-blind
(ii) kumpulan fosfat / a phosphate / genetically modified organisms ; Jagung,
group
gandum, kacang soya, tomato, telur dan
Nisbah ratio:
1 : 1 : 1 : 1 (iii) bes bernitrogen / a nitrogenous
base
kacang tanah / Maize, wheat, soya beans,
Phenotypic ratio:
tomatoes, eggs and groundnuts
(h) A (adenina), G (guanina), T (timina),
C (sitosina) / A (adenine), G (guanine), 4. ubat-ubatan, vaksin / drugs, vaccines ;
gen resesif / recessive gene ; Lelaki / Insulin
T (thymine), C (cytosine)
Males
(i) T, C
Penyakit Pewarisan Lain
Other Hereditary Diseases Kepentingan Genetik kepada Manusia
The Importance of Genetics to Mankind
Punca / Cause:
1. segmen DNA / DNA segments
gen autosom resesif, autosom, mutasi gen
/ autosomal recessive gene, autosome, gene Aplikasi / Application:
mutation
(a) penyiasatan sains forensik / forensic
science investigations

27
 boleh didapati pada setiap gamet The sequence of amino acids in the protein
PRAKTIS SPM 5
jantan dan betina. Setiap gamet dari to be synthesised is determined by the
Soalan Objektif satu induk disenyawakan secara order of the bases on the DNA.
rawak dengan mana-mana empat
Urutan bes pada rantai DNA
1. B 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. B
gamet daripada induk lain. membentuk kod untuk mensintesis
6. D 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. B
Mendel Second Law is also known as protein.
11. B 12. A Law of Independent Assortment. During The order of the bases on the strand forms
gamete formation, each member of a a code to determine the protein produced.
Soalan Struktur pair of alleles may combine randomly
Susunan tertentu asid amino
with member of another pair of allele. As
Bahagian A a result, four possible arrangements of
menentukan protein tertentu
1. (a) (i) IBIO alleles can be found in each of the male dihasilkan.
and female gametes. Each gamete from Specific order of the amino acids
(ii) IO determined the protein produced.
one parent is randomly fertilised with
(iii) IB
any of the four gametes from the other 5.
(iv) IAIB parent. Fenotip induk: Bulu putih, X Bulu hitam,
(v) IBIO mata merah mata hitam
(vi) IOIO 3. (a) S: Bb ; T: bb ; U: bb ; V: Bb Parental phenotypes: White hair, Black hair,
red eyes black eyes
(vii) AB, A, B, O (b)
(b) Alel IA dan IB adalah kodominan Genotip induk: hhee HHEe
Induk S × V
Alleles IA and IB are co-dominant Parental genotype:
Bb Bb
Parents:
Kedua-dua ciri ditunjukkan Gamet:     HE
he He
Both trait are expressed Gametes:
Kedua-dua antigen dihasilkan Gamet B b B b
Both antigens are produced Gametes: Genotip      HhEe  Hhee
(c) Selamat. Jenis darah O tidak anak:
F1 : BB Bb Bb bb Offspring
mempunyai antigen pada Nisbah genotip genotype:
permukaan sel-sel darah merah. Genotypic ratio: 1BB : 2 Bb : 1 bb
Fenotip anak: Bulu hitam, mata merah
Antibodi dalam darah budak lelaki Offspring phenotype: Black hair, red eyes
Nisbah
itu tidak menyebabkan darah jenis fenotip 3 hitam : 1
O bergumpal. Kumpulan darah O Genotip P adalah hhee dan genotip Q
Phenotypic black putih
ialah penderma universal. ratio: adalah HHEe
Safe. Type O blood has no surface The genotype for P is hhee and the
(c) Kedua-dua induk adalah genotype for Q is HHEe
antigen on the red blood cells. The
antibodies in the boy’s blood do not heterozigot, Bb (bulu hitam), kedua-
Genotip hhee terdiri daripada alel
cause the type O blood to clump duanya mempunyai gamet dengan
resesif untuk kedua trait, alel h untuk
together. Blood group O is a universal alel resesif b, anak tikus berbulu
bulu putih dan allele e untuk mata
donor. putih dihasilkan dengan genotip bb.
merah
Both parents are heterozygous, Bb (black Genotype hhee consists of recessive allele
2. (a) RY, ry ; Semua biji bulat, berwarna fur). Both have gametes with recessive
kuning / All round, yellow seeds for both traits, allele h for white hair and
allele b. White fur offspring is produced
allele e for red eyes
(b) (i) with bb genotype.
RY RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy (d)
Genotip HHEe terdiri daripada kedua
Induk Bb × Bb alel dominan, H untuk bulu hitam, E
rY RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy Parents: Hitam / black Hitam / black dan e untuk alel dominan dan resesif
Gamet B b B b bagi mata hitam dan mata merah
(ii) 1 Gametes: masing-masing
16 Genotype HHEe consists of both dominant
F1 genotip: BB Bb Bb bb alleles H for black hair, E and e for
(c) dominant and recessive alleles for black
F1 genotype:
eyes and red eyes respectively
Biji Biji
Biji kedut, Biji bulat, F1 fenotip: Hitam Hitam Hitam Putih
Semasa meiosis, gamet he dihasilkan
bulat, kedut,
kuning hijau F1 phenotype: Black Black Black White oleh P dan gamet HE dan He
kuning Wrinkled, Round,
hijau
Round, Wrinkled, dihasilkan oleh Q
yellow green Bahagian B During meiosis, gametes, he produced by P
yellow green
seeds seeds and gametes HE and He is produced by Q
seeds seeds 4. Protein dibina daripada rantai panjang
asid amino.
Persenyawaan rawak berlaku antara
9 3 3 1 Proteins are made of long chains of amino gamet he daripada P dan gamet He
acids linked together. dari Q

Urutan asid amino dalam rantai Random fertilisation occur between
(d) Hukum Mendel Kedua juga dikenal
gametes he from P and gamete He from Q
sebagai Hukum Pengaturan Bebas. polipeptida adalah berbeza bagi setiap

Anak Y dihasilkan dengan genotip
Semasa pembentukan gamet, jenis protein yang disintesis.
The order of the amino acids in the Hhee
setiap ahli daripada pasangan alel Offspring Y is produced with genotype
boleh bergabung secara rawak polypeptide chain is different for each
protein the cell synthesised. Hhee
dengan mana-mana satu ahli
Alel dominan H diwarisi daripada Q
pasangan alel yang lain. Hasilnya,
Urutan asid amino dalam protein yang
manakala alel resesif h daripada P
empat kemungkinan susunan alel disintesis ditentukan oleh urutan bes Dominant allele H is inherited from Q, while
pada molekul DNA. recessive allele h is inherited from P

28

Alel resesif e diwarisi daripada kedua
Kehadiran kedua alel resesif e
induk P dan Q menunjukkan fenotip mata merah
Recessive alleles e is inherited from both The presence of both recessive alleles e,
1. P : BB
parent, P and Q shows the phenotype of red eyes Q : Bb

Kehadiran alel dominan H dan alel 2. ttRR
resesif h menunjukkan fenotip bulu Soalan Klon MRSM
hitam
The presence of dominant allele H and 1. A          2.
D
recessive allele h shows the phenotype of
black hair

29
 BAB
Variasi
6 Variation
Variasi dalam Organisma
6.1 Variation in Organisms
1. (a) perbezaan fenotip, spesies yang
sama / phenotypic differences / same
species
(b) (i) membezakan / distinguish
(ii) kemandirian spesies / survival of
a species
(iii) berubah-ubah / changes
2. perbezaan ; spesies yang sama
differences; same species
Variasi / Variation:
selanjar / continuous ; tak selanjar /
discontinuous
Variasi selanjar / Continuous variation:
(a) Ketinggian / Height
(b) Berat badan / Weight
(c) Lilitan dada / Chest circumference
(d) Warna kulit / Skin colour
tidak ketara / not distinctive ; normal ;
kuantitatif, diukur / quantitative, measured
; Terdapat / There are ; persekitaran /
environmental ; persekitaran, genetik,
tidak boleh / environmental, genetic factors,
cannot ; Dua atau lebih / Two or more ;
banyak pasangan alel / many pairs of
alleles
Variasi tak selanjar / Discontinuous
variation:
(a) Kumpulan darah / Blood group
(b) Jenis cap ibu jari / Fingerprint patterns
(c) Jenis cuping telinga / Type of ear
lobes
(d) Kebolehan menggulung lidah /
Tongue-rolling ability
ketara / distinctive ; diskrit / discrete ;
kualitatif / qualitative ; Tiada / There is
no ; Tidak dipengaruhi / not influenced ;
genetik, boleh / genetic, can ; Satu gen
tunggal / single gene ; sepasang alel / a
pair of alleles
Punca Variasi
6.2 The Causes of Variation
1. (a) (i) Pindah silang semasa meiosis /
Crossing over during meiosis
(ii) Pengaturan bebas kromosom
/ Independent assortment of
chromosomes
(iii) Persenyawaan rawak / Random sickle-shaped ; mengangkut oksigen /
fertilisation
(iv) Mutasi / Mutation
transporting oxygen ; anemia / anaemia
Albinisme:
(b) (i) Bekalan air / Water supply Albinism:
(ii) Cahaya matahari / Sunlight alel resesif autosom / autosomal
(iii) Suhu / Temperature recessive allele ; enzim, melanin /
(iv) pH tanah / Soil pH enzyme, melanin ; rambut putih, mata
2. genotip, kesan persekitaran / genotype, merah jambu, kulit cerah / white hair,
pinkish eyes, light-coloured skin
effects of environment
2. (a) bilangan, struktur ; number, structure
3. penggabungan semula genetik / genetic
recombination (b) bilangan kromosom / number of
(a) (i) kromosom homolog / bivalen / chromosomes ; tak disjungsi, meiosis
homologous chromosomes, bivalent I dan II / non disjunction, meiosis I and
(ii) Kromatid bukan beradik, kiasma II
/ Non sister chromatids, chiasma struktur kromosom / structure of
(iii) terputus, sambung semula, chromosomes
pertukaran / break, rejoin, putus hilang / breaks off
exchange mengganda, dua set / duplicates, two
(iv) anafasa II / anaphase II sets
(b) (i) metafasa I, plat metafasa / terputus, berputar pada 180°,
metaphase I, metaphase plate disambung semula / breaks, rotates
(ii) kutub bertentangan, anafasa 180°, re-joins
I / opposite poles, anaphase putus, kromosom yang lain / breaks
1 ; semua, semua / all, all ; off, non-homologous
kombinasi / combination (c)
(iii) kombinasi genetik / gamet /
genetic combinations / gametes Bilangan
Kromosom terlibat
Penyakit kromosom
(c) (i) Gamet haploid / Haploid gamete Chromosomes
Disease No. of
(ii) zigot diploid / diploid zygote involved
chromosome
Mutasi Sindrom 47 (2n+1) Terlebih satu
Mutation Down kromosom di
Down’s pasangan ke 21
(a) Mutasi / Mutation syndrome Extra copy of
(b) (i) Radioaktif, sinar-X, sinar ultraungu, chromosome
sinar gama, suhu yang sangat tinggi number 21
/ Radioactive, X-rays, ultraviolet rays,
gama rays, very high temperature Sindrom 45 (44+XO) Kekurangan satu
Turner kromosom X
(ii) Benzena, formaldehid, asbestos,
Turner’s Has less one X
gas mustard, tar dalam asap rokok syndrome chromosome
Benzene, formaldehyde, asbestos,
mustard gas, tar in tobacco smoke Sindrom 47 (44+XXY) Lebih satu
(c) spontan dan kekal, sel soma, gamet Klinefelter kromosom X
/ sudden and permanent, somatic cells, Klinefelter’s Has an extra X
gametes syndrome chromosome
(d) diubah secara genetik / genetically altered
Jenis mutasi / Types of mutation:
1. (a) urutan nukleotida / nucleotide sequence
(b) Gantian bes / Base substitution ;
Pelenyapan bes / Base deletion ;
Sisipan bes / Base insertion
(c) Anemia sel sabit / Sickle-cell anaemia:
resesif, hemoglobin / recessive allele,
haemoglobin ; Hemoglobin abnormal,
sel darah merah, berbentuk sabit /
Abnormal haemoglobin, red blood cell,
30

PRAKTIS SPM 6
Soalan Objektif
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. C 5. C
6. A 7. A 8. A
Soalan Struktur
Bahagian A berfungsi menyebabkan gentian
1. (a) (i) Variasi selanjar
Continuous variation
(ii) Variasi tak selanjar
Discontinuous variation
(b) Variasi selanjar / Continuous variation:
• Terdapat ciri perantaraan. / There
are intermediate characteristic.
• Ciri-ciri biasanya berbentuk
kuantitatif, boleh diukur. / The
characters are usually quantitative, it
can be measured.
Variasi tak selanjar
Discontinuous variation
• Tiada ciri perantaraan. / There is
no intermediate pattern.
• Ciri-ciri adalah kualitatif, tidak
boleh diukur. / The characters are
qualitative, they cannot be measured.
2. (a) (i) K: Pelenyapan bes –
penyingkiran bes C dari urutan
bes / Base deletion – the removal
of base C from the base sequence
L: Sisipan bes – kemasukan
bes C ke dalam urutan bes /
Base insertion – the insertion of
base C into the base sequence
M: Gantian bes – penggantian
bes C dengan A / Base
substitution – the replacement of
base C with A
(ii) Anemia sel sabit. Mutasi
pada alel resesif yang
bertanggungjawab dalam
penghasilan hemoglobin
abnormal yang menghablur
dan menyebabkan sel darah
Bahagian
merah berbentuk sabit. / Sickle-
cell anaemia. A mutation on the
recessive allele responsible for the
production of abnormal haemoglobin
which crystallises and causes the
red blood cells to become sickle-
shaped.
(b) (i) Pelenyapan / mutasi kromosom
/ Deletion / chromosomal mutation
(ii) Contoh mutagen – sinaran
radioaktif / mana-mana contoh
yang sesuai. Mutagen ini
mempunyai sinaran yang
tinggi dan dapat mencapai
DNA dalam sel / kromosom
menyebabkan perubahan
drastik kepada struktur
kromosom menyebabkan
bahagian P dilenyapkan.
Example of a mutagen –
radioactive radiation / any suitable
example. The mutagen has high
radiation, ableto reach the DNA in
the cells / chromosomes causing
drastic changes to the chromosome
structure resulting in the deletion of
section P.
3. (a) P adalah sentriol. P yang tidak
gelendong tidak terbentuk.
Kromosom homolog tidak akan
terpisah semasa anafasa I.
Bilangan kromosom di dalam gamet
tidak dikurangkan. Gamet tidak
normal terbentuk.
P is centriole. Not function of P cause
spindle fibre will not formed. Homologous
chromosomes is not separated during
anaphase I. Number of chromosomes
in gamete is not reduced. Abnormal
gametes is formed.
(b) Berlakunya tak disjungsi.
Kromosom homolog tidak terpisah
semasa anafasa I akibat tiada
gentian gelendong. Kromatid
tidak terpisah semasa anafasa
II kerana kegagalan sentromer
untuk membahagi. Berlaku semasa
pembentukan gamet. Sindrom
Down disebabkan oleh kelebihan
kromosom 21. Sperma atau ovum
menerima dua kromosom daripada
jenis yang sama. Zigot dengan tiga
kromosom jenis sama atau jumlah
kromosom 47.
Non disjunction occur. Homologous
chromosomes do not separate during
anaphase I due to absent of spindle
fibre. Chromatids do not separate
during Anaphase II due to centromeres
not dividing. Occurs during gamete
formation. Down’s syndrome is due to
extra chromosome 21. Sperm or ovum
receives two chromosomes of same type.
Zygote with three chromosomes of same
type or total 47 chromosomes.
B
4. Rajah X / ketinggian adalah variasi
selanjar
Diagram X / height is a continuous variation
Bentuk taburan graf adalah berbentuk
loceng / taburan normal
The graph is a bell-shape curve / normal
distribution
Ciri-ciri adalah kuantitatif dan boleh
diukur
The characters are quantitative and can be
measured
Terdapat ciri perantaraan
There are intermediate characteristic
Dipengaruhi oleh faktor persekitaran
dan genetik, tidak boleh diwarisi
Influenced by environmental conditions and
genetic factor, cannot be inherited
31
Ciri yang sama dikawal oleh dua atau
lebih gen
The same character is controlled by two or
more genes
Rajah Y / kumpulan darah adalah
variasi tidak selanjar
Diagram Y / blood group is a discontinuous
variation
Graf berbentuk taburan diskrit
The graph shows discrete distribution
Ciri-ciri adalah kualitatif dan tidak
boleh diukur
The characters are qualitative and cannot
be measured
Tiada ciri perantaraan
There is no intermediate characteristic
Dipengaruhi oleh faktor genetik
sahaja, boleh diwarisi
Influenced by genetic factors only, can be
inherited
Satu ciri ditentukan oleh gen tunggal
A characteristic is controlled by one gene
Variasi berlaku disebabkan oleh faktor
genetik
Variation occurs because of genetic factors
Faktor genetik termasuk pindah
silang, pengaturan bebas kromosom,
persenyawaan rawak dan mutasi
Genetic factors are crossing over,
independent assortment of chromosomes,
random fertilisation and mutation
5. Pindah silang / Crossing over
Berlaku pada profasa I meiosis
Occurs during prophase I of meiosis
Pertukaran segmen kromatid
Segments of chromatids exchange places
Membentuk kombinasi gen baharu
Creates a new combination of genes
Gamet pelbagai kombinasi gen
terbentuk selepas kromatid berpisah
semasa anafasa II
A gamete with various combination of
genes produce when chromatid separate
during anaphase II
Pengaturan bebas kromosom
Independent assortment of chromosome
Semasa metafasa I, pasangan
homolog kromosom disusun pada
khatulistiwa sel secara rawak
During metaphase I, homologous pair
of chromosome are arranged on the
metaphase plate at random
Kromosom diturunkan daripada induk
ke gamet yang sama atau berbeza
Chromosome inherited from the parents
may pass into the same or different gamete
Gamet mungkin mempunyai genotip
bapa atau ibu
Some of the gametes may have the
paternal or maternal genotype

Gamet lain mungkin mempunyai
kombinasi genotip induk yang
berlainan
Others may have different combinations of
the paternal and maternal genotype
Persenyawaan secara rawak
Random fertilisation
• Gamet haploid bersenyawa secara
rawak dengan gamet haploid yang
berbeza
A haploid gamete fertilise randomly with
another haploid gamete
• Membentuk zigot diploid dengan
kombinasi genetik yang berbeza
Form diploid zygote with a new combination
of genes
Mutasi / Mutation
• Perubahan dalam DNA menghasilkan
gen baru
Changes in DNA produce new genes
• Dua jenis mutasi: mutasi kromosom
dan mutasi gen
Two type of mutation : chromosome
mutation and gene mutation
Soalan Klon MRSM
1. D     2. 
B     3. 
B homologous chromosomes fail to separate during
Individu ini mempunyai lebih satu
kromosom pada kromosom ke-21. Keadaan
ini berlaku apabila kromosom homolog
gagal berpisah semasa anafasa I atau
kromatid seiras gagal untuk berpisah
semasa anafasa II. Akibatnya, bilangan
kromosom bertambah. Gamet yang
terhasil mempunyai bilangan kromosom
yang tidak normal. Apabila sperma normal
bersenyawa dengan ovum yang mempunyai
32
lebih kromosom ke-21, zigot yang terhasil
mempunyai tiga salinan kromosom 21. Zigot
ini mempunyai sejumlah 47 kromosom dan
bukannya 46 (normal). Maka, individu yang
mempunyai sindrom Down terbentuk.
This individual has more than one chromosome on
the chromosome 21. This condition occurs when
anaphase I or sister chromatids fail to separate
during anaphase II. As a result, the number of
chromosomes increases. The resulting gamete
has an abnormal number of chromosomes. When
the normal sperm is fertilises with an ovum having
more chromosomes 21, the resulting zygote has
three copies of chromosomes 21. The zygote has
a total of 47 chromosomes instead of 46 (normal).
Thus, individuals with Down’s syndrome are
formed.