 STATISTICS

Measure of Central Tendency for Grouped Data – MEAN

 BY NCERTMATH · PUBLISHED APRIL 16, 2018 · UPDATED JULY 3, 2018
 Image Credit: Pixabay.com

Mean/Average
It is defined as the ratio of sum of all observations to the number of observations.
For an ungrouped frequency distribution, the Mean,

where,
= Sum of observations

= Total number of Observations

↪ In most of real life situations, data is usually so large that to make a meaningful study it
needs to be condensed as grouped data.
↪ In Grouped frequency distribution, observations are classified into class intervalsof same
widths.
↪ By convention, the common observationbelongs to the higher class, i.e., 10 belongs to the
class interval 10-20 (and not to 0-10).
↪ The number of observations in each class is called Class frequency.
↪ It is assumed that the frequency of each class interval is centered around its mid-point. So
the mid-point (or class mark) of each class can be chosen to represent the observations falling
in the class.

Class-mark =

Direct Method
The class marks serve as x ’s in this method. For the ith class interval, the
i

frequency f corresponds to the class mark x . Now, the mean can be computed in the same
i i

manner as in case of ungrouped data.

This method of finding the mean is known as the Direct Method.

↪ This method gives an approximate mean because of the mid-point assumption.

↪ Remember, when this formula is used

(i) For Ungrouped frequency distribution,

x = ith observation
i
f = frequency of the ith observation.
i

(ii) For Grouped frequency distribution,

x = class mark of the ith class interval

i

f = frequency of the ith class interval.

i

Ex – Find the mean for given data

Solution – We can write the given data in grouped frequency distribution table as following

So, the mean x̄ of the given data is given by

= 1860 / = 62
30

Assumed Mean Method

Sometimes when the numerical values of x (class mark) and f are large, finding the product
i i

of x and f becomes tedious and time consuming. We can’t change the f ’s, but we can change
i i i

each x to a smaller number, so that our calculations become easy. We can achieve this by
i

subtracting a fixed number from each of these x ’s. i

↪ The first step is to choose one among the x ’s as the assumed mean, and denote it by ‘a’. We
i

may take ‘a’ to be that x which lies in the center of

i .
So, in previous example, we can choose a = 47.5 or a = 62.5. Let us choose a = 47.5.
↪ The next step is to find the difference between a and each of the x ’s, that is, the deviation (d )
i i

of ‘a’ from each of the x ’s i.e.,

i
↪ The third step is to find the product of d with the corresponding f , and take the sum of all
i i

the f d ’s (Σf d ).
i i i i

↪ Then the mean of the deviations,

↪ Since in obtaining d , we subtracted ‘a’ from each x , so, in order to get the mean ͞x , we need to
i i

add ‘a’ to d . This can be explained mathematically as:

Mean of deviations,

∴ Mean = Assumed Mean + Mean of deviations

For previous example, we can write mean deviation table as following (a = 47.5)
Substituting the values of a, Σf d and Σf from Table, we get
i i i

47.5 + 14.5 = 62

Therefore, the mean of the marks obtained by the students is 62.

Step-deviation method
↪ In previous example, if we find the mean by taking each of x (i.e., 17.5, 32.5 and so on) as ‘a’,
i

then the mean determined in each case is the same, i.e., 62.
So, we can say that the the value of the mean obtained does not depend on the choice of ‘a’.
↪ We can also observe that deviations are common multiples of the class size i.e., the values in
Column 4 are all multiples of 15. So, if we divide the values in the entire Column 4 by 15, we
would get smaller numbers to multiply with f . (Here, 15 is the class size of each class interval.)
i

↪ Let,

where a is the assumed mean and h is the class size.

↪ Then, Mean of reduced deviations,

↪ Now, can be find as following

↪ For the previous example, we can write the step deviation table as follow (a = 47.5)

Now, substituting the values of a, h, Σf u and Σf from the Table, we get

i i i

= 47.5 + 14.5 = 62

So, the mean marks obtained by a student is 62.

The method discussed above is called the Step-deviation method.

Note :

↪ the step-deviation method will be convenient to apply if all the d ’s have a common factor
i

(=h).
↪ The mean obtained by all the three methods is the same (an approximate mean).

↪ The assumed mean method and step-deviation method are just simplified forms of the direct
method. Calculation is simplified by reducing x . i

↪ The choice of method to be used depends on the numerical values of x and f . If x and f are
i i i i

sufficiently small, then the direct method is an appropriate choice. If x and f are numerically
i i

large numbers, then we can go for the assumed mean method or step-deviation method. If the
class sizes are unequal, and x are large numerically, we can still apply the step-deviation
i

method by taking h to be a suitable divisor of all the d ’s.

i
↪ The formula x̄ = a + hū still holds if a and hare not as given above (i.e., a = x & h = class size),
i

but are any non-zero numbers such that u = (x − a)/h.

i i

⏪ Measure of Central Mode & Median for

Tendency for Ungrouped
Grouped Data⏩
Data

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Measure of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data - Mean/Median/Mode

In "Statistics"

Median for Grouped Data

In "Statistics"
 Graphical Representation of Data | Histogram | Pie-chart
In "Statistics"

Tags: Assumed Mean MethodAverageCentral ValueChapter 14Class 10DeviationsDirect MethodGrouped

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