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- Dielectrics
Capacitors in Vacuum
- Parallel Plate Capacitor: uniform electric field between the plates, charge
uniformly distributed over opposite surfaces
σ Q 1 Qd Q A
E= = Vab = E ⋅ d = C= = ε0
εo εo A εo A Vab d
Q Q 1 V1 V2 1 1
Ceq = = → = + = +
Vab V1 + V2 Ceq Q Q C1 C2
Equivalent capacitor
Capacitors in Parallel:
Q = Q1+Q2
Q Q1 + Q2 Q1 Q2
Ceq = = → Ceq = + = C1 + C2
Vab V V V
Equivalent capacitor
3. Energy Stored in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy
- The electric potential energy stored in a charged capacitor is equal to the
amount of work required to charge it.
- Work done by the electric field on the charge when the capacitor discharges.
- If U = 0 for uncharged capacitor W = U of charged capacitor
Energy density: energy per unit volume stored in the space between the
plates of a parallel-plate capacitor.
1
CV 2 ε0 A
C= V = E ⋅d
u= 2 d
A⋅ d
1
Electric Energy Density (vacuum): u = ε0E2
2
4. Dielectrics
- Non-conducting materials between the plates of a capacitor. They change
the potential difference between the plates of the capacitor.
-The dielectric layer increases the
maximum potential difference between
the plates of a capacitor and allows to
store more Q.
Dielectric breakdown: partial ionization of an
insulating material subjected to a large electric field.
C
Dielectric constant (K): K=
C0
C = capacitance with the dielectric inside the plates of the capacitor
C0 = capacitance with vacuum between the plates
- If Q = constant Q = C0 V0 = C V C/C0 = V0/V V0
V=
K
E0
E= (Q constant)
K
E = field with the dielectric between plates
E0 = field with vacuum between the plates
2 2
Dielectric breakdown:
A very strong electrical field can exceed the strength of the dielectric to
contain it.
5. Molecular Model of Induced Charge
Polar molecule
Non-polar molecule
Induced dipole
Polarization and Electric Field Lines
Qencl (σ − σ i ) A
EA = =
ε0 ε0
Qencl (σ − σ i ) A
EA = =
ε0 ε0
1
σ i = σ 1 − σ ⋅A
K EA =
Kε 0
Flux through Gaussian surface (enclosed free charge / ε0)
σ ⋅A
KEA =
ε0
Qencl − free
Gauss Law in a dielectric:
∫ KE ⋅ dA = ε0