ABSTRACT

Directional drilling machine which can be used based on drilling holes in

various location and movement and easily operation done with high accuracy.
Productivity can be improved by reducing total machining time and reduced
human effort and reduced manufacturing cycle time. In this present age the
application of micromachining operations continues to grow. These operations
are required to fabricate the products required for sectors like medical
science, automobile industries and electronics manufacturing etc. whi ch deals
with miniature trends. Drilling process is one of the machining processes which is
used to drill micro holes not only in micro products but also in relatively larger
work pieces which require ultra-small features which can be accomplished
only by drilling process

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 CHAPTER – 1
1. INTRODUCTION

Around 35,000 BCE, Homo sapiens discovered the benefits of the

application of rotary tools. This would have rudimentarily consisted of a pointed
rock being spun between the hands to bore a hole through another material. This led
to the hand drill, a smooth stick that was sometimes attached to flint point, and was
rubbed between the palms. This was used by many ancient civilizations around the
world including the Mayans. The earliest perforated artifacts such as bone, ivory,
shells and antlers found, are from the Upper Paleolithic era.

B ow drill (strap-drills) are the first machine drills, as they convert a

back-and forth motion to a rotary motion, and they can be traced back to around
10,000 years ago. It was discovered that tying a cord around a stick, and then
attaching the ends of the string to the ends of a stick(a bow), allowed a user to drill
quicker and more efficiently. Mainly used to create fire, bow-drills were also used
in ancient woodwork, stonework and dentistry. Archeologist discovered a
Neolithic grave yard in Mehrgrath, Pakistan dating from the time of the
Harappans, around 7,500-9,000 years ago, containing 9 adult bodies with a total of
1 1 teeth that had been drilled. There are hierogl yphs depicting Egyptian
carpenters and bead makers in a tomb at Thebes using bow-drills. The earliest
evidence of these tools being used in Egypt dates back to around 2500 BCE. The
usage of bow-drills was widely spread through Europe, Africa, Asia and North
America, during ancient times and is still used today. Over the years many slight
variations of bow and strap drills have developed for the various uses of either
boring through materials or lighting fires.

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 We had chosen the user defined project (UDP) for our final year project. W e
are decided our topic to develop the automatic multi-operational portable machine
say like tapping, drilling, grinding, reaming, and other relative operation. This will
make use of compressed air (pneumatic mechanism) for its operation. W e will
trying to develop the portable machine which will easily handle and cover a
maximum working area from one station and make it more flexible to working
easily. As a small industries the machine and operation method use for
drilling, tapping and other similar process is not economically and eco
friendly. As we know that drilling machine use the electricity as there power
source these machine have m an y limitation like it is not flexible and not
moveable, consume more floor area and main problem is that it need
continuous electricity which increase the cost of production.

The tapping operations are performed by use of convention tap or hand tap.
during operation it is necessary with a hand tap to periodically reverse rotation to
break the chip formed during the cutting process, thus preventing effect called
crowding that m a y cause defect. In convention method, main problem causes
during the tapping operation for big job industries and complex job these causes are
created defect on tap tool, increasing operational lead time, inaccuracy of thread
geometry, more production cost and more labour cost.

1.1 General Aspects of Drilling Machine:

Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using
a rotating cutter called D R I L L. T h e m a ch i ne us ed for drilling is called drilling
m achi ne. T h e drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill
is held in tailstock and the work is held by the chuck. The most common drill used is
the twist drill.