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SULFATES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MINERAL CHEMICAL CRYSTAL DISTINGUISHI USES
NAME COMPOSITION SYSTEM COLOR HARDNESS SPECIFIC LUSTER FRACTURE TENACITY STREAK NG FEATURES
GRAVITY
rehydrates to
Colorless, Epsomite in humid Causes
HEXAHYDRITE Mg(SO4)•6(H2O) Monoclinic white, 2 – 2.5 1.72 Vitreous Conchoidal Brittle White air, has 6 masonry
greenish molecules of damage
white water
Distinguished by production of
habit, taste, and epsom salts,
EPSOMITE Colorless, Vitreous, mode of preparation of
(Mg,Fe)SO4 · ortho- white, 2 - 2.5 1.67 silky when Conchoidal Brittle White occurrence, pharmaceutical
7H2O rhombic yellow, green fibrous although it may products,
and pink be confused with production of
Melanterite paper and
sugar
Stable only below may represent
Colorless, 2° C. Above that a periodic
MERIDIANIITE MgSO4•11H2O Triclinic white 2 – 2.5 1.51 Vitreous, dull Conchoidal Brittle White temperature it reservoir of
melts water near the
incongruently to a Martian surface
slurry
of Epsomite and
water
Found in mines as indicator of the
Shades of a post-mining possible
MELANTERITE FeSO4·7H2O Monoclinic green, 2 1.89 – 1.9 Vitreous Conchoidal Brittle White formation on mine presence of
colorless, walls. sulfuric acid
white May dehydrate
to siderotile.
similar to other primary ore of
copper minerals, the oxidised
ANTLERITE Cu3(SO4)(OH)4 Ortho- Shades of 3 – 3.5 3.9 Vitreous Uneven Brittle Pale green but can be zones in
rhombic green, black distinguished by several copper
lack of mines across
effervescence the world
Indistinguishable
CuSO4(OH)6 Monoclinic Bright green Vitreous to Conchoidal, from Antlerite Minor ore of
BROCHANTITE to dark green 3.5 - 4 4 silky uneven, Brittle Pale green without complex Copper
splintery tests
Source of alum,
Yellow, red, Vitreous, Strongly used as alloys,
ALUNITE KAl3(SO4)2(OH)6 Trigonal colorless, 3.5 -4 2.6 – 2.9 pearly, Conchoidal Brittle White pyroelectric tools,equipment
white, gray earthy

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Easily identified, popular among
Yellow- indistinguishable micromount
brown, from its collectors;
JAROSITE KFe3+3(SO4)2 Hexagonal brown, 2.5 – 3.5 2.9 – 3.3 Resinous to Conchoidal, Brittle to Light yellow isomorphous which only
(OH)6 orange- Adamantine uneven slightly mineral occurs in small
brown sectile Natrojarosite by crystals
ordinary methods

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MINERAL CHEMICAL CRYSTAL DISTINGUISHING USES
NAME COMPOSITION SYSTEM COLOR HARDNESS SPECIFIC LUSTER FRACTURE TENACITY STREA FEATURES
GRAVITY K
Colorless, white color, high Weighing agent
Barite BaSO4 Orthorhom white, light 3-3.5 4.3-5 Vitreous, Irregular, Brittle white specific gravity, for drilling
bic blue, yellow, pearly uneven characteristic fluids in oil and
grey, brown cleavage and crystals gas

Colorless, occasional delicate Fireworks and


Celestite SrSO4 Orthorhom white, pale 3 - 3.5 3.95 - 3.97 Vitreous, Uneven Brittle White blue color in various metal
bic blue, pink, pearly on alloys
pale green, cleavages
pale brown,
black
It contains 74% produced on
Anglesite PbSO4 Orthorhom Colorless to 2.5–3.0 6.3 Adamantine conchoidal Brittle White of lead by mass and both plates
bic crystals, dull therefore has a during the
white,
when high specific discharge of
commonly massive gravity of 6.3. a lead–acid
tinted earthy battery

Colorless to Some specimens Anhydrite is


Anhydrite CaSO4 Orthorhom pale blue or 3.5 2.97 Pearly, Conchoidal Brittle White fluoresce; many more commonly
bic violet if vitreous to fluoresce after associated
transparent; greasy heating with calcite, hal
white, ite,
mauve, rose, and sulfides suc
pale brown h
or gray from as galena, chalc
included opyrite, molybd
impurities enite,
and pyrite in
vein deposits.
Colorless to Occurs as short Meditation
Hanksite Na22K(SO4)9(CO3) Hexagonal pale yellow, 3 - 3.5 2.562 Vitreous to Uneven Brittle White prismatic to tabular
2Cl may be dull hexagonal crystals
grayish
green due to
clay
inclusions
Colorless to Gypsum is moderately Construction,
Gypsum CaSO4·2H2O Monoclinic white; may 1.5–2 2.31–2.33 Vitreous to Conchoidal, Flexible, White water-soluble and, in mead making,
be yellow, silky, pearly, splintery inelastic contrast to most impression
tan, blue, or waxy parallel other salts, it exhibits plaster in
pink, brown, a retrograde dentistry,
reddish solubility, becoming
brown or less soluble at higher
gray due to temperatures.
impurities

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Berlin blue to a richly-colored Holistic health
Chalcanthite CuSO4·5H2O Triclinic sky-blue, 2.5 2.12 - 2.3 Vitreous Conchoidal Brittle White blue/green water- applications
greenish blue soluble sulfate minera
l
Colorless, forms in marine Production of
Kieserite MgSO4·H2O Monoclinic grayish-white 3.5 2.57 Vitreous to Uneven Fragile White evaporite deposits Epsom Salt and
or yellowish dull where sea water has as a fertilizer
been concentrated
and exposed to
prolonged
evaporation.

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BORATES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MINERAL CHEMICAL CRYSTAL DISTINGUISHI USES
NAME COMPOSITION SYSTEM COLOR HARDNES SPECIFIC LUSTER FRACTURE TENACITY STREAK NG FEATURES
S GRAVITY
Characterized by It is used for
its crystal and test washing and
for boron. Fusible cleansing; as a
Na2B4O7• at 1-1.5 with solvent for
10H2O much swelling and metallic oxides
Borax Monoclinic Colorless or 2-2.5 1.7 Vitreous Conchoidal Brittle White gives strong in soldering and
White yellow flame (Na). welding; and as
Moistened with flux in various
sulfuric acid gives smelting and
the bright green laboratory
flame of boron. operations.
Readily soluble in
water. Much
water in the
closed tube
It is distinguished
by its long,
splintery cleavage
fragments and
Kernite Na2B4O6(OH)2 • Monoclinic Colorless to 3 1.95 Vitreous to Splintery Brittle White low specific A source of
3H2O white pearly gravity. Before the borax and
blowpipe it swells boron
and then fuses to compounds.
a clear glass.
Slowly soluble in
cold water.
The “soft cotton
balls” with silky
luster are
characteristic of
ulexite. Fusible at
1, with A source of
Ulexite NaCaB5O6(OH)6• Triclinic Colorless, 2.5 1.96 Silky Uneven to Brittle White intumescence to a Borax.
5H2O White, Gray splintery clear blebby glass,
coloring the flame
deep yellow.
When moistened
with sulphuric acid
it gives the green
flame of boron.
It is a late stage
hydrothermal
Tusionite MnSn(BO3)2 Trigonal Colourless, 5-6 4.73 Vitreous Perfect N/A White mineral and
Yellow- Cleavage occurs rarely in
brown granite
pegmatites in
miarolitic cavities.
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Before the
blowpipe it
exfoliates, A source of
Colourless, crumbles, and Borax that, at
white, gives a green the time of
Colemanite CaB3O4(OH)3 Monoclinic yellowish, 4.5 2.42 Vitreous Sub- Brittle White flame. Water in discovery of
•H2O grey; conchoidal the closed tube. kernite, yielded
colourless in Characterized by over half of the
transitted one direction of world’s supply
light highly perfect
cleave and
exfoliation on
heating.
One of the borate
minerals that form As a minor
silky, fibrous source of boron
Hydroboracite CaMgB6O11• Monoclinic Colorless, 2-3 2.2 Vitreous to Uneven N/A White crystal clusters; and as mineral
6H2O white to silky Hydroboracite's specimens.
brownish silky luster is quite
attractive.
Slightly soluble in
water and
Colorless, ordinary wear
white, gray, dulls its surface; An ore of boron
brown, include highly for boric acid
orange, modified cubes and borax (a
yellow, pale and octahedrons cleaning agent
Boracite Mg3B7O13Cl Orthorhombic green, dark 7 - 7.5 2.95 Vitreous Conchoidal Brittle White which are actually and useful
green, blue- pseudomorphs of industrial
green, or the high chemical) and
blue; temperature as mineral
colorless in isometric phase; specimens.
transmitted also massive,
light fibrous, nodular
and as embedded
grains.

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PHOSPHATES

Mineral Chemical Crystal Physical Properties Distinguishing Uses


Name Composition System Features
Color Hardness Specific Luster Fracture Tenacity Streak
Gravity
resinous reddish
to yellowish
brown mineral
Clove-brown, White to crystallizing in material for
yellowish brown, Vitreous to uneven to Subchonc grayish the orthorhombic the
Lithiophilit LiMnPO4 Orthorhombic honey-yellow, 4–5 3.445–3.50 subresinous conchoidal oidal to white system often as production
e salmon-pink, blue- uneven slender prisms. of lithium-
gray, gray ion
batteries
reddish- useful tool
brown phosphat for radiome
Reddish brown, Resinous, e tric
Monazite (Ce,La)PO4 Monoclinic brown, pale yellow, 5.0 to 5.5 4.6–5.7 vitreous to Conchoidal mineral containin dating geol
pink, green, gray adamantine to uneven White g rare ogical
earth metals events,
such as
crystallizatio
n, heating
or
deformation
of the rock.
Dark grass-green, color of the minor ore
Pyromorp Pb5(PO4)3Cl Hexagonal - green, yellow, yellow- mineral is usually of lead and
hite Dipyramidal orange, reddish some bright mineral
orange, yellow- 3.5-4 7.04 ,7.14 Resinous to Uneven to Brittle White shade of green, specimens
brown, brown, tan, subadamantin sub- yellow or brown,
grayish, may be e conchoidal and the lusteris
colorless resinous
index of a minor ore
refraction is 2.39 of lead and
(typically high mineral
for lead specimens
minerals) and
Vanadinite Pb5(VO4)3Cl hexagonal bright red to orange, 3 approximatel vitreous to conchoidal Brittle yellowish crystal
less commonly gray y 6.6+ adamantine white terminations can
or brown be hollowed out
or pitted but not
as often as
pyromorphite or
mimetite
blades are very a very
Crimson to peach- Subadamantin flexible and minor ore
Erythrite (Ni3(AsO4)2·8H Monoclinic - red, pale rose, or 1.5 - 2.5 3.06 e, pearly on Sectile Pale red to sectile of cobalt
2O) Prismatic pink, may be zoned cleavages pink and mineral
specimens

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Amblygonite a source of
Amblygoni (Li, triclinic generally white or 5.5 - 6 2.98 - 3.11 vitreous to uneven to Brittle white forms a series lithium and
te Na)AlPO4(F, creamy, but can also greasy and conchoidal with montebrasit phosphorus
OH) be colorless or pale pearly on e, the low ,as gemston
yellow, green, blue, cleavage fluorine es and as
beige, gray or pink surfaces endmember mineral
specimens
blue, phosphate Mineral
mineral containin specimens,
g magnesium, ir ornamental
on, stone and
and aluminium p as a
hosphate. rare gemsto
Lazulite ((Mg,Fe2+)Al2( Monoclinic Azure-blue, sky-blue, 5.5 - 6.0 3.122 – Vitreous Uneven, Brittle white Lazulite forms ne.
PO4)2(OH)2) bluish white, yellow- 3.240 splintery one endmember
green, blue-green, of a solid
rarely green solution series
with the darker
iron
rich scorzalite
occurs as only as
Wavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH, Orthorhombic Green to yellowish- 3.5 - 4 2.36 Vitreous to Uneven to uneven white translucent mineral
F)3·5H2O green and yellow, resinous, subconchoid green radial or specimens
brown, white and pearly al spherical clusters
colorless
an opaque, blue- Ornamental
Turquoise CuAl6(PO4)4(O Triclinic Blue, blue-green, 5–7 2.6–2.9 Waxy to Conchoidal Brittle white with to- stone for
H)8·4H2O green subvitreous a greenish green mineral th carving and
tint at is jewelry
a hydrous phosp
hate of copper a
nd aluminium

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NITRATES

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
MINERAL CHEMICAL CRYSTAL DISTINGUISHI USES
NAME COMPOSITIO SYSTEM COLOR HARDNESS SPECIFIC LUSTER FRACTURE TENACITY STREAK NG FEATURES
N GRAVITY
Buttgenbachite, a
rare copper As a very minor
nitrate mineral, is ore of copper
Cu19(NO3)2Cl4( hexagonal deep blue 3 3.4 - 3.5 Vitreous Uneven Brittle light blue related to and as a
BUTTGENBACHI
OH)32 . 2H2O the sulfate minera mineral
TE
l Connellite. specimen

A rare hydrated
sodium sulfate Rarely available
nitrate found in
DARPSKITE Na3(SO4)(NO3)• Monoclinic Colorless 2.5 2.202 Vitreous Uneven Brittle White nitrate deposits
(H2O) rich in sulfates.
Solid block of
glassy,
pearlescent,
translucent and
colorless
A rare secondary
mineral in Copper Ore
GERHARDITE Cu2(NO)3(OH)3 Orthorhom Green, Dark 2 3.4 - 3.43 Vitreous not available Flexible Light green oxidized portions
bic green (Glassy) of copper
deposits.
Insoluble in
water. Soluble in
dilute acids
By the interaction
of solutions of As the hydrated
HYDROMBOBO (Ni,Cu)Al4(NO3, Monoclinic Sky blue “Very soft” N.D. Vitreous Friable in N.D Light blue nickel sulfate from equivalent of
MKULITE SO4)2(OH)12·14 aggregates weathering Cu–Ni- mbobomkulite;
(H2O) bearing Rarely Available
sulfides with
aluminosilicate
minerals and
nitrate derived
from bat guano

A rare secondary Copper Ore


LIKASITE Cu3(NO3)(OH)5 Ortho- Sky-blue N.D. 2.96 - 2.98 Vitreous Uneven N.D. Light blue mineral in the
• 2H2O rhombic oxidized zone of
copper deposits

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(Ni, A rare product of
Cu)Al4[(NO3)2, Monoclinic Pale blue; oxidation and Rarely available
MBOBOMKULIT SO4]2(OH)12 • colorless in “Very soft” 2.3 Vitreous N.D. N.D. Light blue leaching of Ni–Cu
E 3H2O transmitted from sulfides in
light the cave roof,
reacting with
aluminum from
phyllosilicates and
nitrate from bat
guano
used to refer
Colorless or It occasionally specifically to
NITER 𝐾𝑁𝑂3 Orthorhom white, light 2 2.11 Sub-Vitreous Irregular/Unev Brittle White occurs as nitrated salts
bic yellow, very en, Sub- prismatic acicular known as
light gray Conchoidal crystal groups, various types
and individual of saltpeter (onl
crystals commonly y nitrated salts
show twinning. were good for
making
gunpowder)
important
Colorless, Generally occurs source of
White, Gray, as anhedral to nitrates for
NITRATINE 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 Trigonal Yellowish, 1½ - 2 2.24-2.29 Vitreous Conchoidal Sectile White subhedral crystals fertilizer and
Brownish. in matrix. other chemical
uses including
fireworks

In allusion to the
composition, Used in
NITROBARITE Ba(NO3 )2 Isometric Colorless 3 3.25 Vitreous N/A N/A White being a NITRate explosives
containing
BARIum

Ca(NO ) · 4H O Uniformly Used in waste


NITROCALCITE 32 2 Monoclinic White, grey, 1-2 1.9 Vitreous Unknown Sectile White indistinguishable water
colorless crystals forming treatment,
large masses. Fertilizer,
Concrete.

Flocculent to used in
NITROMAGNESI 𝑀𝑔(𝑁𝑂3 )2 . 6𝐻2 𝑂 Monoclinic Colorless, Unknown 1.46 Vitreous Unknown Unknown White earthy the ceramics, pr
TE White efflorescences. inting, chemical
Artificial crystals and agriculture
long prismatic industries.
[001] with {001}
and {110}
dominant.

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