Planning 3 Lecture

URBANIZATION AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Arch. Eduardo F. Bober, Jr.
Special Industry Lecturer
REVIEW & Recapitulation

• RECAPITULATION
of the previous
lesson/topic
• Questions and
clarifications
URBANIZATION
• Phenomenon by which a
community or settlement gradually
or rapidly acquires an urban
character.
• Growth in the proportion of a
population living in an urban place
• A process that has a beginning and
an end
• A process associated with the
development of civilization
• Redistribution of population from
rural to urban settlement
(migration)
 URBANIZATION
• Geographic concentration of
population & non-agricultural
activities in urban environments
in varying size and form.
• Process by which rural areas
became transformed into urban
areas
• Demographically, an increase in
population concentration
(numbers and density);
movement of people to cities,
other densely settled areas.
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
• Level of Urbanization –
proportion of people living in
urban areas
• Urban Growth – population
rate of growth
(increase/decrease) in urban
areas
• Pace of Urbanization –
average change in the level
of urbanization (change in
level/time period)
Degree (Level) of Urbanization
Industrialization
& Urbanization
• In general, industrialization
begets industrialization
– British, European:
Industrialization was the
catalyst for urban
growth (factories gave rise
to towns)
– New World (American):
Industrialization
followed urbanization
(towns gave rise to
factories)
FACTORS that hastened
Urbanization
(Europe)
 Unprecedented population growth in
the countryside
 Mechanization, rising productivity,
and labor shedding in agriculture
 Rural population as continuous
supply of factory workers
 Rural population as source of
domestic help
 City-ward migration
(USA)
 Agricultural revolution took place
side by side with industrial
revolution
 Migration of redundant farm labor
from the south to northern cities
 Immigration of Europeans “to empty
lands of the earth”
Urbanization in the
Philippines: Historical
Perspective
 Spanish land policy has led
to the dispossession of
native inhabitants
 American colonial policy of
speculative land
development also led to the
marginalization of peasants
 Post-war post-colonial rural-
to-urban migration,
accelerated
suburbanization, and
further contributed to the
marginalization of the poor.
1A. Spanish Colonial
Period
 Pre-colonial natives had free
access to common land: to
work and/or to own
 Upon colonial contact, the
King of Spain awarded large
land grants to Spaniards
 Masses of native inhabitants
were left landless,
dispossessed
 Native elite also received
land grants taken from
formerly common lands
Social Structure During
Early Spanish Regime
(Late 16th-Early 17th Century)
 Spaniards > accumulated
lands by purchase,
donations, trickery
 Native Principalia >
appropriated common lands
for their private property
 Chinese > also consolidated
lands from the masses
 Landless Masses > poor
majority, dispossessed
During the later part of the
Spanish regime, the
Spaniards acquired more
lands for export crops
cultivation in large landed
estates
More landless peasants
and laborers became farm
workers or share croppers
in the big haciendas
The social structure
became more complex but
the poor as always
occupied the bottom
Social Structure During
Later Spanish Regime
 Absentee Landlords >
Spaniards including friar
orders
 Salaried Administrators >
Spanish nationals
 Big Inquilino (non-cultivating
renter) > Most privileged;
former principalia & Chinese
mestizo
 Small Inquilino (cultivating
renter) > Native
 Aparceros (sharecroppers or
salaried workers) > Poor
majority, native
Spanish Urbanization
Policy
Native settlements were too
small and dispersed to be
Christianized effectively
Spanish friars reduced the
umbers of native
settlements to a few larger
”pueblos” or town
Within each town there was
an urban core called
“poblacion” & rural
hinterlands called “barrios”
(taga-bayan at taga-bukid)
 Outer Urban fringe Rural hinterland
Rural sector Inner

Core built-up area

or “poblacion”
Urban shadow

barrio

Early Philippine Towns

Morphological Type 1
“Forced” Urbanization
 The Spaniards urged the
natives to concentrate
themselves in ‘poblacion’ for
easier indoctrination and
protection from their enemies
 Only the rich land owners could
afford to live in the ‘poblacion’
 The poor peasants stayed put in
the barrios
 Hence, early Philippine towns
followed the European
continental pattern wherein the
city center is reserved for the
rich & powerful and the barrios
to the poor native inhabitants
1B. American
Contribution (1898-1946)
 American “land reform” further
concentrated wealth in the
hands of the elite inquilinos, the
majority remained landless and
poor
 Introduction of real estate
business sparked free-for-all
urban development
 Speculative builders created
suburban enclaves for the rich
 The less well-off were left in the
inner city
1C. Post-war
Urbanization Trends
Rural-Urban Migration
 Universal public education FLOWS
loosened the rules of social
mobility and encouraged spatial 1. The Seasonal Flows
mobility as well. 2. Circular Migration
3. Permanent Flows
 Spatial mobility led to rural-
3a. Step or stage migration
urban migration > > > > >
3b. Chain Migration

 Rural-urban migration led to Stays with Migrants set

Rural
expansion of the cities creating Area relative up own
or friend dwelling in
two (2) new urban morphologies in town town

2nd migrant Stays with migrant Friend or Migrants

sets up own now established in relative of 1st quarters
dwelling in town migrant develope
town d in town
Morphological Type 2
Characteristics:

 A town city with expanded built-

up area but still confined within
its original territorial boundaries.
 An urban core which is the
original ‘poblacion’ where the
rural-urban migrants may find or Urban suburb
the
expect to find jobs. core
poor
 An outer urban or suburban
area which was the former
rural hinterland
urban fringe which has become
the enclaves of the rich.
 A rural hinterland where the
poor peasants remain.
Morphological Type 2
Morphological Type 3
Characteristics:
 Metropolitan area where the central
city spreads into adjoining towns
due to:
 Construction of high-capacity
radial roads
 Decentralization of
manufacturing due to strict
enforcement of environmental
laws
 Promotional gimmicks of
speculative subdivision Urban expansion

developers
 Resettlement of squatters from
the urban core to fringe areas
 No distinct spatial pattern for
the poor; they are everywhere Morphological Type 3
Comparative Urbanization Experience
Third World
 Driven mainly by
demographic forces
 Industrialization lags
behind urbanization and
migrants find employment
opportunities in cities
 Third World cities are more
healthful than their rural
counterparts
 Death control gains
achieved in 20 years
 Development is
government-led with
foreign economic and
technical assistance
Western
 Driven by economic and
industrial forces
 Involves gradual innovation
and interdependent
economic and social
change spanning more than
a century
 Early industrial cities were
death traps
 Fall in mortality years took
over 70-80 years
 Development led by private
capital and entrepreneurial
class
• Suburbanization – expansion of
the city, primarily of residential
areas spreading into the
countryside
• Urban Sprawl – result of
unplanned, uncontrolled spreading
of urban development into areas
adjoining the edges of the city.
• Gentrification – the process of
renewal & rebuilding
accompanying the influx of middle-
class or affluent people into
deteriorating areas that often
displaces poorer residents
Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the
gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban
areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the
change.
Process whereby a place becomes urban, i.e., it ceases to be
rural…experiences a large concentration of population that is
changing from rural to urban way of life.
Urban-Rural Dichotomy
Rural Urban Proponent
Sacred Secular H. Becker
Folk Urban Redfield
Ascription Achievement T. Parsons
Particularistic Universalistic F. Riggs
Traditional Rational M. Weber
“True change starts from within a person’s heart,
mind and spirit and works outward as reflected by
attitudes and actions.” – John C. Bergstrom
City life is characterized
by some level of
formality and a
severance of familial
relationships or
kinship ties.
Cities can become
concentrations of
pollution, squalor
and decay due to
overcrowding,
vehicular traffic and
crime.
Implications of Urbanization
Implications of Urbanization
Human Settlements – approach looking at cities as
physical locations for groups of human beings, which
should have the key elements for biological survival
and social interaction.
Human Settlement (UN ESCAP) means the totality of the
human community - whether city, town or village - with all
the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural
elements that sustain it.
The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements
and services to which these elements provide the material
support. The physical components comprise the following:
shelter, infrastructure, and services.
Shelter, i.e. the superstructures of In 1973, Human Settlement
different shapes, size, type and Commission (EO 419)
materials erected by mankind for decrees 11 basic services
security, privacy and protection from (needs) of man in a
the elements and for his singularity settlement:
within a community; Education, Clothing, Shelter,
Medical Services, Ecological
Infrastructure, i.e. the complex
Balance, Mobility, Economy,
networks designed to deliver to or
Sports & Recreation
remove from the shelter people,
goods, energy or information;
Services cover those required by a
community for the fulfillment of its Power
functions as a social body, such as
Food
education, health, culture, welfare,
recreation and nutrition (UN Economic &
Social Commission for Asia & the Pacific) Water
Konstantinos Doxiadis, Greek
Theorist rationalized HS as a
science which includes
Economics
planning and design with
contributions from different
specializations. Culture
Social
Sciences
EKISTICS
Creating better settlements for science of human
settlements
tomorrow can be understood
better looking at the various Technical
Aspects
Pol. Science
& Admin.
elements of HS.
Ekistics units or ELS = man,
room, dwelling, dwelling
group, small neighborhood,
neighborhood, small town,
town, large city, metro,
conurbation, megalopolis,
urban region, urbanized
continent, ecumenopolis

Classifications:
Function administrative,
recreational, industrial,
tourism. Financial, religious,
educational, etc.
Evolutionary Phases nomadic,
agricultural, urban-agricultural,
towns and cities
Factors legislation, labor,
financing, etc.
Discipline cultural, social,
technical, political-admin.
Hierarchy of Settlement
 In the Philippine setting, HS growth is closely tied to population dynamics.
“PUSH” factor – rural “PULL” factor – rural
population are forced to population are
migrate to urban areas due encouraged to migrate to
to the following situations in urban areas due to the
the countryside: following:
1. Lack of income 1. Job opportunities and
opportunity higher income
2. Absence of acceptable 2. Modern facilities and
facilities better services
3. Undue resource and 3. Higher quality of
environmental environment
exploitation 4. Higher standard of
4. Continuing poverty living
situation 5. Vibrant social life
5. Aggravated “bright light
helplessness syndrome” or “the big
6. Armed conflicts city phenomenon”
Population Dynamics
• Population dynamics shape the principle social, economic
and environmental challenges that humankind is
confronting this century. To promote the wellbeing of
current and future generations, which is the ultimate
objective of sustainable development, we must therefore
systematically consider and plan for population dynamics.

• Population dynamics — the changes in the size, location

and age of populations — have to inform sustainable
development goals, targets and indicators, as well as
development strategies, policies and programs. Without
knowledge of how many people are living on the planet,
where they are living and how old they are, we cannot
hope to meet the needs of people. –
 food

energy

water

social inequality
and protection

Population Dynamics Matters for Sustainable Development

OTHER FACTORS on HS:
(influence on population distribution)
1. Resettlement & relocation actions
2. Industrial Estates & growth centers
3. Highways & other major thoroughfares
4. Natural resources conservation & reforms
5. Decentralization and autonomy policy
6. Agrarian reform
7. Urban land use reform
8. Sites and Services for informal settlers
9. Utilities expansion & urban security
10.Rural development programs
GOVERNMENT RESPONSES TO THE PROBLEMS OF THE
URBAN POOR
1. Tenure Improvement Schemes (On Site)
* Improvement of sites & services
* Re-blocking schemes
* Community Mortgage Program
* Slum Upgrading Program
2. Informal Settlers Relocation/Resettlement (Off Site)
* Families affected by major public works project
* Families living in danger zones
* Families affected by man-made & natural
calamities
3. Balanced Housing Provisions (UDHA of 1995)
* Requires subdivision developers to set aside 20% of project area or cost for
socialized housing purposes through: RA 7279_UDHA
> Development of new settlements
> Slum upgrading or renewal
> Joint venture projects
> Community Mortgage Program
REFLECTION: Think about these?
Given that the transformation of areas (from rural to urban,
country to town and cities, and the growing population) always
has a tremendous effect to the environment, [1] can our
environment and natural resources still support the biological
needs of the growing population? [2] Do you think that
population should be stabilized in less developed countries like
the Philippines and the slow rate of population growth in
developed countries like in the US and European countries
be ignored? [3] Why? Why not?

[4] Based on your awareness and perception, what needs

much attention or have to be solved: overpopulation or
overconsumption?

The World of 7 Billion and the Population Dynamics in the

Post 2015 Development Agenda and Malthus’ Theory on
Population are good reading materials for this exercise. Visit
our class’ e_group for copy.
Thank you & good day.