Energy Convers.

Mgmt
Energy Cancers. Mgmt V01. 37, No.
Vol. 37, No. i0, pp. 15614574,
10, pp. 1561-1574, 1996
1996
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Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science
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ANALYTICAL F O R HEAT
M O D E L FOR
A N A L Y T I C A L MODEL T R A N S F E R IN
H E A T TRANSFER IN AN
AN
UNDERGROUND A I R TUNNEL
U N D E R G R O U N D AIR TUNNEL

MONCEF
MONCEF KRARTI
KRARTI and
and JAN
JAN F.
F. KREIDER
KREIDER
Joint Center for
Joint Center Energy Management
for Energy Management (JCEM), University of
(JCEM), University o f Colorado, Campus Box
Colorado, Campus 428, Boulder,
Box 428, Boulder,
Colorado 80309-0428, USA.
Colorado 80309-0428, U.S.A.

(Received 27 October
(Received 27 October 1994;
1994; received for publication
receivedfor July 1995)
publication I111 July 1995)

Abstract—A simplified analytical

Abstract--A simplified model is
analytical model developed to
is developed to determine
determine thethe energy performance of
energy performance of an
an
underground air
underground air tunnel.
tunnel. The
The model assumes that
model assumes that the
the air tunnel-ground system
air tunnel-ground reaches periodic
system reaches periodic and
and
quasi-steady
quasi-steady state
state behavior
behavior after
after some
some days
days ofof operation.
operation. The
The model
model can
can predict the air
predict the air temperature
temperature
variation along
variation along the
the air
air tunnel
tunnel for any hour
for any hour ooff the
the day.
day. It
It can
can also determine the
also determine daily mean
the daily mean and
and amplitude
amplitude
ooff the
the total
total cooling/heating the tunnel.
effect ooff the
cooling/heating effect tunnel. Parametric analysis is
Parametric analysis is conducted
conducted toto determine
determine the
the effect
effect
tunnel hydraulic
of tunnel
of hydraulic diameter
diameter andand air
air flow rate on
flow rate the heat
on the heat transfer between ground
transfer between ground and
and air inside the
air inside the
The model
tunnel. The
tunnel. model is
is validated
validated against
against measured
measured data.
data. Copyright
Copyright © 1996 Elsevier
© 1996 Elsevier Science
Science Ltd.
Ltd.

air tunnel
Underground air
Underground tunnel Air temperature
Air temperature Soil
Soil temperature
temperature Cooling
Cooling effect
effect Parametric
Parametric
analysis
analysis

NOMENCLATURE
N OMENCLATURE

aa = = Constant defined in
Constant defined in equation
equation (19) (19)
A =
A Cross-section area
= Cross-section area of o f tube
tube (m2)
(m 2)
% --—
cp = Specific
Specific heat
heat ofo f fluid
fluid (J/kg°K)
(J/kg" K)
dd = = Depth
Depth ofo f tube
tube (m) (m)
D =
D = Pipe
Pipe diameter
diameter (m) (m)
D h =
Dh Hydraulic diameter
= Hydraulic diameter (m) (m)
hh = Convective heat
= Convective heat transfer conductance (W/ml)
transfer conductance (W/m2/K)
k S=
k, Soil thermal
= Soil conductivity (W/m/K)
thermal conductivity 0V/m/K)
k, =
k, = Thermal
Thermal conductivity
conductivity of o f tube material (W/m/K)
tube material (W/m/K)
l1 = Thickness of
= Thickness o f soil layer disturbed
soil layer disturbed by by tube
tube (m)
(m)
L =
L = Length
Length ofof tube
tube (m) (m)
P =
P Tube perimeter
= Tube perimeter (m) (m)
qq = = Heat
Heat flux
flux (W/mz)
0V/m 2)
Q =
Q = Total
Total heat transfer (W)
heat transfer (W)
r0 =
r0 = Radius
Radius ofo f buried
buried spherical structure (m)
spherieal structure (m)
ss = Streamwise coordinate
= Streamwise coordinate along along tube
tube (m)
(m)
zt =
= Time
Time (s)
(s)
I,tt = Thickness of
= Thickness o f tube
tube material
material (m) (m)
Tf =
Tf = Fluid
Fluid temperature
temperature inside inside tube
tube (K)(K)
Ts =
T, = Soil
Soil temperature
temperature (K) (K)
/~ =
T, = Ambient
Ambient air air temperature
temperature (K) (K)
itu = = Fluid enthalpy (J/kg)
Fluid enthalpy (J/kg)
Us =
Us = U-value
U-value of of soil layer of
soil layer thickness 1I and
o f thickness and tube
tube material
material (W/m2/K)
(W/m2/K)
Vf =
Vf = Fluid
Fluid velocity inside tube
velocity inside tube (m/s)
(m/s)
x =
x Coordinate system
= Coordinate system (m) (m)

Greek symbols
Greek symbols
or~t =
= Constant
Constant defined
defined in
in equation
equation (22)
(22)
A2 = = Constant defined in
Constant defined equation (23)
in equation (23)
Ks =
x, = Soil
Soil thermal
thermal diffusivity
diffusivity (mZ/s)
(m2/s)
p =
p = Soil
Soil density
density (kg/m3)
(kg/m a)
co =
w Angular frequency
= Angular frequency (rad/s)
(rad/s)

Subscripts
Subscripts
ff == Fluid
Fluid (i.e.
(i.e. air)
air)
m 2
m M e a n of
= Mean of temperature
temperature variation
variation
5s = = Soil
Soil
vv = = Amplitude
Amplitude of of temperature
temperature variation
variation

1561
1561
1562
1562 KRARTI
KRARTI and
and KREIDER:
KREIDER: UNDERGROUND
UNDERGROUND AIR
AIR TUNNEL
TUNNEL

1.
I. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
The use
The use of enthalpy transfer
of enthalpy between air
transfer between and below
air and below grade earth for
grade earth for cooling
cooling during
during the
the summer
summer and
and
for heating during
for heating during the winter was
the winter known in
was known in ancient
ancient times.
times. In
In southern
southern Tunisia
Tunisia and
and eastern
eastern Spain
Spain [1],
[1],
complete underground
complete underground houses houses were were built
built to to cope
cope with
with the
the relatively
relatively hot hot and
and arid
arid climates.
climates. In In
northern China
northern [2], large
China [2], large houses
houses were
were excavated
excavated to to avoid
avoid severe,
severe, cold
cold winter
winter conditions.
conditions. Even Even inin
places where
places where geological conditions are
geological conditions are not
not suitable
suitable forfor excavation,
excavation, ancient
ancient architects
architects used
used other
other
techniques to
techniques to give
give relief from the
relief from the heat, especially in
heat, especially in desert
desert and semi-desert climates.
and semi-desert climates. Beside
Beside the the well
well
known wind-towers
known wind-towers of of Egypt,
Egypt, Saudi Arabia and
Saudi Arabia and Pakistan,
Pakistan, the the Iranians
Iranians [3] used buried
[3] used buried tunnels
tunnels to to
cool air
cool caused to
air caused to flow
flow by by wind
wind towers.
towers. Currently,
Currently, the use of
the use the earth
of the earth as an energy
as an energy conservation
conservation
technique started
technique started to to increase
increase in in Europe
Europe and and America,
America, particularly
particularly afterafter the
the 1973
1973 oil
oil crisis.
crisis.
The earth
The earth heat
heat transfer
transfer technique
technique is is based
based on on the
the fact
fact that soil aa few
that soil few feet
feet below
below grade
grade can can bebe
used as
used as aa heat sink or
heat sink or asas aa heat
heat source.
source. In fact, energy
In fact, energy exchange
exchange between
between aa below-grade,
below-grade, building
building
envelope and
envelope the surrounding
and the surrounding earth earth can
can be be smaller
smaller than
than that
that between
between an an above-grade
above-grade envelope
envelope and and
the surrounding
the surrounding ambientambient air in many
air in many parts
parts ofof the world for
the world for aa significant
significant part
part of the year.
of the This is
year. This is
due to
due the fact
to the fact that the seasonal
that the temperature variations
seasonal temperature variations are are greatly reduced in
greatly reduced in the
the ground
ground and and that
that
the
the phase
phase lag lag between
between the the soil
soil temperature
temperature and and the
the ambient
ambient airair temperature
temperature increases
increases with
with depth.
depth.
For
For example, the earth temperature for light dry soil
example, the earth temperature for light dry soil at
at aa depth
depth of of about
about 33 m m (10
(10 ft)
ft) varies
varies by by
approx. +
approx. 3°C ((i
i 3°C 50F) from
+ 5°F) from thethe mean
mean soilsoil temperature,
temperature, which which is is approximately
approximately equal equal toto the
the mean
mean
annual air
annual air temperature,
temperature, and and hashas aa phase
phase lag lag ofof about
about 75 75 days
days behind
behind the the ambient
ambient air air tempera-
tempera-
ture Therefore, in winter, the ground temperature increases
ture [4]. Therefore, in winter, the ground temperature increases with increasing depth,
[4]. with increasing depth, soso that
that layers
layers
some
some distance below the
distance below the surface
surface cancan be used as
be used as aa building
building heatheat source.
source. However,
However, in in summer,
summer, the the
ground
ground temperature
temperature decreases
decreases with with increasing
increasing depth, allowing use
depth, allowing use ofof the earth as
the earth heat sink.
as aa heat sink.
Eckert
Eckert [5] showed, by
[5] showed, very simplistic
by very simplistic calculations,
calculations, the the potential
potential of of the
the earth
earth toto be
be used
used as as an
an
energy source, i.e.
energy source, i.e. aa heat
heat sink
sink or or aa heat store. To
heat store. To provide feeling for
provide aa feeling for the
the amount
amount of of energy
energy
between aa buried
exchanged between
exchanged buried structure
structure andand the earth, Eckert
the earth, Eckert made
made the the assumption
assumption that that the
the structure
structure
has
has the
the shape
shape of sphere with
of aa sphere with radius
radius r0r 0 maintained
maintained at constant temperature
at aa constant temperature To. To. Thus,
Thus, thethe steady
steady
radial
radial heat
heat fluxflux Q Q from
from the the surface
surface of of the structure into
the structure into the
the ground
ground (conductivity
(conductivity k,) ks) with
with aa mean
mean
temperature
temperature TS Ts isis given
given by by [6]
[6]

Q =
Q 4~ksro(To —
= 4nksro(To - Ts)
Is) (1)
(1)
or,
or, in
in terms of heat
terms of transfer coefficient:
heat transfer coefficient:

US=A(To-—
Us =
Q
Q
A ( T o - a)?
= --
Ts) ro
ks
ks
(2)
(2)

where A =
where A = 4mg is the
4~r02 is the surface area of
surface area of the
the spherical structure. From
spherical structure. From this expression for
this expression for the
the heat
heat
transfer Us, two
coefficient Us,
transfer coefiicient two results can be
results can drawn: large
be drawn: (large r0
structures (large
large structures r0 value)
value) experience
experience small
small
heat losses or
heat losses or gains
gains per unit area,
per unit area, and
and small structures transfer
small structures transfer heat easily into
heat easily into the
the ground.
ground.
The
The first result, in
first result, addition to
in addition to the
the fact that the
fact that temperature difference
the temperature (To ——
difference (To - Ts)
Tg) is generally much
is generally much
smaller for
smaller an underground
for an underground building than for
building than building above
for aa building above ground,
ground, is the reason
is the reason thatthat earth
earth
sheltered efficiently reduce
structures efficiently
sheltered structures reduce the energy required
the energy required for
for heating
heating or
or cooling.
cooling. The second result
The second result
finds
finds its application in
its application underground air
in underground air tunnels.
tunnels. These
These can
can bebe used
used to
to cool air in
cool air in the
the summer
summer andand
to heat it
to heat in the
it in the winter.
winter.
paper deals
This paper
This deals with
with the the second application. An
second application. An analytical
analytical model
model isis presented
presented for for the
the heat
heat
transfer between an
transfer between an air
air tunnel and the
tunnel and the ground, periodic variation
assuming aa periodic
ground, assuming variation ofof both
both airair source
source
and ground
and ground temperatures.
temperatures.
Prior work
Prior work on on the subject is
the subject mostly based
is mostly based on on numerical
numerical techniques. Glennie et
techniques. Glennie et al.
al. [7]
[7] presented
presented
a computer simulation
a computer simulation to calculate the
to calculate cooling available
the cooling available on particular average
on aa particular average day
day of of aa month;
month;
but
but their experimental results
their experimental were not
results were not reliable.
reliable. Nordham
Nordham [8] [8] and Abrams et
and Abrams et a!.
al. [9]
[9] also
also presented
presented
computer calculations
computer based on
calculations based on aa series of steady
series of steady state
state relationships that had
relationships that had limitations
limitations andand cannot
cannot
be considered to
be considered to be complete. The
be complete. The problem
problem is basically aa transient
is basically transient one, since heat
one, since removed from
heat removed from
air
air within the tube
within the tube heats
heats thethe surrounding
surrounding earth
earth andand reduces
reduces the cooling effect
the cooling relative to
effect relative to the
the steady
steady
state calculation which
state calculation which assumes constant earth
assumes aa constant earth temperature.
temperature. Dhaliwal and Goswami
Dhaliwal and Goswami [10] [10] used
used aa
time increment
time procedure to
increment procedure to calculate the temperature
calculate the temperature along along aa circular
circular pipe
pipe and compared their
and compared their
model
model with experimental results.
with experimental Schneider [1
results. Schneider used aa finite
1] used
[11] finite element technique to
element technique determine the
to determine the
 KRARTI and KREIDER:
KRARTI and AIR TUNNEL
UNDERGROUND AIR
KREIDER: UNDERGROUND TUNNEL 1563
1563

A ~

\
II ~, S

Wt
1. Tube
Fig. 1.
Fig. Tube cross-sectional schematicdiagram.
cross-sectional schematic diagram.

heat loss
heat from an
loss from an insulated buried pipe.
insulated buried pipe. However, not apply
did not
Schneider did
However, Schneider apply his results to
his results to the
the problem
problem
of air-tunnels.
of air-tunnels. Recently, models have
other models
Recently, other been proposed
have been proposed [12, However, these
13]. However,
[12, 13]. models are
these models are
based on
based assumptions and
simplistic assumptions
on simplistic and are not validated
are not validated against measured data.
against measured data.
In this
In paper, an
this paper, for earth
model for
analytical model
an analytical earth air-tunnel systems is
air-tunnel systems is developed. The model
developed. The is suitable
model is suitable
for design
for calculations and
design calculations for feasibility
and for feasibility studies. analytical model
The analytical
studies. The assumes that,
model assumes after aa few
that, after few
days of
days operation, the
of operation, the air tunnelmground system
air tunnel-ground steady, periodic
reaches aa steady,
system reaches state. Therefore,
periodic state. Therefore, all
all the
the
variations are
variations functions of
periodic functions
are periodic Throughout the
time. Throughout
of time. daily variations
paper, daily
the paper, are assumed,
variations are assumed,
however the
however the model
model isis valid for other
valid for frequencies. The
other frequencies. obtained by
results obtained
The results by the model are
the model are tested
tested
experimental data
against experimental
against from Dhaliwal
data from Dhaliwal and Goswami [10].
and Goswami [10].

2. F
2. OF THE
O R M U L A T I O N OF
FORMULATION THE PROBLEM
PROBLEM
Consider aa cylindrical
Consider pipe of
cylindrical pipe cross section
of cross area A
section area A (Fig. 1) through
(Fig. 1) through which fluid (i.e.
which aa fluid (i.e. air)
air) flows
flows
constant and
with aa constant
with velocity Vf.
uniform velocity
and uniform Assuming that
Vf. Assuming that the fluid has
the fluid constant density
has constant and specific
density pp and specific
heat Cp,
heat cp, the
the bulk fluid temperature
bulk fluid coincides with
temperature coincides with the
the cross-section temperature defined
average temperature
cross-section average defined
as
as

1
Tr(S) =
Tf(s) = Xi
~ TrdA-
TfdA. (3)
(3)

Assuming no
Assuming no energy within the
generation within
energy generation the fluid, the energy
fluid, the equation inside
conservation equation
energy conservation inside the
the tube
tube
be written
can be
can written as (Fig. 2):
as (Fig. 2):

pAgds=fieAggds+U
pA -~ ds = - p VfA ~s ds +
S
qsrdP)ds
qsf dP ds (4)
(4)
P

where
where uu is
is the
the fluid
fluid enthalpy (du 2
enthalpy (du cp dTr), P
= cpd), P is the tube
is the perimeter, qsf
tube perimeter, qsf is
is the convective heat
the convective heat
transferred
transferred from
from the
the surrounding
surrounding earth to the
earth to fluid, 3s is
the fluid, is the streamwise coordinate.
the streamwise coordinate.
Note
Note that,
that, in equation (4),
in equation the axial
(4), the conduction (the
heat conduction
axial heat term qS
(the term in Fig.
q~ in Fig. 2) was neglected.
2) was neglected. This
This
can be justified
can be justified by the fact
by the that, for
fact that, for air, the Peclet
air, the number Fe
Peclet number (Pc =
Pe (Fe = energy
energy convected/energy
convected/energy
conducted) is
conducted) is large.
large.

ql.-~f

‘1.
qs AA ---- (q +-~-%ds)A
—> (gs-gin ds)A
I
pA
pA %}
~ (13
ds

pAu
ove',u _.
D ——-
r~ pA(u+g-}
pVeX(U+ ~ ds)
d~)

U
‘—
--
—‘
r

(I:
d$

Fig.
Fig. 2. balance on
Energy balance
2. Energy on fluid
fluid element of length
element of length ds.
ds.
1564
1564 KRARTI KREIDER: UNDERGROUND
KRARTI and KREIDER: UNDERGROUND AIR TUNNEL
TUNNEL

After
After rearrangement, (4), which
equation (4),
rearrangement, equation which is
is valid
valid for
for any
any cross-section tube shape,
cross-section tube can be
shape, can be
expressed
expressed as
as
. , aT
61' = _pV,Ac,—5;‘
pAcp-gt—f
~Tf =
p ,4ep --~ __pVfAcp~_~.3L[~phf(Ts_
+ [ L hf(T, — n)
Tf) dP].
dp 1" (5)
(5)
The
The fluid bulk temperature
fluid bulk temperature T, Tr is function of
is aa function of both
both the time tt and
the time and the
the distance along the
distance 3s along the tube,
tube,
hf is
h, is the convective heat
the convective heat transfer
transfer coeflicient
coefficient at
at the
the surface of the
surface of the tube,
tube, T,
T, is
is the
the surrounding
surrounding soil
soil
'
temperature.
temperature. .
Referring
Referring toto Fig. 3, the
Fig. 3, the buried tube problem
buried tube problem can formulated by
be formulated
can be by the following governing
the following governing
equations.
equations.
1 6Ts
F or th
For thees01'1: —
soil: ~T, =
1K~ -~- = AT,
AT, 6
()
(6)
Ks at
with
with the following boundary
the following boundary conditions:
conditions:

Ts =
T, = T2 at the
T o at the surface of the
surface of the ground
ground
-k(OTdOn = hh,(Tf—
-—k(6T,/an)) = f ( T f - T~) at the
T,) at surface of
the surface of the
the tube
tube
where Ks
where is the
x, is the soil thermal diffusivity,
soil thermal A is
diffusivity, A is the three-dimensional Laplace
the three-dimensional operator, T
Laplace operator, T Eo is
is the
the
ground surface
ground temperature, kk is
surface temperature, is the
the effective
effective soil
soil thermal
thermal conductivity
conductivity after
after the
the presence
presence ofof the
the
pipe has
pipe has had
had its
its effect
efl'ect on soil moisture
on soil content, nn is
moisture content, is the direction of
the direction of the
the normal
normal to
to the
the tube
tube surface.
surface.
For the
For fluid within
the fluid the tube:
within the tube:
51}
__
a:
c3Tf +Vr
a---~+
arr
_ f
h,
__ ( T f__
aTr +LpAc,(Tf
as
Vr-~-s + Ts) dP =
- map = 00 ()
7
(7)

and Tf(s =
and Tf(s = 0, t) =
0, t) = T,(t)
Ta(t)
where Ta(t) is
where T,(t) the ambient
is the ambient air
air temperature.
temperature.
2. I. Undisturbed
2.1. soil temperature
Undisturbed soil temperature
A knowledge of
A knowledge of the
the undisturbed
undisturbed soilsoil temperature distribution is
temperature distribution is required
required for
for the
the calculation
calculation of of
heat
heat transfer between the
transfer between the earth
earth and
and buried
buried structures.
structures. The variation of
The variation of thetemperature
the temperature with
with depth
depth
depends, however, on
depends, however, on thethe conditions
conditions of the soil
of the In the
surface. In
soil surface. the early
early sixties,
sixties, Kusuda
Kusuda and and
Achenbach [14], and
Achenbach [14], later Labs
and later Labs [4],
[4], studied earth temperatures
studied earth temperatures at at various
various depths (and at
depths (and the surface)
at the surface)
in
in some locations in
some locations in the
the United
United States. They found
States. They found that
that the
the undisturbed
undisturbed earth temperature T
earth temperature ;‘( y, t)
T~(y, t)
at
at aa given
given depth
depth y y from
from the varies periodically
surface varies
the surface periodically with time and
with time and can
can be approximated with
be approximated with
an expression
an expression in the form
in the form of:
of:
T305 t) =
T~(y, t) = Tms+ T~,Re(e ~'-6y) -•
Tms + TvsRe(e‘“’“5”) (3)
(8)
where
where
: . (.O~I/2
66 == ~(tam.
z~) . (9)
(9)

At
At the ground surface
the ground (y =
surface (y = 0), temperature T;‘(0,
0), temperature T~(0, t) varies sinusoidally
t) varies sinusoidally with
with time:
time:
T
T~(0, t) =
3(0, 0 = Tms
TI, +
+ TvsRe(e‘“")
TvsRe(e ~') (10)
(10)
where
where Tm, and Tvs
Tins and Tvs are
are the
the mean
mean and the amplitude
and the amplitude of of ground surface temperature
ground surface temperature variation
variation and
and
co
co is
is the angular frequency
the angular frequency of the periodic
of the periodic variation.
variation.
For daily variation
For daily co =
variation to 27t/day =
= 21t/day 7.27220 -s rad./s.
= 7.27220"5 rad./s. The soil temperature
The soil nearly con-
becomes nearly
temperature becomes con-
stant at
stant at aa depth
depth of the same
of the same order
order of magnitude as
of magnitude as the
the modulus
modulus of of 6".
6 - m. For daily variation,
For daily variation, the
the
soil temperature
soil temperature does
does not
not exhibit
exhibit any fluctuations below
any fluctuations depths of
below depths of about
about 0.20—0.30
0.20-0.30 m.
m.

3.
3. BELOW
BELOW GRADE
GRADE CONDUIT
C O N D U I T ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
In
In this model, we
this model, we assume
assume that tube induces
that aa tube induces aa diSturbance on the
effect on
disturbance efl'ect the earth temperature only
earth temperature only
up
up to distance, i,
to aa distance, :, from
from the
the surface of the
surface of the tube.
tube. This
This layer of soil
layer of soil is
is treated
treated as
as an
an insulation
insulation added
added
to
to the
the tube. This is
tube. This is aa good
good approximation as long
approximation as long as
as i: is
is small.
small.
 KRARTI and
KRARTI and KREIDER:
KREIDER: UNDERGROUND
UNDERGROUND AIR
AIR TUNNEL
TUNNEL 1565
1565

In
In addition,
addition, for
for daily
daily variations,
variations, the
the heat conduction from
heat conduction from the
the region near the
region near the pipe
pipe is
is assumed
assumed
to follow
to follow aa quasi-steady-state
quasi-steady—state behavior.
behavior. In the Appendix,
In the Appendix, aa discussion
discussion of
of this
this assumption
assumption can
can be
be
found.
found.
common soils,
For common
For the depth
soils, the depth d{ is approximately equal
is approximately equal toto 0.10 m. If
0.10 m. If soil
soil properties
properties are
are known,
known,
aa better
better value
value of
of di can
can be
be calculated
calculated by using equation
by using equation (9)
(9)
K
/=|15*'||= "3-
- - I I ~ - ' l l = ~X/~"
(0

In these
In these conditions, the governing
conditions, the governing equations
equations become (recall Fig.
become (recall Fig. 3):
3):
For the
For the tube:
tube:

6Tr + 5Tf Phf

OTf
——
at+l~ax+pCpAn
c~t
V ———-
~Tf Phf
r ~ x + —————
p-~A (T
T f - TI
Tt~) =0
= 0 -

.) ()
11
(11)

and
and
Tr(0, t) =
Tf(09 t) = Ta(t)
Ta(t )
where Tt~
where T g is
is the
the time-varying soil temperature
time-varying soil temperature at
at the
the surface of the
surface of the tube.
tube.
For the
For the soil:
soil:

hrP(Tr" Tt~)
hrP(Tr- T§)= = USP(T§
U,P(Tts- T?)
T~) -

(12)
(12)
where T~
where T g is
is the
the time-varying, undisturbed soil
time-varying, undisturbed soil temperature
temperature assumed
assumed toto be
be uniform
uniform around
around the
the tube
tube
surface (a
surface (a relatively
relatively good
good assumption
assumption as as long
long asas the
the tube diameter and
tube diameter and I/ are
are small
small compared
compared toto
the depth
the depth d d at
at which
which the
the tube is buried)
tube is buried) and
and Us Us is
is the U-value of
the U-value of the
the soil
soil layer
layer of
of thickness
thickness/,1’,
including the thermal
including the thermal resistance of the
resistance of tube material.
the tube material. For
For aa circular
circular tube,
tube, Us
Us is
is given
given by
by
-'
_ ( 22) . I k l n1( d +\Df+D/2+t,
gs= /2+tt'i 1I . i/lt+D/2"~]
t,+D/2 -I
D/2+t~ - ) + ~ l n ~ - ~ ) (13)

where
w h e r e tt,t
is the
is the tube
tube material
material thickness and kt
thickness and kt is the thermal
is the thermal conductivity
conductivity of
of the
the tube
tube material.
material.
Although equation
Although (12) appears
equation (12) appears toto be the same
be the same asas aa steady
steady state equation, note
state equation, that all
note that all
temperatures vary
temperatures vary with time tt and
with time and spatial coordinate x.
spatial coordinate x.
equation (12),
From equation
From (12), the
the soil temperature at
soil temperature at the surface of
the surface of the tube can
the tube can be
be expressed
expressed as:
as:

T '‘S _ hrTr+ U~T~

Tt _tf+ UST:
( 14 )
(14)
h,»+
hf+ U,
U~
Then, equation
Then, (11) becomes,
equation (11) becomes, after substitution of
after substitution equation (14):
of equation (14):
6T 5Tf 4h f US
——f+V
(gTr vr~T~
a: + ‘73? + pC,D,(U,
4hfUs
~x +pCpD~(U~+hr) + 12,) (T;—~T;’)=O
(Tf- T"~) = 0 (15)
(15)

where D~
where = 4A/P
D1, = 4A /P is
is the
the hydraulic
hydraulic diameter
diameter of
of the
the tube.
tube.

"
0
o.‘-‘:’:I
|

Ib".\'
u'.'
I

.I0 . * . # ~ , o ~ ° l s i t . ~ . ~ | ° . •
!oi,:i:iSii!i; ,:ii: ~,Be~t.itl~a.~l.• •oo-.0.*it
, ....
.‘
: . " ' " . v "It . . . . , " " ,-,"it " ' ' " " .._,° ' " " " , . v ° ' " " :1
" ' " . v ° i t " ' ". _
p ..... . . . . . . . . ..... "-' ..... "-" . . . . ..... ~ T:~
1_.:.':..........:-. :..,..:..:.,.;,,..;:-. :, ..::.-:..,.,, "-;:; J'~ ~ /
T.(t) Vf Air D X
L
00"..‘ .000 II-
egg ,5.’ asu‘,s-
.

lit i t "
- . . . , ; t.i,t; ~: %%1t
. ~ =, ; t.,.-
it • ~
.-¢-,-..
*it~t~ ill• #itltt rill #ittt " tlt~ ~
, ; , , : ,.'-, , - , : . , ; ; % . - , ; . , : :,
; -'2.'~.;':7, .'".'.".;': :7, :~:'.;':7, :Y,',;':7, :Y,',":7,
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Soil-air
Soil-air thermal systemwith
thermal system with dimensions
dimensionsshown.
shown.
1566
1566 K R A R T I and
KRARTI and KREIDER:
KREIDER: UNDERGROUND
U N D E R G R O U N D AIR
A I R TUNNEL
TUNNEL

The
The steady-periodic solution of
steady-periodic solution of equation
equation (15)
(15) can be expressed
can be expressed as
as
Tr =
Tr = Tmf+
Tmf+ Re(Tvre""")
Re(Tvr fro,) (16)
(16)
where Tmf
where Tm,» is
is the
the mean fluid temperature,
mean fluid 2”,, is
temperature, T,f is the
the amplitude of the
amplitude of the fluid
fluid temperature
temperature variation
variation and
and
o9 is the
a) is angular frequency
the angular frequency ofof the
the periodic
periodic variation
variation of
of temperature.
temperature. Values
Values for
for Tm,
/'mr and
and T,f
T~r are
are
calculated in
calculated in the
the next
next section.
section.

44.. F
FLUID
LUID TEMPERATURE
T EMPERATURE SOLUTION
SOLUTION

4.1. Expression
4.1. Expression for the fluid
for the fluid temperature amplitude, v
temperature amplitude, T,,f
From equation
From equation (15),
(15), it
it is
is straightforward to see
straightforward to see that
that the
the governing
governing equations
equations for
for TV;
T,f are
are
' 6v -/ 4ts
io9Tvf V —
T + Vr---7---
63Tvf 4hrUs — T“
(T~f- T~,) =
=0 (17)
-- ~X pCpDh(Us + hf)
and
and
TvUf
3f:: Tva
Tva (18)
(18)

where T~s
where T 3, and
and T~a are the
T,, are the amplitude of the
amplitude of the undisturbed
undisturbed soil
soil temperature
temperature andand the
the ambient
ambient air
air
temperature, respectively.
temperature, respectively.
The convective
The convective heat
heat transfer
transfer coefficient
coefficient hf
hf is
is dependent
dependent upon
upon distance
distance along
along the
the tube,
tube, x.
x. It
It is
is
relatively higher
relatively higher in
in the
the undeveloped
undeveloped flow region near
flow region near the
the entry
entry of
of the
the tube
tube than
than downstream.
downstream.
Kays [15]
Kays [15] shows that for
shows that for turbulent flow, hf
turbulent flow, can be
hf can be approximated
approximated by:by:

hf=ho~ (°)
h,=h,,(1+g)
l+x (19)
(19)

where ho, is
where hoo is the
the heat transfer coefficient
heat transfer coefficient far
far away
away from
from the
the entry
entry and
and aa is
is aa constant
constant depending
depending on
on
the tube
the tube geometry.
geometry.
Substituting equation
Substituting equation (19) into equation
(19) into equation (17),
(17), it follows that:
it follows that:

ax + Vf[(h,, + U,)x + ahw +Fire]

6v — 11 [- aho~(x
ahoo(x +a)
+ a) 11 V ahoo(x
’0’] T“fvf =——
aho~(x+ a)
V.[(Us + hw)x + ah,o ..
, ]T,
~" vfL(u,+hoo)X+ahooJT“.
OTvf +a) -IT u
~x +gL(ho ¥ x-C-ah . . . . . . . . VS °
(20)
(20)
The solution
The solution of
of this
this equation
equation satisfying
satisfying the
the initial condition (18)
initial condition (18) is
is given
given by
by

T.f= T3. + (T... — T3.)exp[—7[(A

. 5 1:1(1
[ - V11r [ ( 2 _—i o g ) x + aUs22
mm +"ah00 U12
In\/[ 1 +5133]
+ ctx' l
1' Xa]J
in)
——
iogvfT~
V,
;:
x
Tu“J; exp
l
— (2
exp[Vf(( h+
'
+zw)(x
’
log)(x' —
aU 2.2
x) + —s——-l
- x)+ -~.
ahw
11a + ax’
~—
mn<la dx'’
a ~ - ~ )):|dx
+ocx
21 )
((21)

where ~
where is aa constant
a is constant defined
defined as
as
4U
4u,s
a=
= -
pcpo,
-
pCpDh (( 22
2 2 ))

and 2
and is another
A is another constant
constant defined by:
defined by:
2= och
~h~°°
h =
U,
Us + h~".
+ h00 2 3)
((23)

4.2. Expression
4.2. Expression for the mean
for the mean fluid
fluid temperature
temperature Tmf
Tmf
The governing
The governing equations
equations for Tm; are
for Tmf are
dTmf 4t, -
~Tmf 4hfUs =
hf) (Tmf
(Tmf- T315)
T~s) = 00 (24)
(24)
--ax
(3x q VfpCpDh(U
pCpDh(Uss +
+ hf)
and
and
Tmr(0) = Tin.'
Tm‘f(0) = Tina (25)
(25)
 KRARTI
KRARTI and KREIDER: UNDERGROUND
and KREIDER: UNDERGROUND AIR
AIR TUNNEL
TUNNEL [567
1567

The
The solution
solution of
of equation
equation (24)
(24) can
can easily be deduced
easily be from the
deduced from expression for
the expression for T,f
T,f given
given in
in equation
equation
(21) by
(21) by substituting
substituting a~ = 00 and
a) = and by replacing T
by replacing T~3, and
and Tm respectively, with
T~a, respectively, with T3,,
T~, and
and Tm.
Tma. Thus, Tm,»
Thus,/'mr
is:
is:
1 U22 [ ~f( aU~22 [
Tmf= T3m+ (Tma —— T~s)eX
Tm: T~s...l.-(Tma- T3,,)exp[—-I7(lx
p - +2}: ln(l +%))]. (26)
(26)
1” oo aJ)J"

5. P
5. PARAMETRIC
A R A M E T R I C ANALYSIS
ANALYSIS
The above
The above described
described model
model waswas applied to aa circular
applied to circular pipe
pipe buried
buried 1.51.5 m
m below
below grade.
grade. The
The
ambient/inlet temperature was
ambient/inlet temperature was assumed
assumed to vary sinusoidally
to vary sinusoidally within
within aa 24
24 h
h period,
period, with
with 19°C
19°C as
as aa
mean and
mean and 99 K
K asas an The same
amplitude. The
an amplitude. assumption was
same assumption was made
made for
for the
the surface
surface soil
soil temperature
temperature
with aa mean
with mean of 16°C and
of 16°C and an
an amplitude 5 K.
of 5
amplitude of K. The other pipe—air-soil
The other pipe-air-soil system
system parameters,
parameters, when
when
not varying,
not were taken
varying, were to be:
taken to be:

= 6.48
Xss = 6.48 10
10‘? MZ/s
-7 M2/S Us =
U, = 35 W/m 2 K
35 W/m2 K
ho, =
h~ = 16W/m2
16W/m2 K K aa n
= 1.4
1.4 Dh
Dh (see
(see Ref.
Ref. [13])
[13])
Db =
Dh = 0.20
0.20 m
m Vf =
Vf 3.5 m/s
= 3.5 m/s
=0
tt = 0 at
at noon
noon L =
L = 80
80 mm (pipe
(pipe length).
length).

The ambient
The ambient temperature
temperature was was assumed
assumed toto reach
reach its daily maximum
its daily maximum at at noon
noon which
which was
was taken
taken
as the
as origin ooff time
the origin time (t
(t == 0).
0). Any
Any other time origin
other time origin can
can be
be used.
used.
the calculations
All the
All were carried
calculations were out using
carried out equation (16)
using equation (16) with
with Tm,
Tmrdetermined
determined from
from equation
equation (26)
(26)
and T,f
and from equation
Tvr from (21).
equation (21).

Eflect of the
5.1. Effect
5.1. pipe diameter
the pipe diameter
Figure 44 shows
Figure shows that the outlet
that the outlet temperature depends significantly
temperature depends significantly upon
upon the
the pipe diameter. An
pipe diameter. An
increase in
increase in the
the diameter results in
diameter results in aa higher
higher outlet
outlet air temperature. This
air temperature. This result
result can
can be
be explained
explained by
by
the fact
the that the
fact that the mass
mass of
of air, contained in
air, contained in the
the element
element ds
ds is
is proportional
proportional to D~, while
to Dfi, while the
the heat
heat

Effect of Tube
Effect of Tube Diameter
Diameter
At
At Noon
Noon
4O
40 . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . i,. . . . . : , , , i . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . .

35
35
------------
............ Dh-0.1
Dh-0.1 m
rn
----
.... Dh=0.2m
Dh=0.2 m
---
--- Dh-0.4n'l
Dh-0.4 m
(~ 30
g 30 -— Dh=0.8m
Dh=0.8 m
e"
3
25
g
.2
a... ““hfih
i 20 T‘...‘
...... 4

15
15 l —

1 0 nnnnnnn
. . . . . . . . . It ' .........
' l . . . . . . Ii ..........
. . , . . . . . li nnnnnnnn
. . . . . . . . . li JJJJJJJJ
. . . . . . . . . 1t aaaaaaaaa
. . . . . . . . . li ........
. . . . . . . . . 1_Ii nnnnnnnnn
. . . . . . . .
10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Dlstanee
Dl~ance from
from the entry, m
the entry. m

Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. Effect
Effect of
of tube diameter on
tube diameter on air
air temperature at various
temperature at various positions along the
positions along the tube.
tube.
1568
1568 KRARTI and KREIDER:
KRARTI and UNDERGROUND AIRTUNNEL
KREIDER: UNDERGROUND AIR TUNNEL

Effect of Air
Effect at Air Velocity
Velocity
At
At Noon
Noon
40 ......... , ......... . ......... .._,..._..... ......... . ......... , ......... . .........
4o . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . i,. . . . . ~ , , , i . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . .

35 ------------
............ Vf=3.5
Vf=3.5 m/s '1
35 '_ ‘ -. . -. . — - Vf=14
m/s
-
- . Vf=14 m/s
m/s
—- - -- - Vf=31-.5
Vf=31.5 m/s
_ m/s
. —- - Vf=56
Vf=56 We
m/s
o0 30
30 f ‘

1‘: '* -‘~———————

-
O
o

é
25 _\ x _______________________________ _
x. ---------- T
:9 “in” k _________________
E 20 -
M. -

15 -
15 l

L .
‘
.........
. . . . . . . . . iI ..........
. . . . . . . . iI ..........
. . . . . . . . li .nnnnnnnnn
. . . . . . . . Ii nnnnnnnnn
. . . . . . . . . Ii nnnnnnnnn
. . . . . . . . . li .........
. . . . . . . . . Ii uuuuuuuuu
. . . . . . . .
10
- 0
0 10
10 20
20 30
30 4O
40 50
50 . 60
60 70
70 80
80
Distance from
Distance from the
the entry,
entry, at
m

Fig. 5.
Fig. 5. Effect
Effect of
of air velocity on
air velocity on air temperature at
air temperature at various
various positions
positions along
along the
the tube.
tube.

between the
exchanged between
exchanged the air
air and the soil
and the is proportional
soil is proportional to
to Dh.
D h . Therefore, as the
Therefore, as the pipe
pipe diameter
diameter D],
Dh
increases, less
increases, heat is
less heat is exchanged between aa unit
exchanged between unit mass
mass of
of air
air and
and the
the surrounding
surrounding soil,
soil, resulting
resulting in
in
aa smaller decrease of
smaller decrease the outlet
of the air temperature.
outlet air temperature.

Efi'ect ooff air

5.2. Effect
5.2. air velocity
velocity
From Fig.
From Fig. 5,
5, it
it can be seen
can be seen that
that anan increase
increase in
in air
air velocity,
velocity, that
that is,
is, an
an increase
increase of
of the
the air
air mass
mass
flow rate
flow rate through
through thethe pipe,
pipe, results in an
results in increase of
an increase of the
the outlet temperature, sincethe
outlet temperature, since the air
air has
has aa shorter
shorter
residence time
residence in contact
time in contact with
with the
the soil.
soil.

6. C
6. COOLING EFFECT
OOLING E F F E C T EVALUATION
EVALUATION
rate of
local rate
The local
The heat transfer,
of heat q'c, from
transfer, 4¢, from the
the air
air to
to the
the soil
soil is
is given
given by:
by:

(h = h
Go = Tts).
f P ( T r - Ti).
hrP(Tr— (27)
(27)

For aa tube
For tube of length L,
of length L, the
the total rate of
total rate heat transfer,
of heat transfer,
L

QC=J
Qc = f : qr:
Ocdx'
dx. (23)
(28)
0

way to
One way
One determine (2¢
to determine is to
Qc is to use equation (11)
use equation (11) which
which can
can be expressed as.
be expressed as follows:
follows:

. 0T, 0?}
qc —— upcpA [E + WE]. (29)
q¢ = -pcpA L 0t + 0x J" (29)

‘
Therefore, the
Therefore, the total instantaneous "cooling
total instantaneous “cooling effect”
effect" for
for aa buried
buried pipe
pipe of
of length
length L
L is
is

a( he)
Qc=-pcpA
(2¢ = - p c p A ”T
-O- + v r ( r r ( L ) - T.) ..
" +Vr(Tr(L)—Ta) (30)
(30)
 KRARTI
KRARTI and
and KREIDER:
KREIDER: U N D E R G R O U N D AIR
UNDERGROUND AIR TUNNEL
TUNNEL 1569
1569

Effect of Tube
Effect of Tube Diameter
Diameter
Cooling Rate
2 0 . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . = . . . . . . . . . i .... ~ .... i . . . . . . . . . v . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . .

15:
15 .... Mean

Kw

Hate. —sO

Cooling

0 :7.................a..............
”0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
_A_A_A I IARAIJALAJIILIAIIIIIJJLAA

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

0 . . . . .

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Tube Diameter,
Tube Diameter, m
m

Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Effect
Effect of
of pipe
pipe diameter
diameter on
on daily mean and
daily mean and amplitude of cooling
amplitude of cooling rate.
rate.

The expression
The of T
expression of Trr is
is given by equation
given by (12). As
equation (12). As aa particular
particular case,
case, the
the daily mean of
daily mean the total
of the total
heat transfer
heat c is
transfer Qr~c given by
is given by
nDs T, - rluls)(1-
u 1 aUs}.22 aL
~mc= I ~D2Vf~
Q,,,c-—(,0cp )(Tma—pcp---~)(
ma Tm,)(l
4
-—exp(—-I7F(ZL+
e x p / _ ~ ( ~ L
+ -aUs~
- ~ - l n 111(1 ..[_o~L
( 1 +E))))-~aa))))"
“hm
(31)
(3,)

In the
In following sections,
the following sections, the
the effects of different
effects of different parameters, such as
parameters, such as pipe
pipe diameter
diameter and
and air
air
velocity, on
velocity, the total
on the cooling rate
total cooling rate are
are analyzed. When not
analyzed. When not taken
taken as
as variables,
variables, the
the parameter
parameter values
values

Effect at
Effect Air Velocity
of Air Velocity
C~llng Rate
5.0
5.0 ........ J ......... i ......... ~. .... ~,,.J ......... i ......... J ......... J .... J',,

4.0
4.0 ,

Kw 3.0
9"o

Rate,

No
2.0
COOling

1.0
1.0 ,

0.0
0.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4O
Alr Velocity,
Alr m/s -
Velocity, rn/s
7. Effect
Fig. 7.
Fig. of air
Effect of on daily
velocity on
air velocity daily mean
mean and amplitude of
and amplitude cooling rate.
of cooling rate.
[570
1570 KRARTI
KRARTI and
and KREIDER: UNDERGROUNDAIR
KREIDER: UNDERGROUND AIR TUNNEL
TUNNEL

were
were the
the same used in
as used
same as Section 4'
in Section 4 (note
(note that
that the
the cooling
cooling rate
rate is
is essentially
essentially insensitive to variation
insensitive to variation
in
in parameters and a).
U~ and
parameters U, a).

6.1.
6.1. Influence
Influence of the pipe
of the pipe diameter
diameter
Figure presents the
Figure 66 presents mean and
the mean and the
the amplitude
amplitude ofof the daily cooling
the daily cooling rate as aa function
rate as of pipe
function of pipe
diameter.
diameter. Increasing
Increasing the diameter improves
the diameter improves significantly
significantly both
both the mean and
the mean and the
the amplitude
amplitude of
of the
the
cooling rate.
cooling rate. This
This result
result can be explained
can be explained by the fact
by the fact that an increase
that an increase inin pipe
pipe diameter
diameter implies
implies an
an
increase in air
increase in mass flowing
air mass flowing through the pipe
through the that makes
pipe that makes upup for
for the
the outlet
outlet temperature
temperature drop.
drop. Note
Note
that the increase
that the in the
increase in the cooling
cooling rate amplitude is
rate amplitude is more
more pronounced
pronounced thanthan that
that of
of the
the cooling
cooling rate
rate
mean value. This
mean value. This indicates
indicates that the air
that the air tunnel system can
tunnel system can be
be effective in reducing
effective in reducing cooling
cooling peaks.
peaks.

6.2.
6.2. Influence
Influence of the air
of the air velocity
velocity
Figure shows that
Figure 77 shows that the effect of
the efl‘ect of the air velocity
the air velocity on
on the
the mean
mean andand the
the amplitude
amplitude of of the
the daily
daily
cooling rate
cooling rate is similar to
is similar that of
to that of the
the pipe
pipe diameter.
diameter. However,
However, thethe increase
increase in
in air
air velocity
velocity does
does not
not
improve
improve the cooling rate
the cooling as significantly
rate as significantly as an increase
as an in the
increase in the diameter
diameter ofof the
the pipe.
pipe.
From
From thethe above
above results,
results, it can be
it can be concluded
concluded that,
that, to
to improve
improve thethe performance
performance of of the
the air
air tunnel
tunnel
system,
system, anan increase
increase in pipe diameter,
in pipe although increasing
diameter, although increasing the
the outlet
outlet temperature,
temperature, isis preferable
preferable to
to
an increase in
an increase in the air velocity.
the air velocity. However,
However, an an increase
increase in the air
in the air flow
flow rate
rate will
will result
result in
in an
an increase
increase
of the fan
of the power required
fan power required to to move the air
move the air along
along the
the tunnel.
tunnel.

7.
7. COMPARISON
COMPARISON WITH
WITH EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT
An experiment
An on an
experiment on an underground air cooling
underground air cooling pipe
pipe was
was performed
performed by
by Dhaliwal
Dhaliwal er
et a1.
al. [10]
[10] starting
starting
on
on 15 September 1982.
15 September 1982. The soil thermal
The soil thermal prOperties
properties at
at the site of
the site of the experiment were
the experiment were estimated
estimated to
to
be:
be:
~, =
a, = 6.45
6.45 10-7
10-7 mz/s
m2/s
ks =
k, = 1.16W/m-K.
1.16W/m.K.

The pipe,
The pipe, of Dh =
of Dh = 0.305 m diameter,
0.305 m, diameter, was
was buried at aa depth
buried at depth of
of about
about d
d== 2.86
2.86 m.
m.
'
Comparison with Experimental
Comparison with Experimental Data
Data
17hoursaflermestanoimetest
17 hours after the otart 04 the feet
4o
40 ......... , ....., . . , . , ...... ~. . . , .........
• : . . . . . . . f . . . . . . . : • , . . . . . . " . . , . . . . . . . . .

—— ModelPredlctlon
Model Prediction j
VExporlmental'Data
• ExpedmentalData .

3° .'
‘3 .

!
Ai'T B ‘. ‘

.Trw. . . .rl‘-.
v

v—

10 . . . . . . . . . i . . . . . . . . . = . . . . . . . . = I = i | i | . . . .

0 10 20 30 40
Distance from the enW, m

Fig.
Fig. 8.
8. Comparison of model
Comparison of model predictions
predictionswith
with experimental
experimentaldata
data 17
17hh after
after the
the start of the
start of the test.
test.
 KRARTI
KRARTI and
and KREIDER:
KREIDER: UNDERGROUND
UNDERGROUND AIR
AIR TUNNEL
TUNNEL 1571
1571

Comparison with Experimental

Comparisonwith Experimental Data
Data
18.5 hoursaftorthostartolmotest
hours after 5~1estart of the tost
40
40-.....fi.+,fi.-..._..,...-..-..,.
[
F ——ModdProdldon
-- Moc~ Predictkm
. AExperlmntalData
• Experimental Data

30-
<3. 3O
t~ .
-

2 i

i
E
+3220'

; 1
10,-na.n.._._sl....;_.._._._1._._._.__.._._,_._._L,_,_I_L_.I

20 30 ‘1 '40
10
10 . t t l l i l *
. . . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . . I . . . . . . . . .

10 2o 30 40
Distanootromthoentrym
~ from the entn/, m

Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Comparison of model
Comparison of model predictions
predictions with
with experimental data 18.5
experimental data 18.5hh after
after the
the start
start of
of the
the test.
test.

As discussed
As discussed inin Section 2.1, for
Section 2.1, for daily variation (i.e.
daily variation co =
(i.e. a) = 7.272
7.272 10”5
10 -5 rad/s),
rad./s), the
the thickness
thickness of
o f the
the
disturbed soil
disturbed layer, f,
soil layer, I, is
is of
of the
the same
same magnitude as 56 =
magnitude as = [i(w/a,)]"2.
[i(r~/~s)] j/2. Thus,
Thus,

fas
- /§=o.094m.
= 0.094 m.
0)

Assuming aa pipe
Assuming thickness of
pipe thickness of ttitt == 0.002 m and
0.002 m and aa pipe thermal conductivity
pipe thermal conductivity of kt =
of k, = 0.33
0.33 W/m-K
W/re. K
(plastic), the
(plastic), the Us-value is calculated
Us-value is calculated from from equation
equation (13)
(13) as:
as:

U, == 14.60
Us 14.60 W/mz-K.
W/m 2-K.

The average
The average air velocity was
air velocity was measured
measured as
as
Vr =
Vf = 1.47
1.47 m/s.
m/s.

The average
The air properties
average air properties in
in the temperature range
the temperature range of 10-30°C can
of 10—30°C can be
be taken
taken to
to be
be

pp == 1.214
1.214 kg.m3
kg.m 3
cp == 1.205
cp 1.205 103
103 J/kg
J/kg KK
n =2 0.0178
/~ 0.0178 kg/s'm
kg/s.m
Pr =
Pr = 0.65
0.65
k, =---= 0.028
ka W / m .. K
0.028 W/m K

where p is
where/~ is the
the air
air viscosity,
viscosity, Pr
Pr is
is the
the Prandtl
Prandtl number,
number, and
and k1,
ka is
is the thermal conductivity.
the thermal conductivity.
In order
In order to
to calculate
calculate h®, the heat
h,O , the coefficient far
transfer coefficient
heat transfer far away
away from
from the
the pipe
pipe entry,
entry, the
the Nusselt
Nusselt
number Nu~
number Nuoo is
is needed.
needed. Recall
Recall that
that Nu~
Nu,o is
is defined
defined as
as

N=
Nu
11
= h,
h~ D,
Dh
k~
kg

The Nusselt
The number ooff fully
Nusselt number fully developed flow is
turbulent flow
developed turbulent is given
given by
by [13]
[13]

Nu,0 == 0.023
Nu® Pr °'3 Re“8
0.023 Pro-3 Re °'s

where Re
where is the
Re is the Reynolds
Reynolds number.
number.
1572
1572 KRARTI
KRARTI and
and KREIDER:
KREIDER: UNDERGROUND
U N D E R G R O U N D AIR
AIR TUNNEL
TUNNEL

Comparison with
Comparison Experimental Data
with Experimental Data
20 houm
20 afterthe
hours after the startotthetest
start of the test
40
40 I. .u . I . u. I—I—I—
. . . . v I II, . . . . . ." • —I—T
: - =
I
. . . . . . . . . I—l—I'
, . .v . v . I . I'_
. .v .1 . v v

—
- - Model Prediction
Model Prediction
0 Expedmental Data
• Experimental Data

3o
,

i
Temperature
Air
~.~o

I I n _I_.I I I I _l_l_I nnnnnnnn I I I I I I I .I A_I I IIIIIIII A.

10
0 10 20 30 40
10

10 20 30 40
Distance from the
Distance from enW, m
the entry, m
‘
Fig.
Fig. 10.
10. Comparison
Comparison of
of model predictions with
model predictions with experimental
experimental data
data 20
20 hh after
after the start of
the start of the
the test.
test.

From
From the above equations,
the above equations,
h~ =
h,o 7.20 W/mZ'C.
= 7.20 W/m 2. C.
The inlet
The inlet air
air temperature
temperature at
at different times was
different times was approximated
approximated byby aa sinusoidal
sinusoidal function
function in
in the
the form
form
of equation (7).
of equation (7). Using
Using the least-squares technique,
the least-squares technique, it
it was
was found
found that
that

T2 =
T, = 25.5 + 77 sin
25.5 + sin TE
- ~ (1
(t + 5) (°C)
+ 5)
7~
(°C)

where tt is
where the time
is the after the
time after experiment starts,
the experiment in hours.
expressed in
starts, expressed hours.
'
The
The average
average soil
soil temperature
temperature was
was measured
measured to to be
be
T~ =
T3,, = 18.99°C.
18.99°C.
No
No measurement
measurement of of daily ground surface
daily ground surface temperature
temperature amplitude
amplitude Tfls was made.
T~s was made. However,
However, at at
the depth
the depth d d =.2.286
= 2.286m m the soil temperature
the soil temperature is is equal
equal to to the daily averaged
the daily averaged ground
ground surface
surface
temperature (i.e.
temperature (i.e. T 3,5).
T~s).
Finally, using equation
Finally, using equation (21),
(21), the
the air
air temperature
temperature along
along the the pipe can be
pipe can calculated [10].
be calculated [10]. Figures
Figures
8—10
8-10 show
show thethe model predictions and
model predictions the experiment
and the experiment results
results at three different
at three times, tt =
different times, = 17,
17, 18.5
18.5
and 20
and 20 h, respectively. These
h, respectively. These figures
figures indicate very good
indicate very good agreement between the
agreement between the measured
measured results
results
and
and the model predictions.
the model predictions. As As noted
noted byby Dhaliwal
Dhaliwal et
et a1.
al. [10]
[10] inin the
the experiment conducted, the
experiment conducted, the relative
relative
humidity
humidity did not reach
did not reach 100% (i.e. there
100% (i.e. there was
was no condensation), therefore
no condensation), therefore the
the model
model developed
developed herein
herein
can be
can be applied.
applied. -

8.
8. SUMMARY
SUMMARY

In
In this
this paper,
paper, an analytical model,
an analytical model, by
by which the heat
which the transfer between
heat transfer between an air tunnel
an air tunnel and
and the
the soil
soil
can
can be
be analyzed,
analyzed, waswas developed.
developed. The model is
The model valid only
is valid only when condensation does
when condensation does not occur (i.e.
not occur (i.e.
when the
when the relative
relative humidity
humidity of of the
the pipe
pipe air
air does not reach
does not reach 100%).
100%). It was shown
It was shown that
that an
an increase
increase
in
in the
the pipe diameter is
pipe diameter thermally preferable
is thermally preferable toto an
an increase in the
increase in air velocity
the air when aa given
velocity when given cooling
cooling
rate is needed.
rate is needed. Because
Because of of its
its flexibility,
flexibility, the
the model developed in
model developed in this paper is
this paper suitable for
is suitable for design
design
calculations
calculations and for preliminary
and for preliminary feasibility
feasibility studies
studies ofof earth air-tunnel systems.
earth air-tunnel systems. Finally,
Finally, the
the model
model
was
was tested and validated
tested and against measured
validated against measured data.
data.
 KRARTI
KRARTI and
and KREIDER:
KREIDER: UNDERGROUND AIR TUNNEL
U N D E R G R O U N D AIR TUNNEL 1573
1573

REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1.. G. Petherbridge,
G. Maghreb Rev.
Petherbridge, Maghreb Rev. 3, 14 (1976).
3, 14 (1976).
2.. B.
B. Rudofsky, The Prodigious
Rudofsky, The Prodigious Builders. Harcourt Brace
Builders. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich,
Jovanovich, New York (1977).
New York (1977).
3.. M. N.
M. N. Bahadori, Sci. Am.,
Bahadori, Sci. Am., p.
p. 144
144 (1978).
(1978).
4.3" .
kWh- K.
K. Labs,
Labs, Regional analysis of
Regional analysis ground and
of ground above ground
and above climate. Report,
ground climate. ORNL/Sub-81/40451/1, Oak
Report, ORNL/Sub-8l/40451/l, Oak Ridge
Ridge National
National
Laboratory,
Laboratory, Oak
Oak Ridge,
Ridge, TN
TN (1981).
(1981).
5.. E.
E. R. G. Eckert,
R. G. Eckert, Energy
Energy 1,1, 315
315 (1976).
(1976).
6.. H.
H. S.
S. Carslaw
Carslaw and J. C.
and J. C. Jaeger, Conduction of
Jaeger, Conduction o f Heat
Heat inin Solids. Clarendon Press,
Solids. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Oxford (1959).
(1959).
MlONU’.I
7. W.
W. L.
L. Glennie, P. S.
Glennie, P. S. Brock
Brock and
and B.
B. H.
H. Walter,
Walter, AA Cool
Cool Pipe Experiment and
Pipe Experiment and Design Methods. Princeton
Design Methods. Energy Group,
Princeton Energy Group,
New Jersey
New Jersey (1979).
(1979).
8.
8. D.
D. B. Nordham, Proc.
B. Nordham, Proc. 4th
4th Nat.
Nat. Passive Solar Conf.,
Passive Solar Conf., Kansas City (1979).
Kansas City (1979).
9.
9. D.
D. W.
W. Abrams,
Abrams, C. C. Benton
C. C. Benton andand J.
J. M.
M. Akridge, Proc. 51h
Akridge, Proc. 5th Nat.
Nat. Passive
Passive Solar Conf., Amherst,
Solar Conf, Amherst, MA.
MA. (1980).
(1980).
10.
10. A.
A. S. Dhaliwal and
S. Dhaliwal and D.D. Y.
Y. Goswami,
Goswami, ASMEA S M E J. Solar Energy
J. Solar Energy Engng
Engng 107, 141 (1985).
107, 141 (1985).
11.
11. G. E.
G. Schneider, ASME
E. Schneider, A S M E J. Heat Transfer
J. Heat Transfer 107, 696 (1985).
107, 696 (1985).
12.
12. M. S.
M. S. Sodha, D. Buddhi
Sodha, D. Buddhi and
and R.
R. L. Sawhney, Energy
L. Sawhney, Convers. Mgmt
Energy Convers. Mgmt 31,
31, 95
95 (1991).
(1991).
13.
13. M. S. Sodha,
M. S. Sodha, D.
D. Buddhi and R.
Buddhi and R. L.
L. Sawhney,
Sawhney, Energy
Energy Convers. Mgmt 34,
Convers. Mgmt 465-470 (1993).
34, 465—470 (1993).
14.
14. T.
T. Kusuda
Kusuda and P. R.
and P. R. Achenbach, A S H R A E Trans.
Achenbach, ASHRAE Trans. 71,
71, Part
Part 11 (1965).
(1965).
15.
15. W. M. Kays,
W. M. Convective Heat
Kays, Convective Heat and
and Mass Transfer, pp.
Mass Transfer, pp. 150—202. McGraw-Hill, New
150-202. McGraw—Hill, New York
York (1966).
(1966).

APPENDIX
APPENDIX

The
The Quasi-Steady Approximation for
-State Approximation
Quasi-Steady-State for Pipe
Pipe Wall
Wall Heat
Heat Flow
Flow
For simplicity
For simplicity of
of calculation,
calculation, we
we will
will assume
assume that
that the
the tube
tube consists
consists of
of two
two parallel
parallel planes.
planes. Then,
Then, if and I: are
if t,tt and are small
small enough,
enough,
the time rate
the time rate changes
changes ofof energy
energy inside the tube
inside the tube material
material and the soil
and the soil layer
layer are
are given,
given, respectively,
respectively, by by (see
(see Fig.
Fig. Al)
A1)

dT "'—
(dd~) _ q I—‘Io
l-qo
(pcp)t(dtt)
(pCp), =- t,
It

and
and
‘“
dT __ ‘12 41
(pCp)s(El;)— '
[7

For
For steady-periodic
steady-periodic variation dT/dt =
variation dT/dt = cuTv (T~ is
~OTv (Tv is the
the amplitude
amplitude of
of temperature
temperature variation,
variation, either
either inside
inside the
the tube
tube material
material
or
or inside
inside the
the soil
soil layer).
layer). Therefore,
Therefore,
H.
Aqt =
Aqt = ql - - qo 2190p)t’tCOTv
q!) ~- (P%)ttt°gTv
Aq~ =
A4. q2 —
= 42 ql 2
-- q: ~- (pcpkfwTv.
(p%)Jo~T~.

Order
Order of
of Magnitude
Magnitude of
of Ag,
Aqt and
and Ag,
Aq~
For daily
For daily variation
variation

m =27 7.272
to . 2 7 2 xx 10‘5 rad/s;
10-Srad./s; It~ 20.10m;
",- 0.10 m; Tv 210°C.
Tv'--10°C.
Tube
Tube material
material

I,t, =
= 0.002
0.002 m;
m; (pcp), =
(pep), = 106 Jlm3OC.
106j/m3°C.

Soil layer
Soil layer

(pcp) z
(pep) ~- 10‘5
106 J/m3°C
J/m~°C

Tube material (pc)t ~ qo

Fluid

Fig.
Fig. A1.
A1. Heat
Heat flux
flux from
from fluid
fluid to
to soil.
soil.
[574
1574 KRARTI and KREIDER:
KRARTI and KREIDER: UNDERGROUND
UNDERGROUND AIR
AIR TUNNEL
TUNNEL

Thus
Thus
Ag. 2
Aqt ~ 1.5
1.5 W/m2
W/m 2
and
and
Aqs z
Aqs ~ 7.2
7.2 W/mz.
W/m 2.
The
The order
order of
of magnitude of go
magnitude of q0 can
can be found using
be found the following
using the following parameters
parameters
k
ks
U 02- ~ z
U0 ~- 10 W/m2°C;
10W/m2°C; h,»
hf= = IO Wimz°C,
10W/m2°C,
f
Tf = 40°C
Tf=40°C and
and T: = 20°C.
T~=20°C.
Then
Then
Tts =
T; = 30°C
30°C [from equation (14)].
[from equation (14)].
Therefore, q0 =
Therefore, qo hr(Tf —
= 11,-(7‘r - TL)
T~) z 100 W/mz.
"-" 100 W/m 2.
So, approximating is;I
So, approximating q~ by
by q0
q0 leads to an
leads to error of
an error of 1.5%
1.5% and
and q2
q2 by
by 40 about 9%.
q0 about Thus, the
9%. Thus, the quasi-steady
quasi-steady state
state heat
heat conduction
conduction
model introduces an
model introduces an uncertainty
uncertainty that
that is
is not
not significant compared to
significant compared to other
other simplifications
simplifications of
of the
the problem.
problem.