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Respiratory System

Human Respiratory System


Upper Respiratory Tract
Functions
 Passageway for
respiration
 Receptors for smell
 Filters incoming air to
filter larger foreign
material
 Warms incoming air
Lower Respiratory Tract

 Functions:

Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air
appropriately, assists in sound production

Trachea: transports air to and from lungs

Bronchi: branch into lungs

Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
The lungs have helpers

• The ribs protect the


lungs and help us
breathe.
• Another helper is the
diaphragm.
Breathing in:
inhaling - inspiration
Several things happen when we breathe in.
• The ribs move up and out.
• The diaphragm moves downward, away from
the lungs.
• The space inside the chest becomes larger.
• The lungs fill with air and expand.
Breathing out:
exhaling - expiration

Several things happen when we breathe in.


• The ribs move down and in.
• The diaphragm moves upward, toward the
lungs.
• The space inside the chest becomes
smaller.
Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9
Alveoli

Two very important things happen at the Alveoli:

1. Oxygen is collected in each Alveoli (‘grape’). Passes through a very thin layer of
membrane (like skin of the grape) collected by the capillaries.
2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is also dropped off at the alveoli.
Gas Exchange Between the Blood
and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A
Breathing and respiration
Respiration is the process used in all living things for gaining
energy. Energy is needed for keeping the vital organs working and
generally staying alive. It is also needed for moving muscles.
Keeping a constant body temperature is important to. Cell division,
reproduction and other important processes in the body all need
energy to work.
Breathing:
Breathing in >>> Inspiration
Diaphragm lowers and the ribs raise to increase the volume of the
thorax. The pressure decreases so air is drawn into the lungs.
Breathing out >>> Expiration
Diaphragm raises and ribs lower which decreases the volume of the
thorax. The pressure increases and air is forced out of the lungs
Anaerobic respiration
• When a person is doing very heavy exercise and the blood
cannot supply enough oxygen another sort of respiration occurs.
This converts glucose into energy without the need for oxygen
and is known as anaerobic respiration. The reaction is:

Glucose → Energy released + lactic acid


Anaerobic respiration releases less energy than aerobic
respiration. Unfortunately the insufficient blood supply that leads
to anaerobic respiration also means that the lactic acid builds up
in the muscles. High lactic acid concentrations are painful and
felt as cramp. When exercise stops, the blood supply is able to
provide enough oxygen to convert the lactic acid to carbon
dioxide and water but this takes time and the muscle pain may
continue after exercise until the lactic acid has been converted.
Aerobic respiration

Respiration is the process in which the chemical bonds of energy-rich


molecules such as glucose are converted into energy usable for life
processes.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to oxidise glucose and produce energy.
The equation for the oxidation of glucose is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy released


Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + water + Energy released

Most animals and plants use aerobic respiration as a primary source of energy.

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GCSE_Science/Breathing_and_Respiration
Disorders of
Respiratory System
 Reduced air flow: asthma, emphysema,
bronchitis
 Infections: pneumonia, tuberculosis,
botulism
 Lung cancer
 Congestive heart failure
 Cystic fibrosis
Cancer of the bronchus has spread into the lungs
(29)
A blue colouration occurs when blood circulation
is poor such as heart failure, shock and exposure
to cold environments.(30)
Stomach ulcers (dark brown)- alcohol and smoking
are factors. The stomach is cut open. (50)
Damaged toes due to poor blood circulation- will
lead to amputation (32)
Amputated fingers- often as a result of damage to
blood vessels due to smoking (33)
Lungs: The picture on the left is of emphysema
(large air sacs) and the picture on the right is of
normal lung.(27)

emphysema normal lung


Science Words
LUNGS
diaphragm
–a sheet of muscle
under the lungs
inhaling
–taking air in
exhaling
–letting air out

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