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PLANNING 03

INTRODUCTION TO URBAN
AND REGIONAL PLANNING
MODULE 4a

Prepared by Ar. John Paul B. Arellano

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SPATIAL AND LOCAL THEORIES OF

URBAN DEVELOPMENT
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INTRODUCTION
✓ Spatial is relating to space

✓ Urbanization is the movement of population from rural

to urban areas

✓ A theory is an organized system of accepted knowledge

that applies in a variety of circumstances to explain a
specific set of phenomena.

✓ Urbanization is a relatively new global issue

✓ In 1950 only 30% of the world’s population was

urbanized and 50% in 2009 lived in urban centres

✓ The big question is how do towns come about to be?

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THEORIES EXPLAINING THE

EMERGENCE OF TOWN
(URBAN MODELS)
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1. CENTRAL SPACE THEORY
Central place theory

✓ Examples. Polders of the Netherlands, the

Fens of East Anglia in the UK.

✓ Developed by the German geographer Walter

Christaller in 1933.

✓ It explains the reasons behind the distribution

patterns, size, and number of cities and
towns.

✓ Tested in Southern Germany and came to the

conclusion that people gather together in
cities to share goods and ideas.
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1. CENTRAL SPACE THEORY
Assumptions
✓ humans will always purchase goods from
the closest place

✓ unbounded isotropic (all flat),

homogeneous, limitless surface

✓ evenly distributed population

✓ all settlements are equidistant and exist in a

triangular lattice pattern

✓ evenly distributed resources

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THEORIES EXPLAINING
HOW TOWNS ARE ARRANGED
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2. GRID MODEL / HIPPODAMIAN PLAN
✓ Examples; The city of Priene

✓ Proposed by Hippodamus of Miletus who is

considered the father of rational city planning

✓ The center of the city contains the agora

(Market place), theaters, and temples. Private
rooms surround the city’s public arenas.

✓ The plan can be laid out uniformly over any kind

of terrain since it’s based on angles and
measurements.
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2. GRID MODEL / HIPPODAMIAN PLAN

Hippodamian plan (Grid Model) used in Priene city

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3. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
✓ Also known as The Burgess Model, The
Bull's Eye Model

✓ Developed in the 1920's by the urban

sociologist Ernest Burgess.

✓ The model portrays how cities social

groups are spatially arranged in a series
of rings.

✓ The size of the rings may vary, but the 1. Central Business District
order always remains the same. 2. Zone of Transition
3. Zone of Independent workers’ home
4. Zone of better residences
5. Commuter’s Zone
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3. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
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3. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
1. Central Business District (CBD) - This area of the city
is a non-residential area and it’s where businesses
are. This area s called downtown ,a lot of sky scrapers
houses government institutions, businesses,
stadiums, and restaurants
2. Zone of Transition- the zone of transition contains
industry and has poorer-quality housing available.
Created by subdividing larger houses into apartments.
3. Zone of the working class- This area contains modest
older houses occupied by stable, working class
families. A large percentage of the people in this area 1. Central Business District
rent. 2. Zone of Transition
3. Zone of Independent workers’ home
4. Zone of better residences
5. Commuter’s Zone
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3. CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL
Shortcomings
✓ It assumes an isotropic (uniform measurements in all
distance) plain

✓ land may restrict growth of certain sectors

✓ The model does not fit polycentric cities

✓ It describes the peculiar American geography, where

the inner city is poor while suburbs are wealthy; the
converse is the norm elsewhere. 1. Central Business District
2. Zone of Transition
3. Zone of Independent workers’ home
4. Zone of better residences
5. Commuter’s Zone
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4. SECTOR MODEL
✓ Chicago and Newcastle upon Tyne/Newcastle

✓ Developed in 1939 by land economist Homer Hoyt

✓ It is a model of the internal structure of cities.

✓ Social groups are arranged around a series of sectors,

or wedges radiating out from the central business
district (CBD) and centred on major transportation
lines.
1. Central Business District
✓ low-income households to be near railroad lines, and 2. Transportation and Industry
commercial establishments to be along business 3. Low-class Residential
4. Middle-class Residential
thoroughfares 5. High-class Residential
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4. SECTOR MODEL

✓ Stresses the importance of transportation corridors. Sees growth of various urban activities as
expanding along roads, rivers, or train routes.
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4. SECTOR MODEL
Shortcomings

✓ Applies well to some towns only

✓ Low cost housing is near industry and transportation

proving Hoyt’s model

✓ Theory based on 20th century and does not take into

account cars which make commerce easier

✓ With cars, people can live anywhere and further from

1. Central Business District
the city. 2. Transportation and Industry
3. Low-class Residential
4. Middle-class Residential
5. High-class Residential
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5. MULTIPLE NUCLEI METHOD
✓ The Multiple Nuclei Model is an ecological model
created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the
1945.

✓ City grows from several independent points rather

than from one central business district.

✓ As these expand, they merge to form a single urban

area.
1. Central Business District
2. Wholesale, light manufacturing
✓ Ports, universities, airports and parks also act as nodes 3. Low-class Residential
4. Medium-class Residential
5. High-class Residential
✓ Based on the idea that people have greater movement 6. Heavy manufacturing
7. Outlying business district
due to increased car ownership. 8. Industrial Suburb
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5. MULTIPLE NUCLEI METHOD
✓ The model has four geographic principles
1. Certain activities require highly specialized
facilities
✓ Accessible transportation for a factory
✓ Large areas of open land for a housing tract

2. Certain activities cluster because they profit

from mutual association
3. Certain activities repel each other and will not
1. Central Business District
be found in the same area 2. Wholesale, light manufacturing
4. Certain activities could not make a profit if they 3. Low-class Residential
4. Medium-class Residential
paid the high rent of the most desirable 5. High-class Residential
locations 6. Heavy manufacturing
7. Outlying business district
8. Industrial Suburb
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5. MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL

✓ Stresses the importance of

multiple nodes of activity, not a
single CBD. Ports, airports,
universities attract certain uses
while repelling others.
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5. MULTIPLE NUCLEI METHOD
Assumptions
✓ Land is Flat
✓ Even Distribution of Resources
✓ Even Distribution of people in Residential areas
✓ Even Transportation Costs

Criticisms
✓ Each zone displays a significant degree of internal
heterogeneity (diverse)
1. Central Business District
✓ and not homogeneity (similar) 2. Wholesale, light manufacturing
✓ No consideration of influence of physical relief and 3. Low-class Residential
4. Medium-class Residential
government policy. 5. High-class Residential
✓ Not applicable to oriental cities with different 6. Heavy manufacturing
7. Outlying business district
cultural, economic and political backgrounds. 8. Industrial Suburb
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6. URBAN REALMS MODEL
Francisco Bay area
✓ Developed by James E. Vance Jr. in the 1960’s

✓ Each realm is a separate economic, social and

political entity that is linked together to form a
larger metro framework

✓ suburbs are within the sphere of influence of the

central city and its metropolitan CBD

✓ Now urban realms have become, so large they even

have exurbs, not just suburbs
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6. URBAN REALMS MODEL
Urban realm depends on

✓ Overall size of the metropolitan region

✓ Amount of economic activity in each urban

realm

✓ Topography and major land features

✓ Internal accessibility of each realm

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7. CORE FRAME MODEL
✓ The Core frame model is a model showing
the urban structure of the Central Business
District of a town or city.

✓ The model includes an inner core where

land is expensive and used intensively

✓ The outer core and frame have lower land

values and are less intensively developed.

✓ Various land uses are linked to the bid rent

theory
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8. BID RENT THEORY
✓ Geographical economic theory that refers to
how the price and demand for real estate
change as the distance from the central
business district (CBD) .

✓ This is based upon the idea that retail

establishments wish to maximize their
profitability, so they are much more willing
to pay more for land close to the CBD and
less for land further away from this area.

✓ The amount they are willing to pay is called

"bid rent".
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9. IRREGULAR PATTERN MODEL
✓ Arrangement of Public space that
characterizes the stage of "Transition from
village to city" especially in Third World.

✓ This urban model is due to lack of planning

or construction and illegal without a specific
order.

✓ Includes blocks with no fixed order, or

permanent and temporary structures.

✓ structures are not related to an urban

centres near the place
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10. GARDEN CITY / HOWARD GARDEN
✓ Letchworth Garden City, Welwyn Garden
city

✓ Developed by Sir Ebenezer Howard (1898)

✓ Inspired by the idea of ideal/Utopian cities

✓ Inspired works on Model villages by Robert

Owen and Model industrial towns by
Buckingham.

✓ Comprised of Town, Country and Town-

country interactions
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QUIZ 3
1. What is the term for the movement of population from rural to urban areas?
2. What type of urban theory that plans can be laid out uniformly over any kind of
terrain since it’s based on angles and measurements?
3. It is also called as the Burges Model
4. Who developed the Sector Model?
5. A model which city grows from several independent points rather than from one
central business district.
6. In this model, each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is
linked together to form a larger metro framework.
7. A theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the
distance from the central business district (CBD).
8. Who developed the Garden City?
9-10. Illustrate two Urban Models.
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QUIZ 3
1. What is the term for the movement of population from rural to urban areas?
Urbanization
2. What type of urban theory that plans can be laid out uniformly over any kind of terrain
since it’s based on angles and measurements? Grid Model/Hippodamian Plan
3. It is also called as the Burges Model. Concentric Zone Model
4. Who developed the Sector Model? Homer Hoyt
5. A model which city grows from several independent points rather than from one central
business district. Multiple Nuclei Method
6. In this model, each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked
together to form a larger metro framework. Urban Realms Model
7. A theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance
from the central business district (CBD). Bid Rent Theory
8. Who developed the Garden City? Sir Ebenezer Howard
9-10. Illustrate two Urban Models.