Manutenção Industrial

Lista de Exercício de Tribologia

1. Em relação aos conceitos tribológicos, responda objetivamente as

perguntas:
 O que é tribologia?
 Onde se aplicam os estudos tribológicos?
 Quais os 5 tipos de desgastes principais, que podem ser estudados na
tribologia?
 Qual a finalidade do lubrificante na tribologia?
 Quais são as características da lubrificação quando são ditas
hidrostáticas, hidrodinâmicas, elastohidrodinâmicas?

2. O texto seguinte pertence a Bhushan (2013), e deve ser lido com

atenção:

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Layers

2.2.1 Deformed Layer
The metallurgical properties of the surface layer of a metal, alloy or a ceramic
can vary markedly from the bulk of the material as a result of the forming process with
which the material surface was prepared. For example, in grinding, lapping, machining,
or polishing, the surface layers are plastically deformed with or without a temperature
gradient and become highly strained. Residual stresses may be released of sufficient
magnitude to affect dimensional stability. The strained layer is called the deformed (or
work hardened) layer and is an integral part of the material itself in the surface region
(Samuels, 1960; Bhushan, 1996; Shaw, 1997).
The deformed layer can also be produced during the friction process (Cook
and Bhushan, 1973).
The amount of the deformed material present and the degree of deformation
that occurs are functions of two factors: (1) the amount of work or energy that was put
into the deformation process; and (2) the nature of the material. Some materials are
much more prone to deformation and work hardening than are others. The deformed
layer would be more severely strained near the surface. The thickness of the lightly
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and heavily deformed layers typically ranges from 1 to 10 and 10 to 100 μm,
respectively.
We generally find smaller grains in the deformed zone from recrystallization of
the grains. In addition, the individual crystallite or grains with interface rubbing can
orient themselves at the surface. The properties of the deformed layers can be entirely
different from the annealed bulk material. Likewise, their mechanical behavior is also
influenced by the amount and the depth of deformation of the surface layers.

2.2.2 Chemically Reacted Layer

With the exception of some noble metals (such as gold and platinum), all
metals and alloys react with oxygen and form oxide layers in air; however, in other
environments, they are quite likely to form other layers (for example, nitrides, sulfides,
and chlorides) (Kubaschewski and Hopkins, 1953), Figure 2.2.1.With many non-oxide
nonmetals, the oxide and other chemically reacted layers may also be present. For
example, silicon exposed to air readily forms a silicon dioxide layer. In the case of
oxides, for example, aluminum oxide, oxygen is an integral part of the structure, so an
oxide layer is not expected. Polymers generally do not form an oxide layer. Interaction
of surfaces with gases does not necessarily cease with the formation

Figure 2.2.1 Schematic diagrams of physisorption, chemisorption, and a chemical reaction.

Reproduced with permission from Buckley, D.H. (1981), Surface Effects in Adhesion, Friction, Wear
and Lubrication, Elsevier, Amsterdam. Copyright 1981. Elsevier.

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of an adsorbed monolayer. If a mechanism is available for the continuous

exposure of new surface, the interaction with the ambient proceeds, leading to the
formation of a thick film. The thickness of the oxide and other chemically reacted layers
depends on the reactivity of the materials to the environment, reaction temperature,
and reaction time. Typical thicknesses of these layers range from 10 to 100 nm,
although much thicker layers can be formed. Oxide layers can also be produced during
the machining or the friction process. The heat released by almost all processing
methods increases the rate of oxidation and leads to several types of oxides. During
the friction process, because of a rise in temperature, the chemical reaction with the
environment is accelerated. When a metal friction pair operates in air, the reaction may
take place between the oxide layers of the two surfaces. The presence of lubricant and
additives causes the formation of solid reaction layers that are important in surface
protection.
Oxide layers may be of one or more elemental oxides. For example, on iron it
may be iron oxide, or the film may contain a mixture of oxides such as Fe2O3, Fe2O4,
and an innermost layer of FeO. With alloys, the surface oxides may consist of a mixture
of oxides. For example, on stainless steels, the oxides may be a mixture of iron oxide
and chromium oxide (Cr2O3). With some materials, the oxides that are formed are
very tenacious, very thin films form on the materials, and the surface becomes
passivated with no further oxidation taking place: for example, aluminum and titanium
surfaces.With some metals, however, the oxide can continue to grow; for example,
Fe2O3 continues to grow in a humid air environment. “

 Baseando-se neste texto explique a ocorrência físico-quimica na

superfície do material de maneira objetiva.

Referências
BHUSHAN, B., Introduction to Tribology, 2 ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
2013. 721 p.

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Prof. Me Roberto Outa