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ABSTRACT
The interline power flow controller (IPFC) is one of the latest generation and advanced
flexible AC transmission systems controller which can be used for dynamic compensation
and effective power flow management among transmission corridors. It is VSC-based
FACTS controller for Series compensation with the unique capability of power
management among multiline of a substation. It simultaneously controls the power flow in
multiline systems or sub network. Since IPFC contain converters with common direct
current link, any inverter within the IPFC is able to transfer real power to another and
there by facilitate real power transfer among the lines of the transmission system. IPFC
may be used to solve the complex transmission network overcrowding management
problems that transmission companies are now a day facing to transmit a large power.
Simplicity and fast system response are two main characteristics of Interline power flow
controller. From many FACT devices today, IPFC is more advanced and easy controller to
solve the overcrowding of the power management of the transmission system.
There many researches and journal papers consider interline power flow controller FACT
device, but they do not condense the operation principles, application, do not explain the
advantages of IPFC over the other FACT devices. This paper going to discuss the operation
principles and advantageous of IPFC like for transient ,, voltage , rotor angle stability,
power system oscillation control, power flow control , and finally the unique properties of
IPFC over the other FACT devices are investigated.
Key words: direct current link DC FACT devices, IPFC interline power controller, VSC voltage
source converters
Introduction
As power transfer grows, the power system can become more difficult to operate,
and the system becomes more insecure with unscheduled power flows and losses increased. At
this time, there is a large demand on the transmission network, and demands will continue to
capacity can be achieved by either building new transmission lines or increasing the transfer
develop transmission systems just by fixing new transmission lines because of variety of
environmental aspects like some regulatory requirements and land uses. land use. As a result,
some transmission lines are heavily burdened and the power system stability becomes a power
Today the power systems are can be mechanically controlled. But it has its own draw back i.e.
there is no high-speed control, cannot be initiated frequently because mechanical device tend to
broke out very quickly related to static electronic devices.
An effective solution is, thus, to consider the use of transmission controllers (e.g. power
electronics based transmission controllers).The rapid development of self-commutated
semiconductor devices, have made it potential to design power electronic materials called
flexible AC tranimission controller (FACT) devices. [21] Flexible ac transmission system
(FACTS) controllers have the potential to increase the capacity of existing transmission networks
through functional adaptability and control flexibility. FACTS controllers have the capability of
direct control of transmission line flows by changing the main transmission constraints such as
magnitude voltage, power angle of transmission lines impedance of the line.
The generation of flexible ac transmission controller is not rise at one time rather it passes
through gradual changes. As a result there is a number of FACT devices controller: - shunt
controller like static varcompensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and
series controller like thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC), and static synchronous series
compensator (SSSC) and there is third classification called combination of both series and shunt
controller like thyristor controlled phase shift transformer (TCPST), inter line power flow
controller (IPFC), unified power flow controller (UFPC) and dynamic flow controller (DFC).
Once again FACT devices can be classified based on the power electronics technology used for
the convertors as, Thyristor based controllers: - SVC, TCSC, TCPST and DFC.
Voltage source based controllers: -SSSC, STATCOM, UFPC AND IPFC. Generally FACT
devices are based on either Voltage or Current Source Converters (VSC/CSC) can be used to
control steady-state as well as dynamic or transient performance of the power system [2].
Thus the interline power controller (IPFC) is among the FACTS devices aimed at simultaneously
controlling the power flow in multiline systems. The interline power-flow controller (IPFC) is a
new and advanced FACTS controller, which can be used for dynamic compensation and
effective power-flow management among transmission corridors [6].
Recent developments of FACTS research have led to a new device: the Interline Power Flow
Controller (IPFC). The IPFC is a series-series type of FACTS device that is used to exchange
reactive powers in between two or more transmission lines those are connected to the same bus
[21]. This element consists of two (or more) series voltage source converter-based devices
(SSSCs) installed in two (or more) lines and connected at their DC terminals. Thus, in addition to
serially compensate the reactive power, each SSSC can provide real power to the common DC
link from its own line. In general the Interline power flow controller employs a number of DC to
AC converters.These converters are providing a series compassion for each transmission line.
some structre of an Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) consists of a set of both converters
that are connected in series with different transmission lines and shunt converter which is
connected between a transmission line and the ground.
As mentioned above IPFC consist a set of converters. The converters are connected through a
common DC link to exchange active power. Each series converter can supply independent
reactive compensation of own transmission line. If a shunt converter is involved in the system,
the series converters can also provide independent active compensation; otherwise not all the
series converters can provide independent active compensation for their own line [2].
The IPFC structure makes it possible to transfer reactive power, as well as to exchange real
power with the line. This active power can be obtained throgh power exchange through DC
connection between the SSSCs in different lines. On the other hand, the transmitted powers in
each line is a function of the voltage amplitude of sending and receiving buses, phase shift of
sending and receiving buses and series impedance of the line.
The interline power flow controller works with a number of direct current to alternative current
converters each providing series compensation for a different transmission line. For briefly
explain let use two back-to-back voltage-source converters (VSCs), based on the use of gate-
turnoff (GTO) thyristor valves. The voltage source converters (VSC) produce voltages that vary
in magnitude and phase angle. These voltages are inserted in series with the managed
transmission lines using series transformers as shown in figure below.
The real power exchanged at the ac terminal is converted by the corresponding VSC into dc
power which appears at the dc link as a negative or a positive demand. Consequently, the real
power negotiated by each VSC must be equal to the real power negotiated by the other VSC
through the dc lines [4]. As result interline power flow controller (IPFC) can maintain the flow
of active and reactive power in multiple line system even when a failure occur IPFC can switch
off failure line and by bass to the set line.
The Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is one of the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based
facts controllers which can effectively manage the power flow via multi-line transmission
system.IPFC has different applications. Balancing reactive and real power flows through
compensated transmission lines, transmitting power from burdened loda lines to other lines that
not heavily loaded, compensation of voltage drops on resistance through lines and improving the
performance of the compensated system when dynamic disturbances occur, are the main
advantageous of IPFC.[19][17]
The concept of reactive power compensation holds wide and diverse field of both system and
consumer problems, particularly related with the quality of power, the reason that most of power
quality problems can be solved with an adequate control of reactive power [47]. The objectives
of load compensation are increase the value of the system power factor, to balance the real power
come from the ac supply, compensate voltage regulation and to reject current harmonic
components produced by large and changeable nonlinear industrial loads. Reactive power
compensation in transmission systems also improve the stability of the ac system by increasing
the maximum active power that can be transmitted. Traditionally, rotating synchronous
condensers and fixed or mechanically switched capacitors or inductors have been used for
reactive power compensation. [24] However, static VAR compensators using thyristor switched
capacitors and thyristor controlled reactors to provide or absorb the required reactive power have
been developed in recent year. Fact devices now a day the common for compensation of reactive
by switching within DC link capacitor. The IPFC has a capacity to carry out a whole real and
reactive power compensation of the total transmission system this capability makes it possible to
equalize both active and reactive power flow between the transmission lines. The vector control
method is used to control the IPFC converter. It increases the effectiveness of the compensating
system against dynamic disturbances.
Voltage stability is concerned with the ability of a power system to maintain steady voltages at
all buses in the system under normal conditions. Instability happens in the form of a progressive
fall or rise of voltage of some buses.[46] The possible consequence of voltage instability is loss
of load in the area where voltages reach very low values, or a loss of reliability of the power
system. The main factors considered as a cause of voltage stabiliy are the voltage drop that
occurs when reactive and real power flow through inductive reactance’s associated with the
transmission networ. The voltage intability is affect the power flow system.
Voltage stability of a system affected by reactive power limit of the system, FACT devices
improve the reactive power flow in the transmission line system there by improving voltage
stability.
Interline power flow controller (IPFC) with energy storage system, the series connected volte
source converters (VSC) can inject a voltage with controllable magnitude and phase angle at the
fundamental frequency, at the same time DC link voltage can be maintained at desired level
irrespective of the applied different active power. The AC voltage is controllable in both
magnitude and phase with interlines power flow controller (IPFC). Active power can be
exchanged when energy source is added at DC lin k terminals. Controlling the reactive power is
ralated controlling the voltage stability because the main cause of voltage ijnstability is the
variation of reactive ppower [47].
Rotor angle stability can be defined as the ability of interconnected synchronous machine of a
power to remain in synchronous stage during disturbance and normal operating condition.It
depends on the ability to keep equilibrium between electromagnetic torque and mechanical
torque of each synchronous machine in the system. The increasing of angular swings of some
generators leading to their loss of synchronism with other generators. This type of instability is
The speed of generators and motrs is easily controlled by power electronic devices. As a result
it can control the rotor angle stability. IPFC is one of the power electronics devices which
contain converters within DC link. Therefore it can allow reactive and active power to flow in
the multiline simultaneously; the problem of oscillation is easily removed by dc link. [47]
Interline power flow controller (IPFC) for Damping Low Frequency Oscillations
The common DC link in the IPFC configuration enables each inverter to transfer real power to
another, so control of DC link voltage is an essential issue in overall performance of the system.
Before the introduction of fact devices power System Stabilizer (PSS) has been used as a
econicomical, effective and simple, option to improve power system oscillation stability.
However, PSS may not be able to suppress oscillations resulting from high disturbances, such as
three phase faults at generator end.
Interline power flow controller (IPFC), can be applied for damping oscillations because it can
improve the small signal stability of power systems by adding a supplementary signal for main
control loops. It is a new concept of the FACTS controller for series compensation with the
unique capability ofcontrollingpower flow among multiline.
The basic control function within IPFC, voltage control ofthe DC link capacitor interacts
negatively with the system and thus damages the system oscillation stability. This is eliminated
by optimal design of IPFC damping controller and feeding an additional supplementary feedback
control signal from the damping controller.
Interline power flow controller (IPFC) to increase transient stability of power system
Transient stability of a power system is its ability to maintain synchronous operation of the
machines when subjected to a large disturbance. This large disturbance come from fail of
corrective action, large excursions of the system machine rotor angles and loss of synchronism
results among machines. [40]
The Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) is a novel device which can increase transient
stability of power system. Transient stability improvement is one of the important aspects in
modern power system. Since interline power flow controller (IPFC) consists of Voltage Source
Converter (VSC) and dc link which converts ac to dc and compensate the reactive power, as
result the synchronous operation of the machines subjected to large disturbance decreases that
leads to the excursion of the system machines rotor angles and failer of corrective action reduce.
This generally leads to the improvement of transient stability. That why the swing curve of
system without an IPFC get increased monotonically and thus the system can be considered as
unstable whereas the swing curves of system with an IPFC can return to stable equilibrium point
[47]
Interline power flow controller (IPFC) for power flow stability
In general whether the IPFC or the other fact devices, last goal should balance the quality and
stability of power flow. The IPFC provide together with independently controllable reactive
series compensation of each individual line, a ability to directly transfer active power between
the compensated lines[14]. This capability makes it possible to equalize both real and reactive
power flow between the lines; transfer power demand from overloaded to under loaded lines;
compensate against resistive line voltage drops and the corresponding reactive power demand;
increase the effectiveness of the overall compensating system for dynamic disturbances. The
power flow and power quality improvrment come reactive compansion, voltage stability control
and control of transient stability. Because without controlling these parametters control and
Power
stability
Voltage
Rotor angle Frequency stability
stability stability
As seen from the above power diagram controlling the stability of parameters such as voltage,
frequency, rotor angle are leads to the quality of power flow.
1.4. Advantages of interline power controller over the other fact devices
Both the IPFC and UPFC are based on the self-commutated, voltage sourced switching
converters (VSCs) coupled through a common DC voltage link. Unlike the UPFC, the IPFC
employs at least two VSCs respectively connected in series with different lines, due to this it can
address the problem of compensating multiple transmission lines at a substation [2]. Comparing
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) isan extension of the UPFC, which can be
efficientlyused to control the transmission line parameters in case of interconnected systems.
However, UPFC aims to compensate a single transmission line, whereas the IPFC is suitable
controller forpower flow management of multi-line transmission system and for the
compensation of reactive power. Interline power flow controller (IPFC) is a new and more
technological FACT devices controllers. [20]
Generally when we compare interline power flow controller with the other
Conclusion
IPFC is used in steady state to increase the capacity of lines power transfer, regulate and manage
the power flow, reactive power compensation, avoid the loop current and prevent the
overloading the system. In addition to thecapabilities of improvement voltage stability, dynamic
disturbance andtransient stability correction it also has application ofpower filtering in
distribution system have all made this tool into multifunction device. The interline power flow
controller is the latest FACT devices controller. Therefore it can control and manage multi lines
simultaneously.Lastly IPFC is more technological and need a great research.
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