Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1) Examination of drawing
When construction contract is completed, the contents of the drawings are surveyed
and checked before construction work.
Although it is a rule to survey the drawings right from the 1st page, it is common to
check the scale and the number of floors of the building and then plan, elevation,
exterior appearance, lines and windows of the building .
Not only orientation, precautions and specifications, but front elevation, rear side
elevation, right side elevation, left side elevation, partial development, partial section,
and detail section, etc should be also looked over to be reminded in the construction
site.
Plan, structural plan, foundation, section, etc are checked if there is any suspicious
portion because all the drawings are not made by only 1 person.
There is also necessity of discussion when there is any question or changes in the
work.
In order to make smooth and steady progress of the work, a lot of time and repeated
practice are required.
In case of small scale of construction , it is progressed from the ground to the upper
floor in general , however there is no determined rule.
As construction work is not a simple one but rather complicated, it is difficult or
impossible to explain all of the construction methods satisfactorily in written or spoken
words alone.
Although the trend has been to increase the usage of shop reinforcement for the
smooth progress in the crowded city , field reinforcement is explained in this book due
to the necessity of prompt applications in the field and its convenience.
Every reinforcement has its own rule , however it could be changed when necessary
under the permission of supervisor.
For example , hooks at the tip of stirrup could be changed from Figure 1 to Figure 2.
Figure 1 Figure 2
2)What is drawing?
Drawings are used in every industrial field with the development of industries.
Although their types and applications are different, there are agreed rules that are
called IPC(International Graphic Code), accepted by everyone in each field.
Specified rules and standards with reference to symbols, numbers, lines and letters are
adapted to drawings to help everyone understand what they mean.
When one begins to construct a building, one should carefully consider the
implications of drawings.
In this book, plan of reinforcement is briefed to help the workers understand them
more easily.
Although there are some differences, all the contents could be understood since they
are all in accordance with IPC mentioned above.
3) Classification of drawing
① Shop Drawing
Drawings that suggest overall dimensions of each member with symbols, numbers
and lines for the construction work
② Detailed Drawing
Detailed drawings that describe shapes , types and dimensions of each element for
the bar-fabrication
③ Understanding of Drawing
Drawings are in their own sequence beginning with the title and contents on the 1st
page.
Structure drawing of Rebar is for this case.
There are several types of drawings which include machinery, electricity,
sanitation, fire protection, communication, etc according to the type of work and
there are details as follows.
A) Construction
i. Building layout
ii. Elevation
iii. Plane figure
iv. Cross Section
v. Part Detailed drawing
B) Structure
i. Drawing of column center
ii. Plane figure of structure
iii. Drawing of stairway and slab rebar arrangement
iv. List of pillar , beam and retaining walls
v. Detailed drawing of rahmen rebar arrangement
C) In general, the order of drawing is in a sequence mentioned above, and all the
drawings are in scale.
Scale in red ,
Scale in blue , Blue Red
Scale in black ,
Black
4) Usage of symbol
① General symbol
Description Symbol Indication Symbol
Length L
Distance of Rebar
Rebar indication Diameter of Rebar
High density
Area A No. of Rebar
Radius R
No. of cross section
Part detailed
No. of drawing
drawing
(Civil engineering, Architecture, Structure)
Main entrance
Level
EL. 0.0000
Sub entrance indication(Plane)
Level indication
Scale S 1/200 (elevation, cross EL. 0.0000
section)
Finish ▽
No of layer & Serial No. of Member
Member Symbol per part of structure
Structural plane ▼ No. per layer
② Drawing Symbol
Symbol Description Symbol Description
B Bottom T Top
H Height @ Distance
In other words, reinforcement is a bar that is embedded in the mixed concrete to make
a member strong.
Bar and concrete have low thermal expansion coefficients, 1×10-5 , and therefore
have little thermal deformation or failure, cooperatively strengthening members.
② Irregular bars : Irregular bars that are made of leftovers or nonuniform bars.
③ Reinforcing bars that are mainly used in the construction site are SD40 high
strength steel and SD30A mild steel, Each bar is colored yellow(HD) and green(D)
respectively in order to identify them.
Mild steel usually used as processed goods such as hoop , stirrup , etc.
▶If the worker in the construction site prepare the bars more than needed, there
might be rust on the surface of the rebar.
To prevent oxidation of the bar, it is advised to prepare moderate amount of the
bars.
▶When you need to pile the bars near the construction site, they should be classified
and piled on the big gravels to make the ventilation easy.
And also cover the stocked bars to avoid humidity.
▶There are usually two types of deformed steel used in the construction work.
① SD30A(mild bar) - normal strength bar, has green-colored end
② SD 40(high tension bar) - high strength bar, has yellow-colored end
※Size, Weight of Deformed Bar(8m)
(KS D3504)
Content 1tonf 2tonf nominal diameter Per each Per meter 1tonf 2tonf
Type Q’ty per Q’ty per (D)mm (kgf) (kgf) (kgf) (kgf)
HD10 210 420 9.53 4.48 0. 56 941 1,882
HD13 120 240 12.7 7.96 0.995 955 1,910
HD16 75 150 15.9 12.48 1.56 936 1,872
HD19 56 112 19.1 18 2.25 1,008 2,016
HD22 41 82 22.2 24.32 3.04 997 1,994
HD25 32 64 25.4 31.84 3.98 1,019 2,038
HD29 25 50 28.6 40.32 5.04 1,008 2,016
HD32 20 40 31.8 49.84 6.23 997 1,994
1) Unit weight
① Unit weight is the weight of bar per 1m.
※ FYI, the basic value in drawing and the length of rebar is “mm”.
When calculating unit weight, you must convert into “m” from “mm”.
② Unit weight per rebar type
Rebar Size Unit Weight Rebar Size Unit Weight
HD10 0.56 f/m HD25 3.98 f/m
HD13 0.995 f/m HD29 5.04 f/m
HD16 1.56 f/m HD32 6.23 f/m
HD19 2.25 f/m HD35 7.51 f/m
HD22 3.04 f/m HD38 8.95 f/m
③
4. Criterion of Rebar arrangement
1) Rebar coating
▶It means the shortest distance to the surface of concrete to cover rebar surface.
Rebar coating thickness of each part must be considered in the period of plan after
considering durability, refractory, safety in structure endurance & errors in
construction carry-out.
▶There are examples of coating case as ground criterion for all construction without
segmenting the case of ground and also the case of foundation regularly.
※ By the effect of CO2, humidity, acid gas, there will be going on of neutralization
step by step from the surface of concrete.
If the coating is small, its speed to arrive rebar will be faster .
If so, the rust will expand, the adhesion of concrete coating will drop, white
phenomenon will exist, senility of structure body will facilitate.
(Unit:mm)
Rebar Size Minimum
Classification coating/thickness Remark
Concrete pouring under water Foundation All rebar 100
Concrete burying under ground forever
Foundation All rebar 80
after land pouring concrete adjoined
※ Note : “direct exposure to the air of outdoor” means the case of direct exposure of
climate change and humidity change.
< Independent < Pile < Pillar >
foundation > foundation >
Coating
thickness 80
Coating Hoop
Coating
thickness 80
thickness 50
Cushion
Coating
Lean Concrete thickness 40
Lean Concrete
Wall
Stirrup
Coating
Slab
thickness
Coating
thickness
※Regarding wall, horizontal rebar should be arranged to the outside of vertical rebar.
※Regarding outside wall in underground which compressed by the land, more
arranged rebar should be arranged to the outside after comparing the arrangement
quantity between vertical rebar and horizontal rebar.
2) Rebar distance
Classification Net Distance
Distance
Over 1.5 times of nominal diameter
Deformed
Over 1.25 times of max. size of thick aggregate.
rebar
Net distance Over high value in 25mm
3) Type of tying
Regarding the working of tying , there are folded tying(lap splice) , compressed
tying(welded splice) , mechanical spiral tying(mechanical splice).
But compressed tying(welded splice) , mechanical spiral tying(mechanical splice)
have to be effected over 125% of resistance strength(fy) in plan criterion.
1. The length of folded tying of rebars which have different diameter must over high value between the fixed
length of high diameter rebar and the folded tying length of low diameter rebar .
2. The tying position must be placed to low stress / to compressed stress of concrete.
3. By the criterion of concrete structure plan , it is mentioned that it is available for folded tying in case of
D29~D35 rebar.
However, you have to check in advance the problem such as the net distance of rebar is not secured and
also the tying length will be exaggerated if you apply folded tying of thick rebar.
Generally, there are more advantageous case by using mechanical tying instead of folded tying in case of
over D29 rebar.
A class tying : must be zigzag(rotation) tying arrangement and arranged rebar quantity is over 2 times of
required rebar quantity which defined in total block of tying part and also under 50% of rebar tying
quantity within required folded length.
B class tying : it is available for the tying of anti-earthquake plan and generally it is applicable to all
construction site.
Regarding SD500 , you must apply 1.25times of B class tying.
※ Regarding beam main bar tying , you must apply B class tying if you don't
mention tying position specially.
But, you can apply A class tying if you want to tying the compressed part of
concrete. (the compressed part of concrete : upper part main bar places near center
part of span, lower part main bar places near pillar)
※ The tying length of wall vertical length is available around 40db of under HD19
especially.
ⓐ Folded tying of vertical rebar in case the distance of rebar arrangement is different
S : Distance of Rebar
Ls : Tying length of Tension bar
Diameter Length
Tying Length of Tension bar(Ls)
② Compressed tying(welded splice)
It is the tying method to compress through heat-treatment end to end by using
machinery.
As shown in figure(A) , place 2 bars 3mm away , heat up both of the ends by using
mechanical equipment and add pressure to weld splice them figure(B), usually
available for all bars.
Fixed length
Fixed length : developed length when the bar is fixed
⑩ Refer to the diagram (#22 page) for tying & fixing per rebar diameter
Compression
Tension
5) Form of fixed beam
※ When arranging beam, the marked on drawing as bending bar is mainly Japanese
method of rebar arrangement.
Our standard will be cut-bar instead of bending bar(Japanese method) .
① The length to
extend to reverse St
side from max. eff ress
(
we ect par
Stress point of igh the t to
t)
fixed length.
Hook should
place over the
center of pillar.
Return point beam
Rebar General bar Upper bar General bar Upper bar General bar Upper bar General bar Upper bar General bar Upper bar
HD10 400 510 370 490 360 460 330 430 310 400
HD13 510 670 490 630 460 600 430 550 400 520
HD16 630 820 600 770 570 730 520 680 490 640
HD19 750 970 710 920 670 870 620 810 580 760
HD22 1080 1410 1020 1330 970 1260 900 1170 840 1090
HD25 1230 1600 1160 1510 1100 1430 1020 1320 950 1240
HD29 1430 1850 1350 1750 1280 1660 1180 1540 1110 1440
HD32 1570 2050 1480 1930 1410 1830 1300 1690 1220 1590
Actual arranged rebar requirement Max. splice % within folded splice length
Required rebar Q’ty 50% 50%
2
2
2) Upper bar : horizontal rebar without concrete harded over 300mm under splice part
and fixed length
3) The rebar with folded splice without contacting directly each other in bending
material must not depart over little value between 150mm or 1/5 of folded splice
length.
① A class splice length of tension rebar
Splice length of slab(SD400) (unit:mm)
Str
en 24N/ 27N/ 30N/ 35N/ 40N/ Remark
gth
Rebar 240kgf/ 270kgf/ 300kgf/ 350kgf/ 400kgf/
HD10 300 300 300 300 300
HD13 400 380 360 330 310
HD16 540 510 490 450 420
HD19 730 680 650 600 560
※When using SD500 rebar(fy=500N/㎟=5,000kgf/㎠), apply 1.25 times
HD10 400 510 370 490 360 460 330 430 310 400
HD13 510 670 490 630 460 600 430 550 400 520
HD16 630 820 600 770 570 730 520 680 490 640
HD19 750 970 710 920 670 870 620 810 580 760
HD22 1080 1410 1020 1330 970 1260 900 1170 840 1090
HD25 1230 1600 1160 1510 1100 1430 1020 1320 950 1240
HD29 1430 1850 1350 1750 1280 1660 1180 1540 1110 1440
HD32 1570 2050 1480 1930 1410 1830 1300 1690 1220 1590
HD10 510 670 490 630 460 600 430 550 400 520
HD13 670 870 630 820 600 780 550 720 520 670
HD16 820 1070 770 1000 730 950 680 880 640 830
HD19 970 1260 920 1190 870 1130 810 1050 760 980
HD22 1410 1830 1330 1720 1260 1640 1170 1510 1090 1420
HD25 1600 2080 1510 1960 1430 1860 1320 1720 1240 1610
HD29 1850 2410 1750 2270 1660 2150 1540 2000 1440 1870
HD32 using
※When 2050 SD500
2650 rebar(fy=500N/㎟=5,000kgf/㎠),
1930 2510 1830 2380 apply
1690 1.25 times1590
2200 2060
(diameter)
tension
(diameter)
min
destroyed section of concrete
tension
Str
en 24N/ 27N/ 30N/ 35N/ 40N/ 50N/
gt
Rebar h 240kgf/ 270kgf/ 300kgf/ 350kgf/ 400kgf/ 500kgf/
HD10 210 200 200 200 200 200
HD13 270 260 240 230 210 210
HD16 340 300 300 280 260 260
HD19 400 370 360 330 310 310
HD22 460 430 410 380 360 360
HD25 520 490 460 430 400 400
HD29 600 570 540 500 470 470
HD32 670 630 600 550 520 520
※ When using SD500 rebar(fy=500N/㎟=5,000kgf/㎠), apply 1.25 times.
fixed roller
center pole fixed roller center pole
Drawing
(over 12d)
fixed roller
center pole fixed roller center pole
Drawing
HD13 12.7 2d 30 6d 80 80
one-side
both-sides
U type
Closed type
Transformational
closed type
4) Slope dimension of rebar processing(hunch)
100 140 120 370 520 430 640 910 740 910 1290 1050
110 160 130 380 540 440 650 920 750 920 1300 1060
120 170 140 390 550 450 660 930 760 930 1320 1070
130 180 150 400 570 460 670 950 770 940 1330 1090
140 200 160 410 580 470 680 960 790 950 1340 1100
150 210 170 420 590 490 690 980 800 960 1360 1110
160 230 190 430 610 500 700 990 810 970 1370 1120
170 240 200 440 620 510 710 1000 820 980 1390 1130
180 260 210 450 640 520 720 1020 830 990 1400 1140
190 270 220 460 650 530 730 1030 840 1000 1410 1150
200 280 230 470 670 540 740 1050 850 1010 1430 1170
210 300 240 480 680 550 750 1060 870 1020 1440 1180
220 310 250 490 690 570 760 1080 880 1030 1460 1190
230 330 270 500 710 580 770 1090 890 1040 1470 1200
240 340 280 510 720 590 780 1100 900 1050 1490 1210
250 350 290 520 740 600 790 1120 910 1060 1500 1220
260 370 300 530 750 610 800 1130 920 1070 1510 1240
270 380 310 540 760 620 810 1150 940 1080 1530 1250
280 400 320 550 780 640 820 1160 950 1090 1540 1260
290 410 340 560 790 650 830 1170 960 1100 1560 1270
300 420 350 570 810 660 840 1190 970 1110 1570 1280
310 440 360 580 820 670 850 1200 980 1120 1580 1290
320 450 370 590 830 680 860 1220 990 1130 1600 1300
330 470 380 600 850 690 870 1230 1000 1140 1610 1320
340 480 390 610 860 700 880 1240 1020 1150 1630 1330
350 500 400 620 880 720 890 1260 1030
360 510 420 630 890 730 900 1270 1040
6. Tying method of Rebar
When tying the bars, the hook is used in Korea and Japan.
While in other countries, the wrench is used.
Tying the bars requires many times of practice.
All the places that two bars meet are recommended to tie.
However, it is usually accepted to skip all other crossing point in case of light-loaded
bars.
There are several types of binding the bars such as cross tie, Saddle tie with twist,
wall tie and double string tie, etc.
1) Cross tie
Ties to fix the stirrup onto beam ties to prevent hoop from slipping down
4) Wall tie
- The same procedures as saddle tie with twist and tie
it as the method of right picture
- Ties the bars that extend from the wall to keep the
required positions and distances between them
5) References
① Every crossing point of the bars at the bottom span should be tied, and wound
more than 3 times.
② When tying the bars at the top span, tie the bar changing the tying direction(one
time to left and next to the right)
③ When tying the bars in a slab, you may skip every other, but it is better to wind the
hoop before tying the bars.
④ It is advised to wind the hoop 3 times at the important crossing point.
※ There are several kinds of ties, and in construction works, #20 tie is normally used
in folded state.
7. Bar support , Spacer
① Bar support is usually to hold the location of placed bars, and spacer maintains the
cover depth of a member as intended.
② In addition, they also prevent dispersions of located bars due to high impacts and
undesirable vibrations.
Especially in reinforced concrete, cover depth, which is one of the important
factors for durability, should be seriously considered.
③ Undoubtedly, bar support and spacer should be strong or even stronger enough to
to support the bar and endure high impacts
④ When metal is used to reinforcement, spacer must have special rust protection on
the portions nearest the face of the concrete by attaching pvc cap.
Bending Pin
Bending Plate
<Manual Cutter>
<Hammer>
3) Tools needed if assembling does
a. Measuring tape ~ measures the dimension
b. Hook ~ a tool to tie the bar(usually used in Korea and Japan).
Wrench is used in Europe and South-East Asia
c. Conventional shearing machine ~ cuts a bundle of binding wires to bind the bars in
a beam, a pillar(divide to half) or a slab(divide to 3parts)
d. Plumb ~ using to assemble the pillar bar vertically
e. Bar-tying hook ~ ties #8 wire
※ Tools mentioned above are rather old type ones, and newly developed tools are in
the construction site now.
9. Point of conventional processing work
Nail
Processed
dimension
Bar back-
stopper pin
Working point
Be careful
1) Extra of rebar
① In case of deformed bar, extra is 3% in general when including fixed & splice
length of rebar, however, it is proportional to bar size.
② Rebar calculation included extra 3-8% after calculating fixing & splice.
Therefore, those works will prevent from the reason of illegal construction
practices with correct quantity & regular position carryout of construction by
calculating bar-list with shop drawing.
<Example-1>
※ LOSS(left bar strip) : The original length of bar before cutoff is usually 8,000mm.
In case of ①above, 4pcs 1,840mm bars are produced and 640mm of bar strip is
left.
5 bars are needed for foundation, hence 640×5 = 3,200mm of bar strip is left. Its
net weight is 3.20m(3,200mm)×3.04(unit weight) = 9.72kg.
Here, multiply unit weight and number, then net weight of bar is
HD16 = 1.84m(1,840mm)×1.56kg = 2.87kg
2,840 ÷ @200 = 14.2 → 14 ⇒ 14+1 = 15EA
2.87kg×15 = 43.05kg
HD19 = 2.84m×2.25kg = 6.39kg
1,840 ÷ @300 = 6.13 → 6 ⇒ 6+1 = 7EA
6.40kg×7 = 43.73kg
※Among 6 assist bars, two(2) of them in 3,380mm and the other(4) in 12,320mm
(4x3,080mm : 300mm shorter)
As various footing types like continues footing, single footing and mat footing, there
are many shapes of footing, that is, triangle, right triangle, square, rectangle, pentagon,
circle, multi-layer plate, etc.
In this book triangle shape footing and single reinforcement footing are dealt with.
Calculation :
cover80 Footing shown left is in contact
with soil, hence cover depth is
80mm at each end(80×2 = 160 at
both ends).
Section 160mm is extracted from footing
length 2,000mm, and this(1,840mm)
is divided with spacing 200mm.
D10@300 Then 10 reinforcement(at every 9
spacing +1 at the end) is required
D10@300
upper part, lower part @150 here.
HD22-8EA Now reinforcement is in two
directions and therefore we need 20
reinforcements.
4) Pillar
Similar to footing, there are many shapes of pillar, that is, triangle, right triangle,
square, rectangle, pentagon. circle, etc.
The worker is recommended to earn a lot of working experience.
① Calculation of pillar
Example) Total length 62,000mm + both fixed length(anchor) 1,000mm = Gross Total
63,000mm. When using HD19 rebar, splice length is 19×40d = 760mm. Rebar
8,000mm - splice length 760mm = 7,240mm. Gross Total 63,000mm ÷ 7,240mm =
8.7 piece (long bar 8piece & rest 5,080mm) Above splice length is 5,080mm
including anchor.
You can calculate it as above , but you have to carry-out the splice position as soon as
closely by calculating several methods if spice position is not fit well.
outside end
end top-bar center top-bar in span
※ When assembling current processing status , center part is from beam to upper part
rebar splice position and end is lower part rebar splice position if splice rebar 2 pcs
4,580mm + long bar processed 1pc as upper part rebar and splice rebar 1pc
4,580mm + long bar processed 2pcs as lower part rebar will be used.
And so, you assemble it mutually crossed and upper part is 2 bar from 3 bar from
splice position.
7) Calculation of hoop
① If pillar size is width 400mm length 500mm, actual processing size is 320mm,
420mm except cover 40mm each(both 80mm).
② When processing hook by hand, it will be included 40mm from total length.
When using Taeyeon's bending machine, it will be included 50mm from total
length .
coating
thickness 40
process size
※ Example of hoop usage : To avoid wrong bending of main bar and to restrict inner
concrete , you maintain the space and no problem to assemble with 135°hoop at
one side.
8) Calculation of stirrup
① If beam size is length 500mm , actual processing size is 420mm , 420mm except
cover 40mm each(both 80mm). If beam size is width 300mm , actual processing
size is 220mm , 220mm except cover 40mm each(both 80mm).
② Including hoop 50mm , you can use Taeyeon's bending machine.
※ Example of stirrup usage : To surround tension & compression bar and to restrict
inner concrete , you maintain the space and bend with over 135°as stirrup end
length.
Taeyeon bending machine will be processed 90°or 135°with free by
manufacturing of special tool & electric circuit.
9) Fact of processing
According to rebar thickness and to bending angle , 2 times of rebar thickness will be
used because of bending by circle of bending part than the length per actual straight line.
below HD25 A, B 15
main
bar
over HD29 A, B 20
Item Tolerance( )
stirrup, tie hoop, spiral rebar 5
processed size under D25 of deformed bar 15
others
D19~D41 of deformed bar 20
total length after processing 20
11. Foundation(Base) rebar arrangement
1) Foundation(base) work
In foundation work, the lean concrete underneath the footing concrete, is very
important.
Without it, constuction site, on which a building will be raised up, it would not be
clean and stable disturbing construction work.
Be sure to make lean concrete working mat having at least 50mm of thickness.
If F.L. of lean concrete is not fit, there are difficulty in fix S.L.
PC Steel wire
2 times of
pile diameter
Fillup CON’C
HOOP D13@150×4
(foundation CON’C)
<In case of securing splice length> <In case of not securing splice length>
standard
hook
4) Foundation(base) pillar tie hoop
The main purpose of the tie hoop is to restrain the transverse load in order to relieve
vertical load into pillar.
Even though foundation concrete has capacity to support the loads from the pillars, tie
hoops help main bars be fixed at which they should be and it is important job.
tying
footing
MAT
bottom tie hoop
pillar
※ The tie hoops at the bottom hold the bars of the pillar in lean concrete and marking
on the mould form is compared with drawing to ascertain the center of the pillars.
<Foundation plate>
eccentric
1) Indication of pillar(C)
Main bar drawing - It indicates the length of span by the criterion of pillar and wall,
etc. and indicates the position of pillar & wall.
<Example>
C - pillar
BC1 - #1 underground pillar
1C1 - #1 first-story pillar
※ Be careful of this point if there are rebar quantity's differences according to pillar
assembly x0, x1 or y0,y1 direction.
2) Indication of floor
2SL(upper concrete)
1) GL - GROUND LEVEL
2) FL - FLOOR LEVEL
Height of floor (ground level per floor)
3) SL - SLAB LEVEL
(upper part of structure per floor)
3) Sequence of pillar assembling
< Stand the same to diagonal direction if each side is even. >
< Stand the same to all directions if each side is odd. >
< Stand the same to one direction if each side is even & odd. >
4) Tying method of pillar
① Even the tiny little requirement for the construction should be taken into
consideration.
Keep the pillar reinforcements vertically and splice the bars 3 times.
Upper and lower parts of the reinforcements should be cross-tied.
② When tying the corner of tie hoop, it is better to wind the tying wires changing
directions up and down to let it not to be hung down.
It is also recommended that worker wind the tying wires at least one time in
advance to hold the main bar to its original position.
main bar
tie bar
③ Tie bar for assisting pillar should be at every distance to install tie hoop .
① In pillar bar slice, follow the instructions on drawings in order to splice them
adequately, that is, if not, the length of reinforcement is not fit for column with the
reason that usual 8,000mm bar is cut into two 4,000mm bars to splice.
[Note]
It is desirable that reinforcing bar should be in a variety of sizes, but 8m bar is usually
available in the market.
In other words, if you need a bar other than 8m in size, you should give a customer-
order for it, which does not go well with economical strategy.
Reinforcing bars from D10~D16 do not have much problem in using them as
reinforcement for slabs or bearing walls. We have some advantages here.
Bar loss and the frequency of splice will be decreased if using bars of 8m ~ 12m
length by mixing.
② Splice of pillar and pillar
under 75 over 75
fixing
max. slope
max. 150
splice/
fixed length of tension bar
slope rebar splice using dowel rebar
pillar pillar
tie hoop
※ In case the splice length for pillar splice is shorter than required, be sure to destroy
the concrete to maintain splice length but it is impossible possibility to execute
actually.
Therefore, you should check the availability of welding splice, compressed splice,
mechanical splice.
7) Correction of pillar
① Bend the bar gently at a very low level
② Pillar correction angle should not exceed of overall angle
③ Heat should not be added to correct the main bar because it makes the strength of
rebar, just destroy the part that needs correction and bend it of overall angle.
④ Destroy the part that needs correction and modify it.
These are 2 cases of correction depending on correction angle.
ⓑ When the correction grade is higher than , change the bending angle to
and cover the pillar as thin as possible.
Increase to minimum pillar thickness
main
head
A class tension splice
2nd floor HO
The fixation of upper bar calculates fixed length from the main
bar bend area of pillar’s upper part, not from the inside of pillar
space
1st floor HO
When the beam is arranged, the bottom bar should be all tied,
and the stirrup upper binding supported by spacer should be
tied 2,3 times tightly.
tension splice
(over B class splice length)
tension splice
② Apply to anti-earthquake
slab rebar
beam lower
part bar
max.
max.
※ The 1st stirrup should be arranged with the space 50mm from the perimeter of
side pillar.
big beam
@/2 or under 50mm from side pillar @/2 or under 100mm from side big beam
※ The splice for upper part rebar of beam's end and lower part rebar of beam's center
apply tension splice length.
<Distance of stirrup>
S1 S2 S3 S4
50 50 50
※ Apply the above except the case of marking separately on beam chart.
※ S1-S4 : stirrup distance
2) Types of stirrup
<a> Open type
over 45cm
- beam with front end and twist
- in case of anti-earthquake plan
① Calculation of bender
When bent bars are used to reinforce beams, bending point of the bar is usually
calculated as distance from the center of the pillar.
However, it is formal to divide it into 4 parts from the end of beam reinforcement
to the other end.
wall girder
pillar
② An example for processing
Anchorage(fixed) bars are classified as the top bars and the bottom bars, when the
former have tensile loads and the later have compression loads.
Therefore, the top bars and bottom bars set fixed splice length with same method
because it has difficulty in working separately for processing and
assembling.(criterion of concrete structure plan)
In a real construction, 40d is used for both of them for convenience sake.
③ Cover depth of beams
ⓐ Stirrup with spacer should be tied several times.
ⓑ Pay attention when arranging reinforcements in order to have enough cover depth.
X beam
spacer
cover
Y beam thickness 40
height 40
Y beam X beam
4) Bending position of bender (classification of tension & compression)
Tension fixation
(Top floor)
penetration
of bent bar
top bar bent bar
(General floor)
※ Using the bent bars in beams is Japanese style, while cutoff bar is now in common.
5) Beam rebar arrangement(CUT TYPE)
① In case of beam
② In case of girder
Note
1) * : apply general bars splice length(A class splice) as standard splice length &
fixed length of rebar(22page 6)) for above size
2) ** : fixed as standard hook form about center part bottom bar's 25%
3) splice length according to splice position of rebar arrangement
- tying on upper part rebar(beam) block : apply A class tension rebar splice
tying except upper part rebar(beam) block : apply B class tension rebar splice
- tying on lower part rebar(beam) block : apply A class tension rebar splice
tying except lower part rebar(beam) block : apply B class tension rebar splice
6) Beam rebar arrangement by using stepped pulley
The types of step are classified as planar step, elevated step, step in material
according to their shapes.
In each case, arrangement is in vertical or in horizontal.
If the worker has no choice but to bend the bar, bend it at low grade.
When the mid span of a beam has steps as shown below left, the bar might be
necessarily bent, which is quite undesirable.
The load tends to straightly pass through.
If pulled out, the bar does not straighten as it looks.
Far from straightening, it will break or fracture.
Needless to say, it is recommended that the worker cut the bars and arrange them
separately, as depicted below.
stirrup
processing
(current) (revised)
tension splice
(B class splice)
END(end) CENT(center)
300×500(stirrup process size : 220×420)
10) Detailed drawing of beam rahmen(arrangement)
END(end) CENT(center)
400×500(stirrup process size : 320×420)
tension splice
tension splice
(B class splice)
Each floor bottom structure plane figure symbol & beam chart symbol
※ You should check pillar size & rebar Q’ty per each floor, and also arrange after
checking rebar Q’ty & drawing of outer pillar’s front and side.
14. Caution if beam assembling does
1) Lean concrete working mat beneath the underground beam helps to ease the
arrangement of bars.
If gravel or brick is used to support underground beam, the reinforcement in the
beams might deflect to break the top of stirrup.
Furthermore, it might disturb the arrangement of reinforcement at the bottom of
beam and so cover condition of vertical & horizontal is not fit.
Stirrup as criterion must tie without breakage 2 times, 3 times when tying upper
part.
spacer
all bottom bars should be tied
2) When placing the concrete, it is usual to place concrete again after curing, and
repeat the same procedure.
During this procedure, protruded bars may become damaged or underground beam
and floor slab may not fit very well because of shrinkage.
Also, it will be not cleaned well because of dust if you will do concrete job with
arrangement of ground slab without neighbor ground cleaning completely.
<Tying position in case footing slab get not <Arrangement method in case footing beam get
forced from the soil> forced from the soil>
tension
fixation pillar
mainbar
tension fixation
p.s.) Fixed splice length and standard hook(anchor) length refers to concrete structure
plan’s criterion
16. Calculation of beam rebar
Bent bar that is placed above(up) and below(down) of beam is Main-Bend, and bent
bar that is placed on both sides of beam is Side-Bend.
Main-Bend
Side-Bend
Calculation of all 2 types of bent bar is the same except the way of extracting pure
height of main bar from stirrup height(thickness).
Either span of , from one end can be accepted depending on their uses.
100 cover
※ Calculation of hunch
Hunch = the height of stirrup×1.4 - 20(bar diameter of top and bottom stirrup×2)
④ fixed length is 40d in usual, hence provided that used bar is HD19,19mm×40d=760mm
The length of anchor ⑥ is 760mm- pillar fixation 400mm=360mm
⑤ 400mm + ① 1,790mm = 2,190mm
⑥ 400mm is the rest value except cover 100mm from width of pillar.
The length indication when spreading above calculation is as follows.
※ Total length 9,806mm for 8,000mm bar, the splice length is 2,566mm.
(example) 9,806mm-8,000mm=1,806mm, Total length is 1,806mm+760mm(splice
length)=2,566mm
100 cover
actual height
END CENTER
inner length ST height left right(up·down distance)
① 8,000mm - (420mm - 70mm - 70mm) - (420mm - 70mm - 70mm) = 7,440mm,
side-bend height
that is, 8,000mm - (280mm×2) = 7,440mm, and then 7,440mm× = 2,232mm.
② Center point is , and then 7,440mm× = 2,976mm.
③ Hunch length is calculated from hunch height multiply 1.4.
280mm×1.4 = 392mm, hence hunch length is 392mm.
④ Fixed length is 40d in usual, hence provided that used bar is HD19, 19mm×40d =
760mm is fixed length , 760mm - 400mm(pillar fixed) = 360mm(anchor value⑥)
value① 2,232mm + 400mm = 2,632mm(actual distance of end upper part)
⑤ Cover depth(100mm) is extracted from pillar size(500mm)
500mm - 100mm = 400mm
If the bent bar mentioned so far is straightened in a line, it is like shown below.
total
length
※ Total length required is 9,744mm and provided that the standard bar length is
8,000mm, we need to splice here and the splice length is 2,504mm.
example)
9,744mm - 8,000mm = 1,744mm
1,744mm + 760mm(splice length) = 2,504mm(total length)
wall
90°standard
hook
wall
H≤75mm or t/4
standard
hook
standard hook
slab arrangement distance
using closed type STR
outside inside
wall slab
⑤ Tolerance range of slab , beam , pillar , wall rebar arrangement
cover thickness
cover thickness
2) Principle of rebar arrangement
① The worker measures the real length between beams and arranges the
reinforcement bars consulting the drawing, main bars in the short direction and
sub. bars in the long direction.
② Bent bars at the top should be extended into the exterior beam reinforcement, and
be sure for the bars at the top and bottom to be hooked and tied considering tensile
and compressive force to slabs.
It is not allowed if you put on slab upper part rebar as it is or put into the beam
under 10D of rebar thickness of lower part rebar.
Slab bar arranges over 80mm space from side of beam bar. (There are no need to
fixing by bending if you can get fixed length from end of beam)
※ The arrangement in slabs should be in accordance with the drawing and be sure
not to bend if it is a web reinforcement.
③ It is quite advised to use spacer and bar support to keep the required shape and
strength, and tie the reinforcement every other grid.
The placement of concrete should be conducted after all the reinforcements and
ties are assured.
④ In case the thickness of slab is 120mm, the height of bent bar should be 60mm.
Use bar support in order to maintain the space between bars at the top and bottom
and then the distance will be correct.
Lower part bar will be worked by maintaining cover with spacer.
L calculate end
※ When bending in slab, using the hunch former will enhance the accuracy and
workability.
Hunch former can be made with bars on construction site.
If the bar is bent with hands, the length and the height of hunch will different
whenever it is made.
Please work with hunch former because bent bar decline to left/right side if you
bending too slantly to fit the height with hunch angle 45°.
4) Sequence of slab rebar arrangement
inner end
upper part
center
lower part
end
upper part bar(TOP)
lower part bar(BOTTOM)
① lower main bar of transverse direction
② end lower part bar of longitudinal direction
③ end upper part bar of longitudinal direction
④ bending after tying
⑤ center lower part bar of longitudinal direction
⑥ end upper part bar of transverse direction
⑦ bending after tying
end center inner end ⑧ upper part cut bar of longitudinal direction
<A-A section> ⑨ upper part cut bar of transverse direction
Lx/4
end
center
inner end
Lx/4
① Are pillars of adjacent floor(usually upper floor) well positioned having intended
dimensions?
② Is cover depth of slab well distributed and balanced?
③ Is there any abnormally inclined bent bar?
④ Are spacer and bar support rightly installed to be strong bar splice all right?
⑤ Is slab Bar splice all right?
⑥ Is reinforcement at the opening acceptable?
⑦ Enough splice length to the next floor?
Any dissatisfaction with items above will lead to poor construction and safety
problems.
In particular, if it is the matter of columns, it is very difficult to rebuild it and has poor
appearances.
And it is also an economical burden to the builder.
tension splice
① If all bottom of slab symbol is different per span, rebar arranged to main bar
direction for short side. If span will be reverse direction, you should check in
advance because main bar will be reverse direction. (especially in case slab
stepped pulley)
down 200mm to right side from
left side of solid line
SLAB DOWN
plane section
In the plane drawing of open part, you can see the inside as above when you see to
arrow direction with dotted line and also you can know in detail with chart about the
size of beam and also which rebar will be installed.
Especially, you should check section drawing well.
If you cut plane, you can see elevation(verticality), reversely if you cut elevation, you
can see plane.
In any drawing and plane, we mark section for the part to understand difficultly to
help you for processing and arrangement on right section of drawing.
It is best way to get the training of supervisor and you must study symbols on
drawings.
② 1S1(1 means 1st floor , S means Slab , 1 means #1(type))
Y1(upper part bar) Y2(lower part bar) X1(upper part bar) X2(lower part bar)
HD10@250 distance HD10@250 distance HD10@250 distance HD10@250 distance
※ Reference : dot line means lower part rebar , solid line means upper part rebar
※ Author's viewpoint : If you did not study shop drawing completely, you will solve
question if you will start construction by discussing to check wrong one after
visiting construction site after checking the drawing under construction over
80%.(especially, carpenter's process is over 80%).
9) Principle of ground slab
① Bar arrangement in the floor slab begins 50mm from the slab wall side having
constant spacing.
② Arranged bars should be strong enough not to deflect when a person steps on
them.
Unscreened gravel and bricks can not be used in order to keep spacing between
bars, and specified bar supports and spacers should be used to maintain the
dimensions and shapes of the slab as intended.
③ After arrangement, single bar might need to be cut off with oxy-acetylene cutting
in the requirements of collecting well or manhole.
In such cases, there could be cracks at the end tips of bars, and therefore more
reinforcement and splice should be adopted here.
main bar
width fixing bar sub bar
reinforcement bar
③ Place the stirrup closing bar densely and keep the thickness exactly. Especially in
the reinforcement of water tank, fabricate the reinforcement as specifically
suggested. And place the reinforcement at a time. In case the tank is big, the
reinforcement should be in zigzag and in the top span tying wire should be wound
at least one time before tying. If not, main bar would swing and would not
maintain the required shape. Simple cut bar reinforcement or hooking in the bar is
also a wrong reinforcement.
2) Principle of assembly and rebar arrangement binding
corner
Assist bars might deflect when concrete is cast-in or due to loose bindings.
To avoid this undesirable deflection, width-fixing bar, which is similar to stirrup in
shape is fabricated to place in assist bars.
① Begin the placement of assist bars from 100mm above the floor place the stirrup
② Stirrup(closing bar) at every third step
<Single arrangement>
U bar U bar
wall horizontal rebar wall vertical rebar
wall horizontal rebar
<Double arrangement>
<Straight wall>
4) Details of wall on top floor
over 150
slab lower part bar
wall vertical bar wall
wall horizontal bar
※ The end of wall vertical rebar on top floor should obtains unification by fixing
correctly on slab and processed to get 90°standard hook.
※ The upper part rebar of slab to contact outer wall should be fixing splice or making
tension folding splice and wall outer vertical rebar.
5) Tying position of revetment(retaining wall)
As a rule, bar splice in pillars and beams is not allowed, and if horizontal bar is better
to be anchored in the pillar of every span.
inside outside
outside
※When the inserting bars as arranged straight bar are inserted at the underground beam
tension
splice
※ As shown above left, there is a possibility for stirrup vertical bar to be protruded
by the lack of cover thickness of fixing part.
It is recommended to adjust to fix the bar into the stirrup.
6) Indication of revetment(retaining wall)
Example)
ⓐ Place the bars in the numerical order shown below
ⓑ Bend ④ bars after binding
ⓒ Cut ⑥ after binding
tension fixation
tension fixation
upper support rebar
spacer spacer
vertical/horizontal
D10-@220
tension fixation
upper support rebar
spacer spacer
① The most important part in cantilever is the bar at the top above distribution bars.
It is common to anchor the top bars into a beam, however, they can be anchored in
a slab so long as there is no difference between their levels.
To obtain adequate fixed length is most important.
② Bars at the bottom should be anchored securely to provide for earthquake and
tornado.
③ When the level of cantilever and slab plate are different, bars in the slab should be
anchored onto the beam.
If the bars at the top are bent to be anchored onto the opposite slab, there might be
a crack due to tensile strength.
The bars at the top should be maintained with bar support.
3) Parapet rebar arrangement
The expansion of topping concrete at the top of a building due to variations of
daylights will pass out great compression load to the parapet.
Therefore, the double reinforcement
D13(reinforcement bar)
in the parapets are better to be
anchored onto beams or slabs.
tension fixed
length
Explanation :
1) In case the length of open part is
over 1,000mm , you should arrange
after receipt of permission of
structure supervisor if there are no
rebar arrangement detailed drawing.
2) *mark :arrange to single arrangement
if established rebar arrangement is
single arrangement arrange to double
Reinforce each rebar to both open part as arrangement if established rebar
rebar distance 75mm for +1 unit of rebar Q’ty to arrangement is double arrangement
be cut existing rebar from open part. 3) ----- is established slab rebar
4) Rebar to not specified of rebar size
must use same size rebar as
established arrangement
5) Details of reinforced rebar on concrete wall open point
① Circle type open part
circle type open part distance should be over “D”
Explanation :
1) In case the size of open part is D<150mm, omit vertical & horizontal rebar
2) mark : arrange to single arrangement if established rebar arrangement as
siugle(double arrangement as double)
open part
6) Rebar arrangement of slope way in main entrance
90°standard hook
D10→120
lamp slab rebar
arrangement
ten
si
len on f
gt ixe
h d
tension fixed
length
20. Steel frame(Deck plate S-ring)
In arranging the bars at the top, mount the deck plate and place the bars on the
furrows of deck plate firstly.
And then arrange the top bars above deck plate and connect these top bars with what
lied on the deck plate using hook to maintain the constant space between them.
2) Weight of concrete
① Specific weight of plain concrete(without reinforcement) is 2,300kg/1m3
② Specific weight of concrete with reinforcement in it is 2,400kg/1m3
③ Specific gravity of lightweight concrete with perlite or gas-foaming agent is only
0.6~1.2
② Pillar
ⓐ Pillar also has important role to divide total weight and compression power of
building.
Distance of main bar also arrange bar fairly, distance per rebar and rebar will be
over 40mm or over 1.5times of rebar using.
ⓑ The minimum size of column is more than 200mm and cross sectional area
should be more than 600cm2
ⓒ Splice length applies B class splice length.
① Don't use the oxygen arc cutter near the pile of unused bars.
If you use the oxygen arc cutter near the piled bars, high heat from cutting rod will
be transferred to unused bars causing thermal deformation or unexpected failure.
Automated cutting machine and bending machine are recommended.
② Oxygen arc cutter will drop tensile strength of the bar, which is critically important
to the reinforcement of the structure, and there might be problems in structural
safety.
③ Manual bar cutters have been normally used in the construction sites so far.
However, in order to increase the effectiveness and ensure perfectness, automated
cutting machines and bending machines are highly recommended.
<Reference>
Rebar arrangement should arranged by the shop drawing.
Technicians must increase the ability to see shop drawing if it is the recent drawing by
limit strength plan method.
22. Gas pressure welding of Rebar
※ Rebar splice is classified to folded tying (lap splice) , mechanical spiral tying(mechanical
splice), compressed tying(welded splice). Folded tying (lap splice) is commonly have used as
important method for rebars of small diameter before. However, Folded tying (lap splice) has
irrationality such as complexity of rebar arrangement and bigger material section and also the
increase of mold cost and so it is prohibited to folded tying (lap splice) for over D29 deformed
rebar on Korean concrete standard specification and mechanical spiral tying(mechanical splice),
compressed tying(welded splice) will be applied frequently. Therefore, compressed
tying(welded splice) is stronger and economical splice method than Folded tying (lap splice) if
rebar arrangement with density or rebar diameter is bigger and it is using for the rebar over D29.
<Welding units>
① Oxygen pressure controller
② Acetylene pressure controller
③ Acetylene outlet hose
④ Oxygen outlet hose
⑤ Welding torch
⑥ Welding tip(4 edges)
<Compressor units>
① Pump
② Pedal pump
③ Hydraulic pressure hose
④ RAM cylinder
⑤ External cylinder
⑥ Fixed clamp
⑦ Flexible clamp
⑧ Rebar
3) Working sequence to tie gas pressure welding
The method of gas compressed tying(welded splice) is classified to manual gas
compression and automatic gas compression method and the principle is same but
difference is by manual or automatically for splicing.
temperature temperature
pressure
power
pressure
power
time(second)
< Time passage of heat, pressure power >
Rebar diameter Required heat time Rebar diameter Required heat time
HD16 40 ~ 50sec HD25 1min 15sec ~ 1min 45sec
HD19 50 ~ 60sec HD29 1min 45sec ~ 2min 15sec
HD22 60 ~ 1min 20sec HD32 2min 15sec ~ 2min 55sec
① Visual inspection
welding distortion, deflection, shape and dimension and any other defect can be
inspected with eyes.
② Tensile test
- In case of manual welding equipment, tensile test is conducted for sampled
specimen
- In case of automated welding machine, test piece is manufactured for tensile test
① The builder will get the admission of person in charge to select gas pressure
welding worker.
② You must check and maintenance inevitably before working for oxygen , acetylene
instrument and protect it from direct rays.
③ The compression section should be decreased by cutting of plane after deleting oil,
paint, cement piece, etc but to be cut the neighbor surface by grinder.
④ The final pressure of rebar discharge direction should be over 300kgf/cm2 per
dimension.
The diameter of compression protrusion part should be over 1.4times of rebar
diameter and diameter of compression protrusion part should over 1.2times and
the form should be smooth.
But , it is followed by in case it is fixed by shop drawing separately.
23. Mechanical tying of Rebar
inflation compression joint rib taper joint fixed body joint rib compressed mortar gas hydraulic
type type cut type type adhesion type jack adhesion type injection type compression compression type
screw processing case screw type case screw type case screw type cut screw type
prove the confidence prove the confidence after prove the confidence after prove the confidence
after processing of low processing of low-mid processing of low-mid- after processing of low
carbon steel bar(SD300) carbon steel bar(SD300,400) high carbon steel carbon steel bar(SD300)
merit available for large available for large bar(SD300,400,500) available for production
production production available for large production on construction site
available for production on available for production on
construction site construction site
the inflation processing end the compression coupler size is 10% low confidence of
might has low confidence if processing end might has longer than inflation & omission & untying for
it is caused by processing low confidence if it is compression type by the testing tension strength
vulcanization of mold in caused by processing deviation of size of and repeat test
demerit case high carbon steel bar vulcanization of mold in rebar joint & rib
low confidence after case high carbon steel bar
binding 2 rebars low confidence in case of
low confidence in case of bending
bending
inflation screw swage screw joint-rib screw taper screw
pre-cut after mold inflation mold compression pre-cut processing angle processing
classification joint fixed body adhesion type joint rib compressed jack adhesion type
precision processing & molding per part of splice precision processing & molding per part of splice
process type part base on joint groove of rebar(no artificial part base on nominal diameter of rebar(no artificial
processing of rebar) processing of rebar)
available to assemble without processing screw on available to assemble without processing screw on
rebar rebar
ease to bind regardless of rebar type(foreign &
merit domestic rebar , deformed rebar , comb-pattern
rebar , X type)
available for large production per rebar title
available for deformed rebar only in Korea and low need pre-education for building assembler
confidence of binding in case disorder of tolerance
demerit of rebar joint rib and trademark
need pre-education for building assembler
coupler
lock nut fixed pin lock coupler
rebar fixed body
classification mortar injection type gas compression type hydraulic compression type
splice part to perform platform on heat & compression splice splice method to adhere sleeve by
process
rebar joint & rib groove & inside method of both ends of rebar by pressing outside sleeve after
type of connection part using oxygen & acetylene closing rebar to soft sleeve
using to pre-cast(PC) splice using in Japan mostly and prove using in europe partly
merit construction method the confidence of tension
compression
splice part is large and long big tolerance of construction difficulty of reinforcement
excessively and low confidence site carry-out per condition of because the possibility of
per rebar type temperature displacement of pressure
difficulty of confidence proof difficulty of confidence proof strength for 1pc & 100pcs and
of construction site carry-out of construction site carry-out also the movement of pressure
demerit product product tool
troublesome of purchase
separately of compressed rebar
for compression reinforcement
to classify to produce
compression bar & regular bar