Challenges in Implementation of Porous Asphalt concrete in Barmanna Layout

Nelamangala Bangalore Rural District

Deekshitha

Student. Ramaiah University of applied science

ndeeksha096@gmail.com

Reshma. K.J

Head of Commerce Department

Ramaiah University of applied science

reshma.ms.mc@msruas.ac.in
 Abstract

Bangalore which is even known as silicon city is faced recently a heavy rain fall of 1666mm of rain
(October, 2017) breaking the earlier record of 1606mm in 2005. Roads were inundated, all the vehicles
were submerged and even found floating. Poor road conditions in Bangalore has, made worse due to
incessant rains that is the cause for 50%(Times of India, Oct 16th 2017) of the accidents perhaps even
potholes and re-construction of roads which happens now and then leads to heavy traffic, heavy traffic
leads difficulties for ambulance to reach hospitals on time with patients on board. The project is mainly
focusing on Nelamangala to implement porous asphalt pavements. We conducted 84 surveys in several
areas in Nelamangala. Poor roads conditions are major problems according to the study in selected area.
We have collected data through preliminary and secondary data and the methods used are correlation,
regression analysis and tables and also the data collected from is used for the calculations. We found
that reducing potholes, accidents, and heavy traffic is through porous pavement. Other key finding was
due to porous asphalt pavements its helps storm water management and increase in underground water.
We even found that public was not happy with present poor roads plans. The limitation of this study
was only concentrated in selected area. The conclusion is porous asphalt pavement can reduce accidents,
potholes and heavy traffic.

Key words: porous Asphalt design, Challenges of Porous Asphalt, cost analysis

Introduction

As seen from years, Indian road condition is poor compared to other countries. Potholes, stagnant water,
poor drainage system and uneven speed breakers are causing accidents. In India, not only the roads of
rural area, but also urban area roads are poorly constructed and managed. With reference to the quality
and loss of water in today’s environment, many agencies are undergoing storm water runoff
requirements. Porous Asphalt is one of the best techniques that can solve the problems of road condition
and storm water runoff. This kind of pavement is successful since mid-1970s. With proper installment
of the pavement and life span of such roads can be more than 20 years.India is well in various fields
like Education, industrialization, fashion etc. but there are some certain areas where the country is facing
major issue like Road problem i.e. conditions of the roads are getting worse day by day. In India totally
2 million kilometres of roads out of which 960,000 kilometres are surfaced on roads and about 1
kilometre roads are poorly constructed once in a yearConcerning about the quality and loss of water in
today’s environment, many of the agencies are undergoing storm water runoff requirements. Porous
Asphalt is one of the best tools that can solve this problem as well as to take away the thought of
“Scarcity of Water in Future” from the minds of people. Porous Asphalt is mostly suitable for parking
lots. This kind of pavement is successful since mid-1970s. With proper installment of the pavement and
life span of such roads can be more than 20 years. Porous Asphalt provides strong pavement surface for
parking, walkways and roads as well as manages and treats storm water runoff. It is cost effective in
providing a proper solution for the storm water in an eco-friendly manner. US Environmental Protection
Agency (US.EPA) has rated it as a best practice. In order to maximize infiltration through the soil,
Porous is built on an uncompact subgrade. Above this comes geotextile which absorbs the water and
then comes stone reservoir. It consists of clean crushed stone that temporarily stores water as it
infiltrates into the soil below. In order to have a stable surface, a thin layer of small crushed stones is
placed. This is called stabilizing course. The last and top layer is Porous Asphalt that allows water to
flow into the stone reservoir.

As per the survey of Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) they have found more than 800 religions
in India where there is a fall in ground water level at alarming rate. For Example: New Delhi, Rajasthan,
Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Punjab etc. As per the report of CGWB of Jaipur all underground water will
consume once in 10 year. They identified underground water is below 100 meters because there is some
water in rocks which is very harmful and it is not safe for drinking water. So that Central Government
has implemented porous Asphalt Pavement technique to recharge the ground water over critical Ares
in India. So this study will give detail information regarding design and techniques of Porous Asphalt
Pavement Concrete. Porous Asphalt has various benefits like flood control, quality of water, safety of
roads and also the durability.

Literature Review

(Mei Liu, Feb 2016),1Have found that, this study is focused on noise traffic, as a country rapidly
growing up traffic, it has become a serious issue nowadays. Hence, his purpose is to reduce the noise
traffic by using method of “single and double layer of Porous Asphalt Pavement Concrete” .This
technique which already has been implemented in U.K, U.S.A, Japan, China etc. It involves various
layers to reduce noise and also surface water. It will keep the traffic noise at low level with long term
durability. This study was conducted in China Bridge, they have taken traffic and climate data for their
preliminary survey to know the traffic density.

2
(M.I. Rodriguez-Rojas. F. Huertas-Fernandez, Sep 2016) His purpose is to develop the Porous
Asphalt pavement to reduce Soil sealing. Soil sealing is one of the harmful sources which effected to
humans, animal and also for nature. It has affected to agricultural land, forest and also it increases the
flood risk. Hence this study focuses on to reduce the soil sealing and storm water runoff by covering

1
Mei Liu, Xiaoping Huang, Guoqianr Xue, International journal of Sustainable Built Environment (Feb
2016) 5.183-196
2
M.I. Rodriguez-Rojas. F. Huertas-Fernandez, B Moreno, Journal of Enviornment Management (sep
2016 )205, 151-162
different layer of artificial asphalt concrete. This study was conducted in south of Spain, by collecting
primary and secondary data of 8 rain fall event.

(Sadie Smith, oct 2017)3 Aim of this study is to solve the problems and challenges faced at
North Carolina, as there is heavy traffic and population. Because of that, conditions of road has become
bad so that to improve the damaged roadways. Researcher found best solution i.e. recycling of road by
using method of full depth reclamation it will recycle all material with recycled asphalt concrete, it is
cost effective and environment friendly. It improves the structural design with long term durability.
This study has taken preliminary data like traffic and climate data of North Carolina highways.

(Kelly A. Collins, William F. Hunt, & and Jon M. Hathaway, Nov 2006)4 Have found that Porous
Asphalt pavement concrete it is one of the effective tools to reduce the pollution in storm water runoff,
it has the capacity of pollution removal efficiency for parking lots and also for roadways. This study
focuses on water quality performance of porous asphalt. In urban countries it has been affected by rain
water and flood. Asphalt concrete will conserve the rain water and infiltrate, that directly stored in
underground these water will helpful for people for that also sustainable drainage system
obtained(SUDS), it reduces the peak flow run off. This study was conducted in king stone campus, they
had implemented porous asphalt for parking lots.

(khilari, April 2017)5 The main resolution of this study is to know the effect of spreading and
absorption of Crumb rubber on the Porous Asphalt mix. The reusing of scrap tires in pavements provides
an important alternative for the bitumen with regard to life span of porous asphalt pavement. Asphalt
Rubber Pavements perform minimize environmental hold as an influence concerning about the
conservation of natural resources. The capacity of above crumb rubber in accordance is to improve with
the Asphalt mixture normal performance which depends upon flagrant factors which helps the mixing
methods through reaction collectively through bitumen and conduct of the rubber then kindness and
awareness over the rubber particles. There are two approaches first is the utilization of crumb rubber
among the asphalt mixtures then a well-organized rule and a wet process. In the wet process, the finer
crumb rubber is mixed together along pitch cement at high temperature. It reacts along with bitumen
however it creates modified bitumen. In this process, the crumb rubber is mixed mutually which
includes the aggregates in accordance of conformity with the run-on to the asphalt.

(Roseen, jan 2012)6 The investigation is about Porous Asphalt as a storm water treatment in coastal
New Hampshire. The significance of Porous Asphalt for storm water management in north-side

3 Sadie Smith, Andrew Braham, Journal of construction and building material (Oct 2017) 158, 481-489
4
Kelly A. Collins, EI; William F. Hunt, PhD; and Jon M. Hathaway, EI. International journal of
conference on concrete block paving. Nov 2006. 6-8
5
Vikas Khilari, International journal of advance research in science in engineering vol-6 issue 4 April 2017
6
Robert M. Roseen, Journal of environmental engineering, jan 2012
encounters the extreme cold penetration into Porous media. The Porous Asphalt was observed for water
quality performance and hydraulic from 2004 to 2008. The significance of pavements for parking lots
for innovative projects for new redevelopment in areas needed. Frost penetration and surface infiltration
were measured monthly to know the performance in winter of well-drained nature above the Porous
Pavement but a container based troubles related after inseparable media has been minimized. Significant
winter weather penetration was performed upstairs to depths respecting 71 cm declines in hydrologic
overall performance.

(Poulikakos, 2010) 7He has made direct observations regarding Porous Asphalt samples of their natural
state by usage of optical or electron microscopy techniques received conventionality with beneficial
facts concerning of two mixes in specified kind of microstructure. This paper presents evidence that
suboptimal microstructure can be able to conduct an imitation which is ineffective for that reason.
Construction of advance step is defining properly then suboptimal performing pavements with a
bottom-up method (microstructure). Well-performing mixes used polymer-modified binders, had extra
uniform maiden structure together with fewer extended voids or better interlocking over the aggregates.
Furthermore, well-performing mixes confirmed better allocation concerning the gum however better
insurance of the aggregates together with bitumen.

(Pourtahmasb, 2014)8 The purpose of the study is to explore the spreading and absorption of crumb
rubber on the concert features of Porous Asphalt mixture. The reusing of scraping tires in pavements
seems to be significant alternative which provides large scale market. The significance of bitumen is
considered to be important with regards to the increasing life span of the Porous Asphalt Pavement. It
has two main experimental studies. The first study is about the combination which has achieved to know
the maximum bitumen content. In the further step, the combination was made to dry process using
crumb rubber. The Penetrability, scratch loss, moisture vulnerability, indirect flexible strength and
modulus tests were carried. In general by increasing the size of the rubber can be lead to decreased
concert characteristics of Porous Asphalt mixtures.

7L.D. Poulikakos, Journal of microscopy, April 28 vol-245 issue-1

8. Mohammad Saeed Pourtahmasb, Advance in material science and engineering, vol-2014
 (Dr. Talal H. Fadhil, 2013)9 The main study of the topic is about WKCD material which has
acceptable gradation and other filler applications. WKCD has been used fully and partially to prepare
hot mix asphalt samples. In Marshall Test the value of mixes containing WKCD was increasing when
they were absorbed in water. This indicates that the use of limestone as a filler was the wariest condition
for roads which is immersed by water. WKCD can be used as mineral filler in producing hot mix asphalt
and also WKCD should be checked in behaviour for long time under actual traffic motion and
environmental conditions. WKCD refers to White Cement Kiln Dust.

(Muh. Nashir T1, 2014)10 In this study there are some classification which varies in each amount and
size of stone for a better flexibility. It is one of the other alternatives o flexible pavement allowing water
to filter in vertical and horizontal surface layer and channels them through pavement drainage. This
study indicates a good result with pore content of 18%. This porous asphalt mixture as lots of merits
for the road users and the environment such as drainage functions and safety road travel and there will
be no stagnant water so which it may not lead to potholes. This polymer porous asphalt mixture gives
a better result in the performance when compared to petroleum based asphalt value of penetration index
as it’s an important factor which determines the performance of strength on Porous Asphalt mixture.

(Mohammed Rizal, 2017)11 This study has happened in the recent time. The survey is all about
to control the flow of water on the roads. So this situation was implemented in Indonesia as there was
heavy rainfall hence the rain water was on the road like a temporary flood. To overcome this stagnant
water they had a plan to use this Porous Asphalt Mixture as a surface layer of pavement structure. The
presence of BGA tends to increase the Marshall Stability value. So they used 7 steps to test the problems
faced by them in the different trial and analysing those results showed that before LTOA procedure the
presence of BGA had added to the improved tensile strength and stability of Porous Asphalt with 2.5%
BGA. BGA refers to Buton Granular Asphalt, Long-Term Oven Aging (LTOA).

(M. Bendjima, 2017)12 the authors have found in this study about the strength performance of Asphalt
Concrete on roads as it is difficult to the nature of materials which is Viscoelastic material which
exhibits viscous and elastic temperature. At low temperature Asphalt Concrete sets a solid in which low
amount of applied strain are recoverable. Temperature varies due to ambient temperature solar

9
Dr. Talal H. Fadhil, Salah S. Jasim, Dr. Kahlil E. Aziz, Ahmed S. Ahmed, International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology (IJCIET), ISSN 0976 – 6308 (Print), ISSN 0976 – 6316(Online) Volume 4, Issue 1 -2013
10
Muh. Nashir T1, Herman Parung2, Nur Ali3, Tri Harianto4, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJCIET) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014)
11
Mohammed Rizal, M.W. JARANGE, Nur Ali, Taslim Bahar, International Journal of Civil Engineering
and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 8, Issue 6, June 2017
12
M. Bendjima, M. Merbouh, B. Glaoui, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology
(IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 5, May 2017
radiation, wind speed, reflectance of the pavement surface. The pavements are built with location of
the pavement different mix designs traffic intensity and climatic factors. They have observed the
samples in three types of temperatures which are cold, moderate and high temperature. If the
temperature is high and moderate the road stiffening will be same when compared to frozen
temperature.

Research Problem

India’s population has been growing rapidly from the past few years. So there is a large volume of
traffic on streets, it has become a serious issue today. Indian road conditions have been fading nowadays
because of lack of materials and poor quality of pavements. The roadways have become damaged
because of the soil sealing which has led to the permanent loss of soil as a resource. One of the important
problems that is happening in our country is flood due to rain water. As it goes towards road ways, grass
land forest which has become a big problem nowadays so this will lead to stagnant water. So in India
most of the people suffering from severe disease like dengue, malaria is because of stagnant water.
Commercial, industrial, residential building, service sector are significantly increasing nowadays so
there is an increasing demand of water supply in urban areas. India facing a major issue in drinking
water because only 20% is remaining as there is no drainage system to store rain water. In India citizens
are facing problem with increase of accidents by potholes because of damaged road, Govt. has been
taking action regarding this problem but it was not effective, in India more than 2 people died because
of potholes as it became a major issue in recent days. So that our research is going to introduce a new
technique i.e. “Porous Asphalt Pavement Concrete” It is the solution for the entire above mentioned
problem. Several attempts has been made in bringing out the analysis on Impact Road Development
and improving flood risk on different sectors of India. But no research has been done particularly on
Road development and flood. “So if we take this technique as a solution there will be no such issues in
the future”.

Objective of study

 To study the development of Indian roads in reducing flood risk using Porous Asphalt
Concrete method
 Comparison on Indian roadway with other country roadways
 To study the challenges in the implementation of Porous Asphalt Pavement Concrete roads
 To evaluate the impact of Porous Asphalt Concrete on reducing the pothole accident.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study is based on primary and secondary data collected from various international journals, books,
publication, website and also survey was conducted based on our questionnaire basically concentrated
on concept of reducing flood risk by using porous asphalt concrete.

Challenges in implementation of Porous Asphalt:

 Indian road quality: The quality of Indian road is not suitable for Porous pavement. Porous
Asphalt in India can be possible only for parking lots and some service roads because of the
heavy loaded vehicles; it is not possible to adapt Porous totally. Also, the soil is different from
that of Japan where Porous is adapted. Therefore, Quality of roads is one of the challenges.
 Storm water hotspots: Commercial nurseries, recycling facilities, industrial storage,
hazardous materials, and generators are called “hotspots”, where Porous is not applicable.
 Weight: This is another major challenge. Indian roads are built in such a way that heavy loaded
vehicles can pass through the roads easily. But in case of Porous, not all loaded vehicles can
pass through easily.
 Traffic volumes: As known, India is a country where there is high level of traffic. It is very
difficult to build Porous in such a busy commercial road
 Climate: Climate also matters as different countries have different climatic conditions. Porous
is not suitable for cold climate because road salt consists if chloride which gets migrated into
groundwater through Porous surface. Snow places may get blocked and may damage surfaces.
In such cases, sand also cannot be used for snowy areas as it reduces permeability. When
runoffs happen, the below pavement may freeze. Therefore, climatic conditions also have to be
taken into consideration.

Longevity and maintenance: Porous pavement requires more maintenance compared to tar es
pores might get blocked. And it has to be replaced. Replacement

Design of porous asphalt

Porous asphalt is a also known as “POUR” it is a kind of material and asphalt is a mix of sand, petroleum
tar, crushed gravel, crushed bricks, stone. Porous asphalt will conserve the 300 gallons of water within
4 minutes. Subgrade part have highly storage capacity it will infiltrate in to storage reservoir, storm
water directly goes in to permeable sub base which means storage reservoir later it will infiltrate in to
subgrade it is economical and cost effective. This system may or may not use drainage pipe because
drainage pipe allows the stored water only when subgrade (storage reservoir) have lower capacity to
infiltrate the rain water. If drainage system is connected to underground storm water it will enter to first
subcase then it goes to drainage system through the underlying pipes. It’s all depending upon the soil
constraints and storage stability.

Structural design of porous asphalt layer it is one of the reason to reduce the storm water. It is also one
of the reasons to reduce the traffic. Here there is thickness level for different situation of traffic, for
light traffic permeable porous asphalt layer should be approx. 64cm, for medium level traffic it should
be approx. 102cm, for heavy traffic it should be approx.152cm (Based on data from FHWA, 2015).

RELIABILITY TEST
 The structured questionnaires were drafted using SPSS software this test was conducted in

order to see the reliability and the internal consistency of the questionnaire that are drafte

The Reliability test was conducted using the Cranach’s Alpha is used to know the internal

consistency; this method is helpful to know the relationship between variables i.e. how the set of items

are closely related it is also known as measure of scale of reliability. The alpha co-efficient for our

questionnaire is 0.7 hence, it is acceptable.

Regression Analysis

Variables Entered/Removed

Variables
Model Variables Entered Removed Method

1 Road re Enter
construction, Poor
road condition,
Digging roads

a. Dependent Variable: Accidents due to potholes

b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summary

Adjusted Std. Error of the

Model R R Square R Square Estimate

1 .839a .704 .693 .299

 a. Predictors: (Constant), Road re construction, Poor road condition, Digging
roads

Regression analysis one of the important method which is used for statistical relationship between one
or more predictor variables and the response variables. There are two variable i.e. dependent variable
accidents, and independent variables potholes. R-square should always be between 0% and 100%.

Regression refers to the relationship between two variables those are: Dependent and Independent
variables. It gives the linear equation between those variables. The dependent variable is Accident and
the independent variable is potholes.

We can conclude that it should be 0.7%, if it is less than 0.7% it won’t be acceptable according to the
variable. But our solution is more than 0.7%, so it is acceptable.

ANALYSIS

Cost analysis

Particulars 80 feet 100 feet

Breadth / cubic meter 0.01 0.01
10/1000
1 feet 0.305 0.305
Cost for 1 Cubic Meter 4000 4000
Converting feet into cubic 80 * 0.305=24.4 100 * 0.305= 30.5
metres
Cost for 100 metres on road 24.4 * 4000 = Rupees 97600 30.5 * 4000= Rupees
122000
Data Analysis Result and Outcomes

Accidents
strongly agree

1% agree
7%

35% disagree
57%
strongly
disagree

potholes

0% most of the
16%
times
12% rarely
72%
sometimes

KEY FINDINGS

 Accidents can be reduced by, reconstructing the roads, filling all potholes, eliminating
stagnant water.
 Noise traffic is a serious issue now a days, as per from above analysis we can conclude
that 50% of people agreed that they are getting irritated from noise traffic,.
 52% of population agreed that noise traffic can be reduced if government corporates.
 76% of population agreed that they had get health problem from noise traffic like
headache, heart attacks, frustration etc.
  45% people rarely are believing that re-construction of roads might help with durability
of roads. Because they believe new systems must be bought into actions for better
roadways in and around Bangalore.
 39% of people are facing everyday problems leaving work pending or delayed which
again leads to heavy traffic jam.
 Re-construction of roads will also lead to accidents, potholes, heavy traffic jam.
 73% of population aware about the diseases caused by the stagnant water.
 67% of population agreed completely possible to eliminate stagnant water on road.

Suggestion and Recommendation

 All the problems which are occurring due to re-construction of roads can be solved
easily with new and innovative porous asphalt pavement.
 This is already implemented in other countries. Re-construction of roads happens due
to poor road conditions and when there is no proper maintained but porous is easy to
maintain and its durability is 20 years where no potholes can occur or re-construction
will happen due to porous asphalt pavements.
 Noise traffic can be reduced if government corporate with us. To overcome all above
problems we can give solution for the problem i.e. porous asphalt concrete. It is new
pavement system. This is already implemented in U.K, Japan, U.S.A, California,
Sweden, North Carolina, except in India. Porous asphalt concrete pavement system it
will reduces the volume of the noise level by using single and double layer of porous
asphalt; it keeps the traffic noise at low level with long term durability.
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