Anchor Theory Presentation PDF

Anchor Principles, Theory and Design
Atkins
February 9th 2015
www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 1

Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Scope and applications
• Working principles
• Failure modes
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Selection of anchors
• Installation
• Alternatives: post-installed rebar and direct fastening
• Support for engineers

Profile – Hilti Group
● Global leading company providing products,

systems and services for construction.
● Founded in 1941 in Schaan, Liechtenstein
● Located in >120 countries on 6 continents
● Approximately 22,000 employees

● Over 2,000 Engineers globally
● R&D investment 2015: ~£120M

Hilti Products and Experience provide System
Solutions

Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Failure modes
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Installation

Anchors: Scope and applications
HST Stud Anchors

HSL-3 Sleeve Anchor
HUS 3 Screw Anchor

HDA Undercut Anchor
Rail Anchors
HKD Drop-in Anchor
HVZ System

HY 270
HVA System
RE 500-SD, HY 200,
RE 500

BS 8539:2012
Code of practice for the selection and installation of post
installed anchors in concrete and masonry
What is the purpose of the code of practice?
“If anchors are not selected and installed correctly, they might not have the capability to resist loads as
intended and the security of the fixture; and in some cases, the structure can be compromised, leading
to failure with consequential economic loss, injury, or even death.”*
“This British Standard is intended to facilitate all stakeholders involved in

the use of anchors to achieve the security required by the design.”*
Who does it affect?
The code is aimed at everyone involved in the use of the fixings:
● Manufacturers ● Designers ● Specifiers ● Contractors ● Installers ● Testers ●
Main causes of fixing failures:
● Wrong fixing being selected
● Specified fixing being changed without proper care
● Poor Installation
“Users of this British Standard are advised to consider the desirability of

selecting anchors with a European Technical Approval (ETA).”*
* BS8539:2012

Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Failure modes
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Installation

Types of anchors
cast-in place post-installed systems

parts mechanical anchors adhesive anchor
undercut anchor expansion anchor
load transfer by load transfer by load transfer by

direct compression contact friction produced adhesive bond
in the bottom of drill hole with expansion forces in entire length

Anchors: working principles
Mechanical Anchors
Concentrated load introduction by friction or keying, or in the case of the
screw anchor, by friction and keying at the same time
Displacement controlled Torque controlled Self-cutting Screw anchor

expansion anchor expansion anchor undercut anchor
Friction Friction Keying Keying & Friction
Adhesive Anchors
Distributed load introduction by bond,
keying & friction
Standard adhesive Combined adhesive
anchor and wedge anchor

Friction: Displacement controlled expansion
anchor (no follow-up expansion) HKD
NR > 5 x N
force diagram drop-in Anchor stress distribution

Friction: Torque controlled expansion anchor
(with follow-up expansion) HSL-3
NR > 5 x N
force diagram sleeve anchor stress distribution

Keying: Self-cutting undercut anchor HDA
force diagram undercut anchor stress distribution

Screw anchor: Combination of keying and friction
HUS 3
D D
D
N
force diagram screw anchor stress distribution

HUS3 exploits the full capacity of the concrete
by creating confinement hydrostatic pressure
σ Load
Compressive kN
stress of concrete
«Confined»
HUS3
«Confined»
«Not confined»
σ1 σ2 > σ1
«Not confined»
ε Displacement
Deformation «Not confined» «Confined»
mm
confinement
A A
elastic deformation of concrete concrete borehole after setting
www.hilti.com 19
HUS 3 A revolutionary leap ahead in engineering
www.hilti.com 20
Adhesive anchor systems
CAPSULE SYSTEMS INJECTION SYSTEMS
HVU foil capsule
HIT HY 200
HVU -TZ foil capsule HIT-RE 500
HIT-RE 500 SD
HY 270
• High performance • Very flexible application
• One capsule for one • One cartridge many
anchor anchors

Bond and keying
Standard adhesive anchor
force diagram adhesive anchor stress distribution

Bond, keying and friction
Combined adhesive and wedge anchor HIT-Z rod
N
Displacement due
to wedge action
Sp
1/2 crack opening
force diagram adhesive wedge anchor stress distribution

HILTI HIT HY-200 & HIT-Z Anchor Rods
• Hybrid resin  Fast-cure
• Diamond cored holes
• HIT-Z Anchor Rod – no hole cleaning required  Productivity
• Dry and water saturated concrete base material
• Cracked and non-cracked concrete

Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Failure modes and design considerations
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Installation

Failure Modes: Required Calculations
Start
Tension Shear
Steel Concrete Steel Concrete
Pure shear
Concrete
Splitting
Pry-out
Pull-out
failure
Bending
Edge
cone
Find smallest Find smallest

design resistance design resistance
Load
combination

Design considerations: base material
Concrete Lightweight Solid brick Hollow

concrete brick
Stone Cellular Dry wall Timber

concrete

Design considerations: spacing, edge distance
and material thickness
EDGE DISTANCE
N
M
c 2,1
s n-1
s3
s2
s1
c 2 ,2 c Ideal case
To short edge distance
h >1,5 c
SPACING
Insufficient
Wrong embedment
thickness of the Insufficient spacing
depth
base material between the anchors
Design considerations: Load type
Direction and
combination of
loads
static
monotonic
fatigue traffic loads, cyclic

dynamic loads
104 < N < 108 machine loads
low cycle
fatigue /seismic earthquakes
101 < N < 104
shock
explosions, crashes
1 < N < 20

Design considerations: environmental conditions
(according to EC2)
• Hot dipped
Galvanised Galvanised A2 Steel A4 Steel HCR
5-20μ
• Sherardised
• Inside rooms • Damp inside rooms • Inside rooms • Inside rooms • Highly corrosive
without humidity with heavy with heavy surroundings
• Slightly corrosive condensation condensation like road tunnels,
• Outside only for outside atmosphere indoor
temporary • Outside without • Outside with
applications • Occasional exposure to chlorides moderate
swimming pools
condensation chlorides
Low Corrosion resistance High

Design considerations: metal couples

Design considerations: fire resistance
Temperature T (°C)
1000°C
500°C
Tensile load [kN]
0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Time t (min)
Length of the test [min]
Test according to ISO834, DIN4102 T.2

Other design considerations: installation
• Health and Safety: HAV, Noise, Dust, Height, etc.

• Diamond cored vs. hammer drilled holes
• Weather conditions: dry or water saturated base material
• Productivity and time constrains: clean holes?
• Embedment length
• Equipment

Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Installation

European Technical Approval Guideline (ETAG)
ETAG is a document drafted by and for the EOTA Approval Bodies. It establishes how
Approval Bodies should evaluate the specific characteristics/requirements of a product or
family of products
ETAG 001: Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for use in Concrete
Part 1 Anchors in general 1997
Part 2 Torque-controlled expansion anchors 1997
Part 3 Undercut anchors 1997
Part 4 Deformation-controlled expansion anchors 1998
Part 5 Bonded anchors 2002
…
Annex C Design methods for anchorages 1997
TR 018 Torque-controlled bonded anchors 2003
Part 6 Anchors for multiple use for non-structural appl. 2003
CUAP Concrete screw 2003
TR 029 Design of bonded anchors (variable embedment) 2007
CEN-TS* 1992-04 (published 2009)
● Can be used instead of ETAG 001 Annex C and EOTA Technical Report TR 029
● Will replace Annex C of ETAG 001 and TR 029 for anchor design. All future new
European Technical Approvals will then have a reference to CEN/TS 1992-4 as the
design method
● Main advantages vs. ETAG:
● Better accepted, as it is a code and not ‘only a guideline’
● Covers seismic and fatigue design
For the HST and HVU anchors, Hilti now have approvals with reference to both CEN/TS
and Annex C (or TR 029). The design according to CEN/TS 1992-4 is also implemented
into PROFIS Anchor in addition to ETAG, extended ETAG and SOFA for Europe.
SOFA Annex C
● Annex C and TR 029 are conservative in shear failure of TR 029
anchor groups close to concrete edges
● SOFA design approach: load is transferred equally to all
anchors in a group if there is no annular gap, leading to
higher design resistance to concrete edge failure if there
SOFA
is more than one anchor row parallel to the edge.
* CEN: Comite Européen de Normalisation (= Européen Committee for Standardisation);
TS: Technical Specification

Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Installation

How do you calculate? – by hand?

PROFIS anchor

PROFIS anchor

PROFIS anchor
1 Data Entry Ribbons 2 Anchor Selection Filters 4 Performance Monitor
3 Onscreen Data Entry

PROFIS anchor
Utilisation for each Breakdown of Failure modes
Results screen filters anchor size

PROFIS anchor

Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Failure modes
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Installation

Mechanical anchors Chemical anchors
 Less sensitive to moisture in  No torque necessary for setting

the bore hole
 Small / No expansion forces
 Less sensitive to
environmental temperature  No gap between rod and
concrete at the surface of the
 No curing time necessary fastening
 Less influence of drilling
system

Selection of anchors

Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Failure modes
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Installation

Installation: basic elements
TE-CD or TE-YD drill bit Rotary hammer Hilti vacuum Diamond tool
Automatic borehole cleaning listed in ETA document for HILTI-HIT-HY 200

Tested with HIT-HY 200 and included in the ETA document, Hilti has introduced a new installation method which used with a Hilti vacuum
properly cleans the borehole and removes dust during the drilling process. Drilling with the TE-CD and TE-YD bits ensures that the
important step of borehole cleaning is performed properly and consistently with no additional steps after drilling the hole. This installation
method gives engineers the assurance that the fastening application will perform as designed once installed in the field and helps
contractors by eliminating the most time consuming and tedious step of rebar installation. In addition, when automatic borehole cleaning
with the TE-CD or TE-YD drill bit is specified for use, this will eliminate the need for additional installing items such as an air compressor,
compressor accessories, proper sized brushes, and brush extensions. Health and safety benefits of this installation system include
reducing a workers exposure to respirable dust emissions by up to 97% during the drilling process.
HIT-HY 200 installed with TE-CD or TE-YD drill bits for use with Hilti vacuum
Rotary hammer
connection Available diameters max drill depth
TE-YD 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32 400
TE-CD 12, 14, 16, 18 240
TE-CD 12 200

Instalation accesories HIT Profi System
Full range of accessory sets & accessories to meet different application

needs and to comply with the ETA

Installation accesories
HIT-BH Drilling Aid

HIT Installation guide

Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Failure modes
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Installation

Direct Fastening Post-installed rebar
For light/medium duty Resin (RE 500 / HY 200) + rebar
Concrete, masonry, steel, etc. Correction and/or extension of
No dust, reduced noise existing concrete structures
Fast Requires engineering design
Nails Deeper embedment than anchors
PROFIS Rebar
Threaded Studs
+ +
Solutions: dynamic set
Locknut
Injection washer Nut

Spherical washer
Challenges:
1) Gap between the hole and the anchor is not an issue with static loads
but for dynamic loads any relative movement between base plate and
anchor can have a negative impact
2) Anchors are drilled manually most of the times thus they are never
100% perpendicular to the base material. This leads also with to pure
tensile loads to bending moments in the anchor
3) With dynamic loads even properly installed anchors have sometimes the
problem that the nuts start to loosen during lifetime
Agenda
• Hilti Overview
• Failure modes
• Design methods
• PROFIS anchor
• Installation

Qualified Hilti People in GB
Field-based and support engineers in the GB market to address
your needs anywhere: office or site. Account managers to
support your contractors.
Field Based Engineering
Nationwide in-person coverage providing support from design to
on-site construction including the provision of CPD seminars for
domestic and international projects.
Technical Advisory Services

Dedicated engineering line to an office based team of qualified and
experienced engineers providing technical advice and calculation
support.
Tel: 0800 886 100
Email: gbtas@hilti.com
Engineering website, mobile apps, PROFIS,

technical and CAD/BIM library
www.hilti.co.uk/technical

Thank you for your time.
Any Questions?
Fernando Jimenez
Tel. 078 0220 5860
Fernando.jimenez@hilti.com

Heavy/Medium Duty Anchors
Mechanical Chemical
● HDA undercut anchor ● RE500 Anchor System

● Self undercutting ● Long working time
● Fully removable ● Close spacing & edges
● Fatigue and Shock loading ● Post-installed rebar
● HSL sleeve anchor ● Good performance in
● Sleeve provides shear strength diamond drilled holes
● Bolt head / Countersunk head and stud
versions ● HY200 Anchor System
● Special versions (e.g.: torque cap) ● No hole cleaning with
● HSC Self Cutting HIT-Z rod
● Shallow embedment ● Cracked and non-cracked concrete
● Visible setting check ● Fast curing
● HST Stud Anchor ● Post –installed rebar
● Cracked concrete
● Shock loading ● HVA Capsule system
● HSA Stud Anchor ● Styrene free
● Shallow or deep set ● Tough foil capsule
● I.D. mark visible when set ● Overhead fixing

Medium/Light Duty and Specialty Anchors
Medium / light duty Specialty
● HY 70 Anchor System ● CT 1 Anchor System

● Solid & hollow masonry ● Non-hazardous & odourless
● Sand lime block ● No styrene or plasticizers
● Styrene free ● Fast curing
● Reliable keying hold ● Can be disposed of in
● HUS-H Screw Anchor Green Dot® waste containers
● Variable base material ● Complies with green building standards
● Removable
● HKD Drop In Anchor
● Shallow embedment ● Rail Anchors
● Visible setting check ● Fastening rails to concrete track
● HLC Sleeve Anchor slab
● Bridges gaps ● Covering rail fixings from
● Variable base material light to heavy rail
● Full range of plastic anchors
● Reusable
● Variable base material
● Removable

Substrate Influence of type and consistency of the substrate
Load Influence of type, intensity and direction of the load
Influence of the substrate dimensions, edge

Geometry
distances and spacings
Environmental Influence of temperature and corrosivity of the

conditions environment
Application Influence of special features, restrictions and

specifications conditions of anchor types
Anchor product line
Reliable and durable Fastening solution

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Anchor Principles, Theory and Design

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 1

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 2

● Global leading company providing products,

● Approximately 22,000 employees

● R&D investment 2015: ~£120M

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 3

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 4

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 5

HST Stud Anchors

HUS 3 Screw Anchor

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 6

HKD Drop-in Anchor

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 7

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 8

“This British Standard is intended to facilitate all stakeholders involved in

“Users of this British Standard are advised to consider the desirability of

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 10

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 11

cast-in place post-installed systems

load transfer by load transfer by load transfer by

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 12

Displacement controlled Torque controlled Self-cutting Screw anchor

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 13

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 14

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 15

force diagram undercut anchor stress distribution

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 16

force diagram screw anchor stress distribution

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 18

elastic deformation of concrete concrete borehole after setting

CAPSULE SYSTEMS INJECTION SYSTEMS

HVU foil capsule

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 21

force diagram adhesive anchor stress distribution

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 24

1/2 crack opening

force diagram adhesive wedge anchor stress distribution

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 25

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 26

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 28

Steel Concrete Steel Concrete

Find smallest Find smallest

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 29

Concrete Lightweight Solid brick Hollow

Stone Cellular Dry wall Timber

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 30

fatigue traffic loads, cyclic

104 < N < 108 machine loads

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 32

Low Corrosion resistance High

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 33

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 34

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Length of the test [min]

Test according to ISO834, DIN4102 T.2

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 35

• Health and Safety: HAV, Noise, Dust, Height, etc.

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 36

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 37

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 40

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 41

www.hilti.co.uk Anchor Theory Presentation 42