11.a) Sketch the architecture of Cloud and explain the same.

Cloud computing architecture refers to the components and subcomponents required for cloud
computing. These components typically consist of a front end platform (fat client, thin client,
mobile device), back end platforms (servers, storage), a cloud based delivery, and a network
(Internet, Intranet, Intercloud). Combined, these components make up cloud computing
architecture.

Cloud computing architectures consist of front-end platforms called clients or cloud clients.
These clients are servers, fat (or thick) clients, thin clients, zero clients, tablets and mobile
devices. These client platforms interact with the cloud data storage via an application
(middleware), via a web browser, or through a virtual session.

b) List the advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing.

Advantages

Cost Savings
Reliability
Manageability
Strategic Edge
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
Downtime
Security
Vendor Lock-In
Limited Control
12 . Differentiate between traditional Computer and Virtual Machine

Virtual Machine

A Virtual Machine uses lightweight software to act as a medium between the hardware (physical
devices like CPU, GPU, RAM, HDD, and Motherboard) and the operating system (Windows,
Linux, Unix). This allows much more powerful servers to be divided up into many smaller
systems.

The separation between the operating system and the physical hardware allows the Hyper-visor
(Virtualization Server Software) to share the physical resources between multiple Virtual
Servers/Desktops. Some Hyper-visors (HVs) allow over commitment of resources like RAM and
Hard Drive space.
Traditional Computer

Traditional computers are bound to a single physical system. If hardware fails in the traditional
computer, that system will be offline. You will have to hope that you have physical parts on hand
to replace the broken parts and hope that you have a redundant system running and that it is
robust enough to handle work load. If you want to upgrade your system, you will have to take the
system offline or re-install/build the system on another physical device and then do a one for one
swap. The process is much more complex and time consuming with a physical system. You also
typically have to perform the upgrades during a maintenance window as the system will be
unavailable during the upgrade. This often means that an Admin or Engineer will have to come
in late in the evening or over the weekend to perform the upgrade.

12 b) Describe the structure of Cloud Controller.

Cloud controllers use hard disk drives, solid-state drives or a combination of the two to
store data on-premises. Most of the data held on-premise is cached for high performance, while
less-frequently accessed data is moved to the cloud.

According to industry analysts, the difference between cloud controllers and cloud storage
gateways is that controllers provide additional storage features such deduplication or snapshots,
while gateways work primarily as an on-ramp to cloud storage.

Examples of cloud controller products include Panzura Cloud Controller, Nasuni Cloud NAS and
EMC-owned TwinStrata CloudArray.

13 a) What are the advantages of using Cloud Computing?

Accessibility and flexibility: Only cloud computing has the advantage to access, modify and
save files from any number of devices in any location. You just need an internet connection to
access your files from any phone, tablet, laptop or computer. The email providers like Hotmail,
AOL, Gmail, and Outlook are some of the forms of cloud computing.

Security: Laptops, mobile, or any other device you use can get stolen, and with them, the data is
also gone. But if you use cloud computing, these devices remains just that, a device, whereas all
the precious data still remains with you, which you can access from any other device. Thus it
also provides another excellent benefit, which is disaster recovery. So there is always a backup
available in case of emergency.

Lower capital expenditure: Vendor is the one who takes the responsibility for the majority of
the infrastructure, when a business sources IT services to the cloud. Moreover, you simply pay
for what you need and what you use. Cloud is flexible, which makes it an affordable, practical
service for small business owners. Start-up costs are cheap & applications are quick and easy to
access.

Continuity of business: It is an associated benefit of remote working capability, that in the event
of a disaster, the continuity of operations should never waver. In any adverse incident, maybe
fire, flood, theft, technology outage, etc., employees will have the option of working from a
different location. They can simply log on as normal, access their work desktop, and continue as
they would have done on any normal working day, providing they have the necessary access
codes.

Scalability: Business can be scaled up or down, as per your operation and storage needs quickly
to suit your situation, allowing flexibility as your needs change.

b) Write about Para-Virtualization?

Paravirtualization is an enhancement of virtualization technology in which a guest OS is

recompiled prior to installation inside a virtual machine. Paravirtualization allows for
an interface to the virtual machine that can differ somewhat from that of the underlying
hardware. This capacity minimizes overhead and optimizes system performance by supporting
the use of virtual machines that would be underutilized in conventional or full virtualization.

The main limitation of paravirtualization is the fact that the guest OS must be tailored
specifically to run on top of the virtual machine monitor (VMM), the host program that allows a
single computer to support multiple, identical execution environments. However,
paravirtualization eliminates the need for the virtual machine to trapprivileged instructions.
Trapping, a means of handling unexpected or unallowable conditions, can be time-consuming
and can adversely impact performance in systems that employ full virtualization.

Paravirtualization is an expansion of a technology that has existed for years in the IBM OS
known as VM. Xen, an open-source software project, incorporates paravirtualization.

14 a) Describe about resource bundling in cloud computing

Admission control à prevent the system from accepting workload in violation of high-level
system policies.

2. Capacity allocation à allocate resources for individual activations of a service.

3. Load balancing à distribute the workload evenly among the servers.

 4. Energy optimization à minimization of energy consumption.

5. Quality of service (QoS) guarantees à ability to satisfy timing or other conditions specified by
a Service Level Agreement.

b) List various challenges of Memory Virtualization.

a. Virtual machine sprawl wastes valuable computing resources

b. VMs can congest network traffic
c. Consolidation will multiply the impact of server hardware failures
d. Application performance can still be marginal in a VM
e. Software licensing is a slippery slope in a virtual environment

15. a Describe about distributed file systems

A distributed file system (DFS) is a file system with data stored on a server. The data is
accessed and processed as if it was stored on the local client machine. The DFS makes it
convenient to share information and files among users on a network in a controlled and
authorized way. The server allows the client users to share files and store data just like they are
storing the information locally. However, the servers have full control over the data and give
access control to the clients.

b. What are the different types of Cloud Computing?

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) IaaS is the lowest level of cloud solution and refers
to cloud-based computing infrastructure as a fully-outsourced service. ...
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) ...
 Software as a Service (SaaS) ...
 Recovery as a Service (RaaS)