OBJECTIVE I

 To determine what Quadrature multiplexing is and how it works

PROCEDURE
 Do an internet search for the term quadrature multiplexing.
 Answer the following questions:
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
1. Explain briefly how quadrature multiplexing works.
Two information sources are combined into a single communications channel using
quadrature multiplexing. Each channel information modulates the same carrier signal in balanced
modulators. The primary difference between the two is that the Q-channel carrier has been shifted
in phase 90o from the I-channel carrier. Thus, the output from the channel I modulator is the
product of the information signals from source
1 and the in-phase carrier signal.
The output from the channel 2
modulator is the product of the information
signals from source 2 and a carrier signal that
has been shifted 90o phase from the reference
oscillator. The outputs from the two bandpass
filters are combined in a linear summer
producing a composite waveform consisting
of two orthogonal double-sideband signals
symmetrical about the same suppressed
carrier.
Figure 1: Block Diagram of Quadrature
Reference: Wayne Tomasi – Electronic Multiplexing
Communications Systems, Fifth Edition

2. How many signals can be multiplexed?

In telecommunications and computer networks, is a method by which multiple analog or digital
signals are combined into one signal over a shared medium. The aim is to share a scarce
resource. The multiplexed signal is transmitted over a communication channel such as a cable.
The multiplexing divides the capacity of the communication channel into several logical
channels, one for each message signal or data stream to be transferred. A reverse process, known
as demultiplexing, extracts the original channels on the receiver end.
Resource: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing
3. Draw a simplified block diagram of a quadrature multiplexer and demultiplexer.

Figure 2: Block Diagram of Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing

4. What does “quadrature” mean?

Oscillations are said to be in “quadrature” if they are separated in phase by 90o (pi/2).
Retrieved on: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature

5. Is quadrature multiplexing FDM or TDM? Explain.

Quadrature multiplexing is a combination of FDM (frequency division multiplexing) and TDM
(time division multiplexing). The two input signals are passing through a single channel at a time
by using the multiplexing techniques. Those two signals are differed by 90o. Here the frequency
division multiplexing and time division multiplexing are both used for the quadrature
multiplexer. On the frequency basis the channel is divided into the different channels and so
many signals are transmitted through a destination until the time notes are divided the timing of
the signals.

6. State one common a1pplication of quadrature multiplexing.

Quadrature multiplexing is typically used to multiplex information channels in data modems
Retrieved on: Wayne Tomasi – Electronic Communications Systems, Fifth Edition
OBJECTIVE II
 To determine how video and audio information is multiplexed in a modern digital
television signal
PROCEDURE
 Perform an internet search on the terms HDTV, Digital Television, or High definition
TV.
 Locate documents that explain the operation, modulation and multiplexing of the US
HDTV system. It is called the Advanced Television Standards Committee (ATSC) digital
TV standard`.
Source: https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=ATSC+Standards&item_type=topic
 Answer the following questions
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:

1.How many individual signals are multiplexed in the ATSC HDTV system?
In digital television and digital radio systems, several variable bit-rate data streams are
multiplexed together to a fixed bitrate transport stream by means of statistical multiplexing. This
makes it possible to transfer several video and audio channels simultaneously over the same
frequency channel, together with various services.
In the digital television systems, this may involve several standard definition television (SDTV)
programmes (particularly on DVB-T, DVB-S2, ISDB and ATSC-C), or one HDTV, possibly
with a single SDTV companion channel over one 6 to 8 MHz-wide TV channel. The device that
accomplishes this is called a statistical multiplexer. In several of these systems, the multiplexing
results in an MPEG transport stream. The newer DVB standards DVB-S2 and DVB-T2 has the
capacity to carry several HDTV channels in one multiplex. Even the original DVB standards can
carry more HDTV channels in a multiplex if the most advanced MPEG-4 compressions
hardware is used.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing#Digital_broadcasting
2. Does HDTV use FDM or TDM?
HDTV uses TDM Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is considered a digital process which can be
applied when the transmission medium data rate capacity is higher than the data rate requirement of the
transmitting and receiving devices while FDM is an analog technique which is applied only when the
bandwidth of the link is greater than the combined bandwidth of the signals to be transmitted.
Source: https://techdifferences.com/difference-between-tdm-and-fdm.html
3. What is the bandwidth of an HDTV channel?
A full resolution MPEG2 HDTV stream requires 19.3 Megabits Per Second (Mbps) of data
bandwidth.
 HDTV currently requires 12-19 mbps of bandwidth per channel with MPEG-2 compression.
When the new compression technologies become available in 2006, HDTV is expected to require 6.5 – 8
mbps per channel.
4. What is the net data rate through the channel?
Uncompressed serial digital signal (such as HD-SDI) for HDTV transmission has a transmission
bit-rate of approximately 1.5Gbps (1.5 Gigabits per second). This is a formidable bit-rate, and requires
special fibre-optic transmission system components, and the very careful choice of interconnecting cables,
connectors and circuit wiring.
HDTV has already been compressed down to 20 mbps. Emerging standards might cut that to 10
mbps. But with high compression, image quality suffers.
5. What kind of modulation is used to transmit the HDTV signal?
HDTV digital televisions usually uses quadrature amplitude modulation and 8VSB modulation.
The 8VSB modulation is a standard in US that was implemented by the ATSC or the Advanced
Television Systems Committee.
HDTV digital televisions mostly used tuners that receives over-the-air digital channel broadcast
such as QAM tuner and ATSC tuner.