A Three-Phase Unbalanced Power Flow Solution
with Three-phase Distribution Transformers
LI hong-wei, LIU Qin-you, SHEN Xia
State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoirs Geology and
Exploitation
Southwest Petroleum University
Chengdu, China
lhwmail@126.com
Abstract— A three-phase layered power flow solution has been
here developed, which can handle distribution transformers with
various common winding connections in unbalanced system of
multi-voltage levels. In the proposed solution, a sensitivity
constant incident matrix between node voltages and injection
currents was derived based on path matrix, then a simple direct
algorithm in impedance form was utilized to resolve the three-
phase unbalanced power flow. An efficient layered algorithm was
obtained by dividing a large and complicated distribution
network into several small and simple networks (called layers) to
overcome the large size problem of incident matrix for a
complicated distribution network. Then the size of incident
matrix has been reduced and the space requirements have been
greatly decreased for the entire system. The exact three-phase
transformer models are critical for distribution system analysis.
The models for several kinds of main connections have been
developed in this paper. The transformer can be considered as
one special layer during solving the power flow. The validity and
effectiveness of the proposed method and the transformer models
have been testified by the IEEE 4 and IEEE 34 test feeder.
Keywords- radial distribution networks; power flow; sensitivity
incident matrix; distribution transformers models
I. INTRODUCTION
Several common three-phase power flow algorithms have
been developed over the last few decades [1-9], and the
applicable methods are classified according to the network
structure and the adopted reference frame.
(i) The forward-backward sweep method [1-3]. The
forward/backward sweep iterative technique is one of the most
commonly used power flow solutions in distribution system
because of fully utilizing the distribution network structure
characteristics, simple programming, no large matrix
calculation and fast computing speed.
(ii) The compensation method [4]. Those methods have
been proposed for power-flow analysis of radial feeders and
weakly meshed grids, respectively.
(iii) The Newton-Raphson method [5-6] and Gauss and/or
Gauss-Seidel method [1,7]. The power-flow analysis of the loop
(ring) network structure or the general network structures are
conducted based on those methods. For example, a phase-
978-1-4577-0365-2/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE
Xiang Shou-bin
Department of Electrical Information Engineering
Sichuan Engineering Technical College
Deyang, China
8255@scetc.net
decoupled power flow using rectangular form branch currents
as state variables and the Newton–Raphson algorithm is
employed to solve the distribution power flow [6].
(iv) The sequence-component methods [8-9]. Those
methods have been developed for three-phase unbalanced
power system and general network topologies with
synchronous generating units. Using the sequence-components
frame in the power-flow analysis effectively reduces the
problem size and the computational burden as compared to the
phase-frame approach [9].
A complete and accurate three-phase transformer model is
desirable for distribution power system analysis. Generally,
the functions are nonlinear and the coefficients should be
determined by experiments and the core loss of a transformer
can be approximated by shunt core loss functions on each
phase of the secondary terminal of the transformer [10-11].
This paper proposes a three-phase power flow solution
which can handle distribution transformers of various winding
connections in the unbalanced systems. Based on the branch
path incidence matrix which can be obtained easily using path
matrix, a simple direct algorithm in impedance form (called
impedance sensitivity matrix, ΔZ ) is derived to find the three-
phase unbalanced power flow results. In order to further reduce
the dimension of ΔZ , a layered solution has been presented by
dividing a large and complicated distribution network into
several small and simple networks (called layers). Based on the
method in [2], the transformer models have been developed
and formulae have been derived for the most common
transformer connections in China respectively, including Yn-yn ,
Yn-d11 , Y-d11 , D-yn11 and D-d connections. The models
overcome the singularity problem and can be considered as one
special layer to integrate into the proposed power flow method
without any difficulties. Extensive computation and
comparisons have been done to verify the method.
II. PATH MATRIX BASED POWER FLOW LAYERED
SOLUTION
A. Path Matrix Based Power Flow
For a radial three-phase distribution network with N nodes,
the independent nodes n=N-1 and branches b=n. for any node
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in the network, there is a path connecting from this node to the
root node. Path matrix T is defined as node-path incident
matrix of 3n×3n and describes the topology of the three-phase
distribution network. Assuming that the direction of path is
from root node to each other node and every branch is in the
same direction with path, then T(i, j)=E if branch j is on the
path of node i and T(i, j)=0 if branch j is not on the path of
node i, where E is identity matrix of 3×3 and 0 is zero matrix
of 3×3. T is a down triangular matrix with non-zero E.
According to the Kirchhoff's current law, the nodes
injection currents I g (3n×1) or the branches currents I b
(3n×1) satisfy ( T T indicates the transpose matrix of T,):
Ib = T T Ig
Let Sϕ i be the injection power at node i, and Yϕ i is the sum
of all the shunt elements in every phase of node i, then,
I gϕ i = (Sϕ i /Uϕi )* -Yϕ iUϕi , ϕ =a,b,c; i = 1, 2," n
Using Ohm's Law in a radial distribution network gives,
U b = Zb I b
Where U b is the branch-voltage vector of 3n×1 and Z b is
the impedance diagonal matrix of 3n×3n based on each branch
i impedance. Z bi has the following form:
⎡ Ziaa Ziab Ziac ⎤
Z bi = ⎢ Ziba Zibb Zibc ⎥
⎢⎣ Zica Zicb Zicc ⎥⎦
Let U 0 be power supply voltages vector of 3×1 and U n be
nodes voltages vector of 3n×1, then voltages differences
between power supply and any other node i are equal to the
sum of branches voltages on the path of node i, i.e.( Let
I E = [ E , E ," , E ] , total of n E):
T
ΔUn = IEU0 - Un = TUb = TZb Ib = TZbT T Ig = ΔZIg
Where ΔZ is the impedance sensitivity matrix.
ΔZ = TZ bT T
U n = I EU 0 - ΔU n
Using iterative technique to solve the power flow based on
(2), (5) and (7). When the voltages differences between two
iterations meet the accuracy requirement then the iterative
operation stops.
B. Layered solution
To overcome the problem that the dimension of ΔZ
matrix is still too large for a complicated distribution network,
a layered solution has been developed. In the method, a
complicated distribution network can be divided into several
small and simple networks (called layers) based on the
topological structure of distribution network. To do this, firstly
one area has been chosen as layer 0, then the blocks linking to
layer 0 are in layer 1, the blocks linking to blocks in layer 1
are in layer 2, and so on. Between two directly connected
layers, the layer with small number is father layer and the
layer with large number is son layer. Let Li , j indicate one
block and the subscript (i, j) means layer number and block
number. The layer 0 has only one block and its first node is
(1) power supply node. For example, in figure 1, the network has
been divided into two layers. Layer 0 has only one block L0
(encircled with real line) and Layer 1 consists of two blocks
L1,1 and L1,2 (encircled with dashed line).
(2)
(3)
Figure 1. One simple distribution network and layered sketch map
(4) The branch between father layer and son layer is put into
the son layer blocks. Now, every block in son layer can be
considered as one load of a father layer. For example in figure
1, the equivalent injection currents of block L1,1 are equal to
the sum of all the current in L1,1 , i.e. I (1,1) = ∑ I g(1,1) , and
regarding I (1,1) as an injection currents of L0 . In each iterative
operation, the power flow in each block can be calculated with
the method in section 2.1. Between father layer and son layer,
the backward/forward sweep power flow solution has been
used. Because the power flow solution only considers the
(5) nodes and branches in any appointed block, the impedance
sensitivity matrix dimension is greatly reduced.
C. Incorporating tansformer in power flow solution
(6) The proposed layered power flow solution can easily
handle the system with three-phase transformers. The
(7) transformer can be seen as one special layer block like other
blocks during iterative operation.
Transformer equivalent model is shown as figure 2. Since
transformer winding connections have little effect on core loss,
so this paper doesn’t consider the core loss, which can be
treated as a three-phase load on either side of the transformer.
832
 IA Ia
U AN + + U an
IB Ib
U BN + +U bn
IC Ic
U CN + +U cn
I
N In
N- -n
Figure 2. Equivalent model of distribution transformer

Let I s = [ Ia Ib Ic ]T and I p = [ IA IB IC ]T be the line
currents, UpN = [U AN U BN U CN ]T and Usn = [U an U bn Ucn ]T be
the line-to-phase voltages, U sL = [U ab U bc U ca ]T Figure 3. Different connection diagrams for three-phase transformers
and U pL = [U AB U BC U CA ]T be the line-to-line voltages
between the primary and secondary sides respectively. And A. Grounded Wye-Grounded Wye(Yn-yn) Transformer
then there exist the following equations: An network diagram of Yn-yn transformer is shown in
Figure 3(a). The following equations can be derived easily：
I p = H11U p + H12 Is (8)
I p =I s / nT , U sn = U pN / nT − β 2 z t1 Is
U s = H 21U p − H 22 Is (9)
Thus, H11 = 0 , H12 = E / nT , H 21 = H12 , H 22 = β 2 z t1E .
In (8) and (9), U p and U s are U pL and U sL when the
windings are delta connection, but U p and U s are U pN and
B. Grounded Wye-Delta (Yn–d11) Transformer
U sn when the windings are Wye connection. The power flow
The network connection diagram for the standard 330
calculation process can be described as below: phase shift Yn–d11 transformer is shown in Figure 3(b). The
1) Forward sweep： U p and I s are known, and I p needs basic “ideal” transformer currents equations are:
to be calculated using (8).
⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
2) Backward sweep: U p and I s are known, and U s needs I s = ⎢ −1 1 0 ⎥ I sL (10)
to be calculated using (9). ⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Now the key is to solve coefficient matrix H11 、 H12 、
0 0 −1⎤
H 21 and H 22 in (8) and (9). 3 ⎡⎢
Ip = −1 0 0 ⎥ I sL (11)
nT ⎢ 0 −1 0 ⎥
III. MODELING OF THREE-PHASE DISTRIBUTION ⎣ ⎦
TRANSFORMERS
As the coefficient matrix of (10) is singular, it is impossible
The modeling of three-phase transformer connections for
to develop the equation that converts the Wye side line currents
power-flow studies can take on many forms depending upon
to the delta side line currents. The secondary side line currents
the assumptions made. The exact models of the various
don’t contain zero-sequence currents, but because there is one
connections must satisfy Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws
path for the currents in the Wye side flow to ground and
(KVL and KCL), and the ideal relationship between the
voltages and currents on the two sides of the transformer I p contain zero-sequence current Ip0 , the delta winding
windings. The models must also represent any phase shift that currents must not sum to zero.
is a result of the particular connection.
Let nT = α / β be the off-nominal tap ratio of transformer 3Ip0 = IA + IB + IC = − 3( Iba + Icb + Iac ) / nT (12)
between the primary and secondary windings, where α and
β are tapping on the primary and secondary sides respectively, Substituting (12) into (10) gives
and z t1 be the per-unit of positive-sequence impedance. Let
⎡ Ia ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
I sL = [Iba Icb Iac ]T and I pL = [IAB IBC ICA ]T be the windings ⎢ I b ⎥ = ⎢ −1 1 0 ⎥ I
currents of delta connection transformer. For different ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
sL

connections for transformer (shown in figure 3) , H11 、 H12 、 ⎢⎣ − 3nT Ip0 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 1 1 ⎦

H 21 and H 22 can be derived as follows.
Now, the coefficient matrix is not singular, and solving
above equation for the delta currents I sL :

833
 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ Ia ⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
1⎡ 
⎥ = 1 ⎢ 1 2 0⎥ I − nT Ip0
⎡1⎤ 1
IsL = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ ⎢ Ib ⎢1⎥ (13) Thus, H11 = 0 , H12 = ⎢-1 1 0 ⎥
3 ⎢−2 −1 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 3⎢ 3nT ⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥
s
⎥ 3 ⎢1⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣− 3nT Ip0 ⎥⎦ ⎣−2 −1 0⎦ ⎣⎦

Because U p0 = (U AN + U BN + U CN ) / 3 (14) Because, U sn = U pL / 3n − β 2 z t1 I s (19)

So Ip0 = U p0 / (α 2 z t1 ) (15 So, H 21 = E / 3nT 、 H 22 = β 2 z t1E

)
D. Delta-Delta (D-d) Transformer
Substituting (12)~(15) into (11) and considering
The network connection diagram for D-d transformer is
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 give shown in figure 3(d). The currents between the primary side
and secondary side of D-d transformer satisfy:
1 ⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
Ip = ⎢1 1 1⎥ U pN + 3 ⎢ −1 1 0 ⎥ I s
3α 2 z t1 ⎢1 1 1⎥ 3nT ⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥ I p = I s / nT (20)
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Thus, H11 = 0 , H12 = E / nT .
1 ⎡
1 1 1⎤
3 ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
Thus, H11 = 2 ⎢1 1 1⎥ , H12 = ⎢ −1 1 0 ⎥
3α z t1 ⎢1 1 1⎥ 3nT ⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥ The basic “ideal” transformer voltage equations as the
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ function of the tap ratio are:

The basic “ideal” transformer voltage equations as the 1

function of the tap ratio are: U sL = U pL − β 2 z t1 I sL (21)
nT
0 −1 0 ⎤
3 ⎡⎢ Equation (10) is still satisfied, and the sum of three line-to-
U sL = 0 0 −1⎥ U pN − β 2 z t1 I sL (16)
nT ⎢ −1 0 0 ⎥ line voltages of D-d transformer must equal zero in secondary
⎣ ⎦ sides (KCL). Because the three windings impedances are
presumptively equal, then the sum of the delta currents in
Substituting (13) into (16) and considering Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 secondary windings must add to zero. That is:
give
Iba + Icb + Ica = 0 (22)
3 ⎡ 0 −1 0 ⎤ 3 ⎡1 1 1⎤ β2 z ⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤
UsL = ⎢ 0 0 −1⎥ UpN + ⎢1 1 1⎥ UpN − t1 ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥ Is Substituting (22) into (10) gives:
nT ⎢⎣−1 0 0 ⎥⎦ 9nT ⎢⎣1 1 1⎥⎦ 3 ⎢⎣−1 0 1 ⎥⎦
⎡ Ia ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢ −1 1 0 ⎥ I (23)
⎡ 1 −8 1 ⎤ 2 ⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤ ⎢ b⎥ ⎢ ⎥
sL
Thus, H 21 =
3 ⎢ 1 1 −8⎥ , H22 = β zt1 ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 1 1 ⎦
9nT ⎢-8 1 1 ⎥ 3 ⎢−1 0 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Now, the coefficient matrix is not singular, and the delta
C. Delta-Grounded Wye (D-yn11) Transformer currents I sL can be determined by:
The network connection diagram for the standard 330
phase shift D-yn11 transformer is shown in Figure 3(c). The 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ Ia ⎤ 1 −1 0 ⎤
1 ⎡⎢ 1⎡
1 2 1⎥ ⎢⎢ Ib ⎥⎥ = ⎢ 1 2 0 ⎥ I s
basic “ideal” transformer currents equations are:
I sL = (24)
3 ⎢ −2 −1 1⎥ 0 3 ⎢ −2 −1 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦
I pL = I s / 3nT (17)

Substituting (24) into (21) and considering Ia + Ib + Ic = 0

⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ give
Then, I p = ⎢−1 1 0 ⎥ I pL = ⎢−1 1 0 ⎥ I s (18)
⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥ 3nT ⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 1 −1 0 ⎤
β 2 z t1 ⎡
H 21 = E / nT ， H 22 = ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥
3 ⎢ −1 0 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦

834
E. Ungrounded Wye-Delta (Y–d11) Transformer So, U pNG = U pN0 − U pG0 (31)
The network connection diagram for the standard 330
phase shift Y–d11 transformer is also shown in Figure 3(b)
That is U pN = U pG + [U pNG U pNG U pNG ]T (32)
except that the neutral point in Wye side is ungrounded. But
(10) and (11) are still satisfied.
During three-phase power flow iterative operation, U pN0 is
Because there is no path for the currents in the Wye side
flow to ground, the sum of the delta currents in the delta side to be calculated using (29) in forward sweep and U pN are to be
must add to zero. So (24) is still satisfied, and the following calculated using (30)~(32) in backward sweep.
equations can be derived.
IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS
0 0 −1⎤
3 ⎡⎢ 3 ⎡ 2 1 0⎤ Two test systems from [12] were used to validate the
Ip = −1 0 0 ⎥ I sL = ⎢ −1 1 0 ⎥ I s (25) proposed method and evaluate its convergence characteristic.
nT ⎢ 0 −1 0 ⎥ 3nT ⎢ −1 −2 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
The first is IEEE four-node test feeder. The single line
diagram of the test feeder is shown in figure 4. The primary
Substituting Ia + Ib + Ic = 0 into (25) gives: purpose of this test feeder is to provide a simple system for the
testing of all possible three-phase transformer connections.
1 0 −1⎤
3 ⎡⎢
H11 = 0 ， H12 = −1 1 0 ⎥
3nT ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥
⎣ ⎦

0 −1 0 ⎤
3 ⎡⎢ Figure 4．IEEE 4 Bus Test Feeder
And U sL = 0 0 −1⎥ U pN − β 2 z t1 I sL (26)
nT ⎢ −1 0 0 ⎥ The proposed algorithm was applied on the four test feeder
⎣ ⎦
for balanced and unbalanced loads for different transformer
connections. In two cases, the results match very well with
Substituting (24) into (26) and considering Ia + Ib + Ic = 0
those listed in [12]. The results correspond with unbalanced
gives: loading for five different transformer connections are
presented in tables I. (Note: The Y-D11, Yn-D11, D-Yn11 step-
0 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤
3 ⎡⎢ β 2 z t1 down transformer connections in China are the same as step-
H 21 = 0 0 −1⎥ ， H 22 = ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥ up transformer connections in USA, so here the IEEE results
nT ⎢ −1 0 0 ⎥ 3 ⎢ −1 0 1 ⎥ of step-up transformers were chosen to show the validity of
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
the proposed method.)
The neutral point in Wye side is ungrounded for Y–d11
transformer, so in backward sweep procedure, the calculated
three-phase voltages in the Wye side are the line-to-G voltages
U pG = [U AG U BG U CG ]T (where G indicates the neutral point
of the electrical source). But the line-to-neutral voltages U pN
are required when calculating U sL using (9), so U pN must be
calculated first. The U pN can be determined by solving (25),

0 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
n ⎡ α βz t1
U pN = T ⎢ −1 0 0 ⎥ U sL + ⎢ −1 1 0 ⎥ Is (27)
⎢
3 0 −1 0 ⎥ 3 3 ⎢ 0 −1 1 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Figure 5．Layered Results of IEEE 34 bus Test Feeder

The zero sequence voltage in neutral point N is: Another test system, i.e., IEEE 34 bus radial distribution
systems [10], was further used to test the proposed algorithm.
3U pN0 = U AN + U BN + U CN (28) But it is modified by excluding all the regulators and the
distributed load from the standard data. The test was performed
by a comparison of the numerical three-phase voltages
Substituting (27) into (28) and reducing the equation gives: obtained from the Radial Distribution Analysis Program
(RDAP).
U pN0 = [ nT nT nT ] U sL / 3 3 (29)
The test system contains a three-phase transformer with
Yn-d connection. The results based on the proposed method
And U pG0 = [1 1 1] U pG / 3 (30) match very well with the RDAP solutions. The iterative times

835
(accuracy 1.0*e-5) is six for IEEE 34 bus and a very small
increase compared with four-node system shown in table I. It
illustrates the good convergence of the proposed algorithm.
The 34 bus system shown in figure 5 has been divided into
three layers. Layer 1 has two blocks and Layer 2 has one
blocks. Although the computational costs are not very different
between the layered and no-layered method, the impedance
sensitivity matrixes have been reduced to four 19×19, 12×12,
1×1, 1×1 sub-matrixes from one 33×33 dimension matrix.
Even considering some auxiliary flag matrix, the memory
space requirements in the layered method are less than half of
that in the no-layered method. With the increasing in the
number of bus, the effect will be more obvious.

TABLE I. IEEE FOUR-NODE TEST FEEDER VOLTAGES WITH UNBALANCEDLOAD AND DIFFERENT STEP-UP TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS - (PHASE TO
NEUTRAL FOR WYE CONNECTIONS AND LINE TO LINE FOR DELTA CONNECTIONS, AND THE ACCURACY IS 0.1V)

Transformer Iterative Node Va or Vab results Vb or Vbc results Vc or Vca results

connections Times ID Calculated IEEE Calculated IEEE Calculated IEEE
2 7161∠-0.1° 7161∠-0.1° 7120∠-120.3° 7120∠-120.3° 7128∠119.2° 7128∠119.3°
Yn - yn 5 3 13839∠-2.1° 13839∠-2.1° 13663∠-123.3° 13663∠-123.3° 13655∠115.1° 13655∠115.1°
4 13815∠-2.2° 13815∠-2.2° 13614∠-123.4° 13614∠-123.4° 13615∠114.9° 13615∠114.9°
2 7121∠-0.4° 7121∠-0.4° 7146∠-120.3° 7147∠-120.3° 7149∠119.5° 7150∠119.5°
Yn-d11 6 3 23706∠57.2° 23703∠57.2° 24042∠-63.6° 24040∠-63.6° 23572∠176.1° 23576∠176.1°
4 23640∠57.1° 23637∠57.1° 23997∠-63.7° 23995∠-63.8° 23491∠175.9° 23496∠175.9°
2 7120∠-0.4° 7120∠-0.4° 7147∠-120.3° 7147∠-120.3° 7150∠119.5° 7150∠119.6°
Y- d11 5 3 23703∠57.2° 23703∠57.2° 23040∠-63.6° 23040∠-63.6° 23576∠176.1° 23576∠176.1°
4 23637∠57.1° 23637∠57.1° 23995∠-63.8° 23995∠-63.8° 23495∠175.9° 23495∠175.9°
2 12364∠29.8° 12364∠29.8° 12391∠-90.5° 12391∠-90.5° 12333∠149.6° 12333∠149.6°
D-yn11 5 3 13792∠27.7° 13792∠27.7° 13733∠-93.5° 13733∠-93.5° 13641∠145.4° 13641∠145.4°
4 13768∠27.7° 13768∠27.7° 13684∠-93.6° 13684∠-93.6° 13600∠145.2° 13600∠145.2°
2 12262∠29.8° 12262∠29.8° 12392∠-90.4° 12392∠-90.4° 12334∠149.5° 12334∠149.5°
D-d 5 3 23675∠27.2° 23675∠27.2° 24060∠-93.6° 24060∠-93.6° 23573∠146.0° 23573∠146.0°
4 23610∠27.2° 23610∠27.2° 24015∠-93.7° 24015∠-93.7° 23492∠145.9° 23492∠145.9°

V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the development of a three-phase
power-flow analysis method for distribution systems
applications with three-phase transformers under balanced
and unbalanced conditions. The power-flow algorithm is
developed in impedance form. And the models for five
common three-phase transformer connections are developed.
The accuracy of the power-flow algorithm and the validity of
the developed models are verified by comparing power flows
of two test systems. The tests results validate the proposed
method.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial
support of the middle-aged key teachers training program in
southwest petroleum university.
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