Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
H. O. Spauschus
Georgia Technical Research Institute, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
Received 27 M a y 1987
The world-wide growth of refrigeration applications is the result of expanding markets, international
competition and improved products based on advanced technology. This plenary lecture outlines the
potential impact of technicaladvancesin solid-statemicroelectronicsand computers, new working fluidsand
space-age structural materials on refrigeration products of the 1990s. Future equipment developmentsthat
are reviewedinclude advanced compressors, solid-state drives, desiccant cooling systemsand products such
as engine-drivenand Stirling heat pumps. Environmental impact of CFCs and the recent breakthroughs in
superconductingmaterials are likelyto create both disruptions and opportunities for refrigerationin the next
decade.
(Keywords:refrigeration;developments;advancedtechnology; futuretrends)
At the 1983 International Refrigeration Congress in 2. The decreasing rate of growth in the later years of this
Paris, Roger Thevenot, Honorary Director of the IIR, period has been compensated for by increased growth of
presented an excellent historical perspective of the first manufactured products in the Far East and Europe. The
150 years of mechanical refrigeration 1. For almost a world market for refrigeration and air conditioning
century after the fundamental studies of Carnot and products is illustrated in Table 1, showing production,
Pcltier, the pace of developments in refrigeration was 1987 market size and population for world regions 5.
largely governed by improvements in refrigerating Anglo America, Japan and Europe produce and purchase
machines that evolved from steam engine technology and almost 90% of the world refrigeration products, though
by Carre's invention of the absorption machine, as numbering less than 25 % of the world population. The
illustrated in Figure 1. Beginning in the 1930s, new
innovations altering the course of artificial refrigeration
include the hermetic compressor, the discovery of 2ooo~
halocarbon refrigerants by Midgley2, Pennington's 19807,,, ~" ???
regenerative dehumidifier cyclea and the commercial REVERSIBLE PUMPS
1 2-POLE MOTORS
reversible air-to-air heat pump. More recent
developments in refrigeration have been evolutionary in
nature, directed at meeting world-wide needs for food,
1
comfort and health. / -
The refrigeration industry of today is undergoing a
period of accelerated development, fueled by growing
~ -- HEUUM LI~IFACTION
markets, international competition and the concern for lS80F~CAILLETET - - AIR L CI.JIFACII(~N
*Adapted from a paper to be presented at the XVIIth International Figm'e 1 Historiceventsin refrigeration
Congress of Refrigeration,Vienna,Austria,24-29 August 1987 Figure I Ev~nements historiques du froid
0140-7007/87/050263-08503.00
© 1987 Butterworth& Co (Publishers)Ltd and IIR Rev. Int. Froid 1 987 Vol 10 Septembre 263
Development in refrigeration." H. O. Spauschus
DOLLARS
(billions) microelectronics and computers; new materials and
advances in refrigerating machinery; compressors, drives
and equipment or products. These categories reflect the
author's experience and interests and thus are not
VALUE presumed to represent an all-encompassing prediction of
OF
SHIP- refrigeration developments.
MENTS
capacity for the period 1976 to 19854 . These dramatic Figure 3 Energy efficiency improvements
improvements were achieved after the 1974 oil embargo Figure 3 Ameliorations du rendement ~nergbtique
focussed attention on the opportunity to save precious
natural resources by improving refrigeration product DOLLARS
efficiency. Since space heating, air conditioning and 90
central refrigeration of buildings is the second largest
consumer of energy in the USA, the total energy savings
that have been realized are large indeed. The projected
80'
70
60
\
PER 64
KILOBYTES 50,
increasing cost of energy will assure continuing OF 40.
J
application of technology to achieve additional RAM
30
improvements in efficiency. 20
With a healthy and expanding refrigeration industry, 10
international in scope and highly competitive in nature, 0
JAN
JAN JUL JAN JUL JAN JUL JAN JUL
new and improved products can be anticipated. These 83 83 84 84 85 85 86 86 87
developments, many already well underway, will be SIX MONTH PERIODS
highlighted in this presentation. Three emerging, Figure 4 Cost of computer memory
technology-based developments will be discussed: Figure 4 Co(~t des m~raoires d'ordinateur
O%R
Advantages Challenges
2O
• 8.0 hp Multi-fuel capability Vibration and noisecontrol
Peak shaving Emission
,o
Reduces dependency on Durable, long-lifeengine
electricity
--~3.3 ho
0 Provides heating, cooling, Efficient,low cost compressor
1980 1990 2000 hot water
SOURCE: EPRI - - IMPACT OF ADVANCED ROWER SEMICONDUCTOR SYSTEMS ON UTILITIES Utilizes waste heat for Shaft seals;refrigerant
AND INDUSTRY EM-2112, NOVEMBER 1981,
improved capacity containment
Figure 7 Projected use of variable speed drives in air conditioning Efficient energy use Maintenance-freeignitionand
Figure 7 Utilisation prbvue de commandes it vitesse variable dans le a.c. starters
conditionnement d'air
higher pressure refrigerants that offer thermodynamic of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, USA (1986)
advantages. 11 Proceedings of the IIR Commission 132meeting on Advances in
Stirring engines also are under development for refrigeration and heat pump technology achieved by the
adaptation as prime movers for air conditioners and heat application of microelectronics and the control of systems by
pumps aT'3s. Advantages of the Stirring external microelectronic devices, Dresden, GDR (1984)
combustion engine included their high efficiency (COP 12 SImmChm, H. 0. Factors affecting reliability of hermetic
compressors Proc Compressor Engineering Conf Purdue
cooling 0.9-1.1; COP heating 1.5-1.6), multi-fuel University, USA (1982)
capacity, low mechanical vibration and noise and easier 13 Macriss, IL A., Zawaeki, T. S. Absorption fluids data survey Proc
control of combustion emissions as compared to internal DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Conf Washington DC, USA (1984)
combustion engine exhaust. Technical challenges that 235-243
are being addressed include problems associated with the 14 Bokehnana, H, Steinfle, F. Development of advanced heat
transformers utilizing new working fluids lnt J Refrig (1986) 9
containment of high pressure helium or hydrogen 51-59
working gas, reduction of parasitic electrical loads and 15 Cooper, W. D., Borehardt, H. J. The use of refrigerant mixtures in
costs associated with maintenance and service. air-to-air heat pumps, paper El-60, XVth International
Congress of Refrigeration, Venice, Italy (1979)
16 Conaen, EL A., Drew, D. W. Estimation and application of
Conclusions thermodynamic properties for a non-azeotropic mixture lnt J
Refrig (1983) 6 203-208
This forecast o f refrigeration d e v e l o p m e n t s l o o k i n g 17 Mukoy, W., Didioa, D. The performance of a conventional
t o w a r d s the 1990s has been limited in scope. O t h e r residential sized heat pump operating with a nonazeotropic
i m p o r t a n t fields o f I I R interest such as a b s o r p t i o n binary refrigerant mixture, National Bureau of Standards
publication NBSIR 86-3422, Gaithersburg, USA (1986)
refrigeration, thermoelectric heat p u m p s , t h e r m a l 18 Matsmags, I-L, Hiramh H., Uehiyama, L Nakatani, K.
s t o r a g e a n d o p t i m i z e d food p r e s e r v a t i o n have n o t been Characteristics of compressor for a room air conditioner using a
a d d r e s s e d d u e to t i m e a n d space limitations. The recent non-azeotropic mixture of refrigerants Proc lnt Compressor
b r e a k t h r o u g h s in s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g m a t e r i a l s , c l a i m e d to Engineering Conf Purdue University, USA (1986) IH 766-783
19 Kuever, R., Kmse, H. The application of non-azeotropic
function at 100 K a n d m o r e recently at t e m p e r a t u r e s as refrigerant mixtures in two temperature refrigerators Preprints
high as 2 4 0 K a9 c o u l d have a m a j o r i m p a c t o n the of IIR Commission B1, B2, El and E2 Meeting Purdue
refrigeration industry. M e c h a n i c a l refrigeration, r a t h e r University, USA (1986)
t h a n m o r e costly cryogenic cooling, m a y suffice to 20 Stoecker, W. F. Condensing coefficients when using refrigerant
p r o v i d e the t h e r m a l e n v i r o n m e n t for new s u p e r c o n - mixtures Proc DOE/ORNL Heat Pump Con.( Washington DC,
USA (1984) 77-88
d u c t o r s , thus o p e n i n g u p vast new o p p o r t u n i t i e s . A p a r t 21 Kruse, H. The advantages of non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures
from this m o r e s p e c t a c u l a r d e v e l o p m e n t , the following for heat pump applications Proc I I R Commissions B I , B 2, E1 and
generalizations a r e p r o p o s e d : E2 Meeting Mons (1980) 159-171
22 Vakil, H. lk New concepts in capacity modulation using non-
1. refrigeration a n d air c o n d i t i o n i n g p r o d u c t s a n d azeotropic mixtures Proceedings of Commission B2 IIR XVIth
m a r k e t s will experience vigorous, t e c h n o l o g y - d r i v e n International Congress, Paris, France (1983)
g r o w t h in the 1990s; 23 Grnmoll, B., Gutbier, H. Continuous control of the heating
capacity of heat pumps by means of non-azeotropic mixtures
2. microelectronics, c o m p u t e r s a n d a d v a n c e d m a t e r i a l s f'roc IIR Commission E2 Meeting Trondheim (1985) 257-263
will p l a y m a j o r roles in new p r o d u c t d e v e l o p m e n t s ; 24 Aittomaki, A. Use of refrigerant mixtures in exhaust-air heat
3. new c o m p r e s s o r s a n d v a r i a b l e speed drives will pump Proc IIR Commissions B1, B2, E1 and E2 Meeting Mons
b e c o m e established in selected segments of the (1980) 195-201
refrigeration a n d air c o n d i t i o n i n g m a r k e t ; a n d 25 Speaker, L M., Speasehas, ELO. A study to increase state-of-the-
art solubility and viscosity relationships for oil-refrigerant
4. p r o d u c t d e v e l o p m e n t s m a t u r i n g in the 1990s include mixtures, Final report for ASHRAE Research Project 444,
desiccant c o o l i n g cycles, i n t e r n a l c o m b u s t i o n engine Atlanta, USA (1986)
driven heat p u m p s a n d Stirring engine heat p u m p s . 26 Spauschus,H. 0., Speaker, L. M. A review of viscosity data for
oil-refrigerant solutions ASHRAE Trans in press
27 Krnse, H. H., Sehrneder, M. Fundamentals of lubrication in
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