Electric Circuits

Resistance
Ohm’s Law

V = IR
V – voltage (V, volts)
I – current (A, ampere)
R – resistance (Ω, ohms)

Resistor
Energy used to resist
Dissipation current
P = I2 R = VI = V2/R
P – power (W, watts)
 Resistance
Current

I = Q/t
Q – charge (C, coloumb)
t – time (s)

Conductance

G = 1/R
G – conductance (S, siemens)
 Q 37
What is the power required to transfer 93,600 C of
charge through a potential rise of 50 V in 1 hr?

𝑸
𝑷 = 𝑽𝑰 = 𝑽
𝒕

𝟗𝟑, 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑪 𝟏𝒉𝒓

𝑷 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑽 = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝑾
𝟏 𝒉𝒓 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝒔
 Resistance
Factor affecting resistance

R = ρL/A
ρ – resistivity (Ω.m)
L – length
A – cross sectional area

Effect of temperature

R2 = R1 [1 + α(t2-t1)]
α – temperature coefficient of
resistance
t1 – initial temperature
t2 – final temperature
 Q 39
What is the resistance of a copper wire?
L = 100m, r = 0.12 mm, ρ = 1.72 X 10-8 Ω.m

𝝆𝑳 𝟏. 𝟕𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝛀 ∙ 𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒎
𝑹= =
𝑨 𝝅(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝒎)𝟐

𝑹 = 𝟑𝟖 𝛀
 Q 42
A platinum resistance thermometer has R = 100 Ω in an ice
bath. When placed in a hot spring, it has R = 123.5 Ω. What
is the temperature of the hot spring? α = 0.00392 /0C

R2 = R1 [ 1 + α (t2-t1) ]

123.5 Ω = 100 Ω [1 + 0.00392/0C (T –

00C)]

T = 60 0C
Series Circuit
Parallel Circuit
 Q 38
A current of 2.2 A flows when a battery of 24 V is
connected to a 10 Ω load. What is the internal
resistance of the battery?

𝑽 = 𝑰𝑹𝑹 = 𝑰 (𝑹 + 𝒓)
 Q 38
A current of 2.2 A flows when a battery of 24 V is
connected to a 10 Ω load. What is the internal
resistance of the battery?

𝟐𝟒 𝑽 = 𝟐. 𝟐 𝑨 𝟏𝟎 𝜴 + 𝒓

𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟗 𝜴
 Capacitor
Capacitan
ce
Q = CV
Q – charge stored (C,
coloumb)
C – capacitance (F,
farad)
V – voltage (V, ohms) Capacitor
Energy Stored used to store
charges
W = ½ CV2
W – Energy (J, joules)
 Inductor

Energy Stored

W = ½ LI2
W – Energy (J, joules)
L – inductance (H, henry)
I – current (A, ampere)
Inductor
resist changes in
electric current
 Series Parallel

Resistor 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑹𝑺 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 = + +
𝑹𝑺 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑
Capacitor
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + 𝑪𝑷 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 + 𝑪𝟑
𝑪𝑺 𝑪𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑪𝟑
Inductor
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳𝑺 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 + 𝑳𝟑 = + +
𝑳𝑺 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 𝑳𝟑
 Q 40
Two resistors have R of 25 Ω when connected in
series and 6 Ω when connected in parallel. What
is the R of the smaller resistor?

𝟐𝟓 Ω = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐
𝑹𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝜴
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝟔 Ω 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓 𝜴
 Q 41
Three capacitors whose capacitances are 1, 2,
and 3 μF are connected in series. What is the
equivalent capacitance?
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝑪𝑺 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑

𝑪𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟓 μ𝑭
 Direct and Alternating
Current

t
 Direct Current
Resistor

V = IR

Capacitor

I=0

Inductor

No Effect, V = 0
 Alternating Current
Resistor

V = IR

Capacitor

𝒅𝑽
𝑰= 𝑪
𝒅𝒕

Inductor

𝒅𝑰
𝑽= 𝑳
𝒅𝒕
ELI the ICE man

Inductor (ELI) Capacitor (ICE)

𝒅𝑰 𝒅𝑽
𝑽= 𝑳 𝑰= 𝑪
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

I lags V I leads V
 Capacitor
𝒅𝑽
𝑰= 𝑪
𝒅𝒕

I
V
 Inductor
𝒅𝑰
𝑽= 𝑳
𝒅𝒕

V
I
Reactance

X = X L - XC
XL = 2πfL XC = 1/2πfC
X – Reactance (Ω,ohms)
f – frequency (Hz, hertz)
L – inductance
C – capacitance
 Reactance

If X > 0
L has more effect than C
V leads I

If X < 0
C has more effect than L
I leads V

If X = 0
Resonance
2πfL = 1/2πfC
Impedance

Z = R + iX Z 2 = R2 + X 2
Z – Impedance (Ω,ohms)
R – Resistance (Ω,ohms)
L – inductance
C – capacitance

Z = V/I
 Others
Power Factor

pf = R/Z

Admittance (S, siemens)

Y = 1/Z