Sliding Friction

To find the co-efficent of friction

Group 2:
Raja M Usama
Raja M Bilal Zaheer
M Haris Hassan
M Usama Saleem
Ch Haris

Date = 11th January 2019

To = Sir Qazi Jamal Uddin

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Introduction:
What you observe when we run down on slider and we want to stop on puddle? It’s friction.
Friction exists everywhere when two objects come in contact with each other. We can take a
simple example when we stop our car at stop sign then it slows down due to presence of
friction between applied breaks and the wheels. In this case we have an additional force which
helps to slow the car down with the help of friction between the two surfaces in contact; i.e the
tires and the road. This is called the kinetic frictional force Fk which is related to the Normal
force by the formulae

mk = FK/FN = F/mg

In order to stop the car, the applied force has to be greater than the maximum force due to the
presence of static friction. Static friction is essentially what keeps a body at rest. The coefficient
of static friction ms is related to the Static friction force FS and Normal force FN by the formula

ms = Fs/FN = Fmax/mg

If we run on the sidewalk and stop immediately then we stop due to presence of friction
between sidewalk and shoes but when it is on puddle then there is also friction because the
surface is smoother due to presence of liquid. It does not effect on friction. The less value of
friction makes hard to stop. The car accidents are because of low friction. Friction occurs with
solid object due to resistance in motion in liquids and gases.

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Normal Force:
Let’s explain this with an example. When two objects are not in contact they don’t have a
mutual normal force but as soon as they come into contact, they exert a normal force. Normal
force is a perpendicular force which stops the objects in contact to penetrate through each
other thus keeping them in contact.

Kinetic frictional force Fk:

Kinetic friction, also known as sliding friction or moving friction, is the amount of retarding
force between two objects that are moving relative to each other.

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Static friction:
Static friction, acts between surfaces at rest with respect to each other. The value of static
friction varies between zero and the smallest force needed to start motion. This smallest force
required to start motion, or to overcome static friction, is always greater than the force
required to continue the motion, or to overcome kinetic friction.

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Experimental Setup:

 Carriages:
There are 3 types of carriages used with three different bases.

Cork Hugo

Felt

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Capstone Setup:
This will be used to produce the graphs as the carriage is moved along the surface.
Furthermore the base of the experiment will be a glass base because that will prove to
have the least friction beforehand.

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Procedure:
1. Measure the masses of all the friction trays and record them in the appropriate
table. Verify that the bar mass is within 5g of 250g.
2. Ensure that there is no tension in the string. Then, press the ‘zero’ button on the
force sensor.
3. Place a 250g mass in the cork bottomed Friction Tray.
4. Place the friction tray on the tape mark at the right end of the lab table.
5. Click RECORD. Gently pull on the Friction Tray horizontally and slowly move it across
the lab table at a constant velocity. Continue pulling at a constant velocity for
several seconds. Click STOP.
6. . The value of the maximum force should appear in the upper left corner. Record
this value in the appropriate table with the following column headings: total mass,
N, static, kinetic, fast. Click the Statistics tool again to turn it off.
7. The mean value force should appear in the middle left of the highlighted box.
Record this value in the kinetic column of the table created in step 7. Enter the total
mass of the cork and the 250 g mass in the first column.
8. Now repeat steps 2-9 with 2 masses, 3 masses and 4 masses in the cork tray. It is
advised to use the same speed as before to ensure accuracy of the results.
9. Using the two plastic bottomed trays, place two 250g masses in each tray. Then
stack one tray on top of the other. Determine the maximum static force and the
kinetic force at constant velocity.
10. Now hook one tray behind the other. Repeat steps 2-5 with two 250 g masses in
each cart. Determine the maximum static force and the kinetic force at constant
velocity. Enter the results in the frictional forces page in rows labelled Train Static
and Train Kinetic.

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
 Calculations:
𝝁𝒌𝒇 = (Kinetic Friction Force) / (Normal Force)

𝝁𝒔𝒇 = (Static Friction Force) / (Normal Force)

Normal Force = mg

Cork=0.094kg

Felt=0.085kg

Plastic=0.0935kg

Object Static Kinetic Max Mean 𝝁𝒌𝒇 𝝁𝒔𝒇

Force(N) Force(N) Speed(m/s) Speed(m/s)
Cork (250g) 1.070 0.895 0.02 0.02 .2652 .3171
Cork (500g) 2.690 1.745 0.08 0.02 .2995 .4616
Cork (750g) 4.210 2.605 0.10 0.02 .3146 .5085
Cork (1000g) 6.645 4.000 0.14 0.02 .3727 .6192
Felt (500g) 1.420 1.225 0.15 0.03 .2135 .2474
Plastic (500g) 1.705 1.320 0.07 0.04 .2267 .2928
Stack (1000g) 4.223 3.255 0.06 0.15 .2770 .3627
Train (1000g) 3.521 3.102 0.20 0.45 .2664 .3024
Average max speed:

= (0.02+0.08+0.10+.14+0.15+0.07+0.06+0.20) / (8)

= 0.10 m/s

Average mean speed:

= (0.02+0.02+0.02+0.02+0.03+0.04+0.15+0.45) / (8)

= 0.08 m/s

Speed = 0.10 – 0.08

=0.02m/s
Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Cork (250g):

Cork (500g):

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Cork (750g):

Cork (1000g):

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Felt (500g):

Plastic (500g):

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Stack (Plastic)(1000g):

Train (Plastic) (1000g):

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin
Precautions:
1. The inclined plane and blocks must be dry and clean.
2. Move the thread slowly.
3. Do not change the angle of thread with the inclined plane while pulling the block.
4. The pulley must be smooth and easily rotatable.
5. Put the weights gently in the blocks.

Conclusion:
In this experiment, we tested two factors that may affect the coefficient of static friction.
First, we tested whether the surface area affects the coefficient of kinetic friction. We also
tested whether the type of surface affects the coefficient of kinetic friction. The value of
sliding friction between two objects does not depend on the area of contact between the
two objects. The coefficient in the kinetic along with static friction is determined by
materials used for each call surfaces. The coefficients will never always be bigger than 1 and
the coefficient connected with kinetic friction is definitely more compact as opposed to
among static friction for that identical scenario.

Members: M.Haris Hassan, Raja M.Usama, Ch Haris, Usama Saleem, Raja Bilal Zaheer
Submitted to: Sir Qazi Jamal uddin