Creating APA Citations for Journals

a. For published journals:

Format:
Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pp. Pages.

Example:
Jacoby, W. G. (1994). Public attitudes toward government spending. American Journal of Political Science,
38(2), 336-361.

b. For journals with DOI (Digital Object Identifier):

Format:
Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pp. Pages. doi: #

Example:
Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (2003). Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science
Review, 97(01), 75. doi: 10.1017/S0003055403000534

c. For journals retrieved from online databases:

Format:
Last, F. M., & Last, F. M. (Year Published). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pp. Pages. Retrieved
date-of-access from URL

Example:
Jacoby, W. G. (1994). Public attitudes toward government spending. American Journal of Political
Science, 38(2), 336-361. Retrieved February 6, 2019 from http://www.jstor.org.

Characteristics of New Media

Push vs Pull Technology
Pull Technology
- Refers to clients that make requests to the server.
Push Technology
- Refers to servers that initiate information updates to clients.

Pull Technology vs Push Technology

Pull Technology Push Technology
Definition A client that requests A server that initiates information updates
information from a server. to a client.
Example A web browser (used by a An email server transmits an email to an
user) requests a web page. email client.

Sample Scenario:
Traditionally, clients pull information from servers. For example, a web browser requests web pages from
web servers. Many web browsers now support push notifications whereby a user can request notifications from
a site they trust such as a news source. In this case, the web server will push information to the web browser
when it becomes available.

Ubiquity
- New media is said to be ubiquitous because it seems to be present or it exists everywhere.

Convergent
- New media can be characterized as convergent because it allows media to exist in different platforms.

Media & Information Sources (Indigenous Media)

Indigenous Knowledge
- Knowledge that is unique to a specific culture or society; most often it is not written down.

Indigenous Communication
- Transmission of information through local channels or forms.
- It is a means by which the culture is preserved, handed down, and adapted.

Indigenous Media
- May be defined as forms of media expression conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous
people around the globe as vehicles for communication.
Things to Consider in Evaluating Information
1. Reliability
Information is said to be reliable if it can be verified and evaluated. Others refer to the trustworthiness of
the source in evaluating the reliability of information.

2. Accuracy
Refers to the closeness of the report to the actual data. Measurement of accuracy varies, depending on
the type of information being evaluated.
Forecasts – similar to the actual data.
Financial – values are correct.

3. Value
Information is said to be of value if it aids the user in making or improving decisions.

4. Authority
Who authored or published the information? Is the source credible?

5. Timeliness
Reliability, accuracy, and value of information may vary based on the time it was produced or acquired.
It may become irrelevant and inaccurate with the passing of time thus, making it less valuable.
Other information may be timeless, proven to be the same in reliability, accuracy, and value throughout
history.

Media and Information Languages

Language
- Pertains to the technical and symbolic ingredients or codes and conventions that media and information
professionals may select and use in an effort to communicate ideas, information, and knowledge.

Media Languages
- Codes, conventions, formats, symbols, and narrative structures that indicate the meaning of media
messages to an audience.

Consumers and Producers of Media

Producer
- People engaged in the process of creating and putting together media content to make a finished media
product.
Audience
- The group of consumers for whom a media message was constructed as well as anyone else who is
exposed to the message.

Media and Information Languages Framework

Conventions – refers to a standard or norm that acts as a rule governing behavior.

Codes - System of signs that when put together create meaning.
I. Technical codes – include sounds, camera angles, types of shots and lighting.
Example:
1. An ominous music to indicate incoming danger in a film.
2. High-angle camera shots to create a feeling of power in a photograph.
II. Symbolic codes – include the language, dress or action of characters, or iconic symbols that are
easily understood.
Example:
1. A clutched fist that indicates anger.
2. A red rose showing a form of romance in a movie.

Symbolic Codes include the following:

a. Setting – the time and place of the film.
b. Mise en scene – a French term that means everything within the frame. All objects within a frame.
c. Acting (actions of characters) – actors portray characters in media products and contribute to
character development, creating tension or advancing the story of the film.
d. Color – Different colors can have different connotations, depending on context and culture.

III. Written codes – is the use of language style and textual layout.
Examples:
1. Headlines
2. Captions
3. Speech bubbles