3GPP LTE Technical

Overview
Xiaoxia (Michael) Tan
2/9/2010
V1.0
 Content
• Highlight on following items
– Technology evolution
– 3GPP LTE requirement and releases
– LTE Key Features
– LTE network architecture
• Network elements and interfaces
– LTE network functions
– LTE Air Interface
 Wireless Technology Evolution
• 1G (from early 1980 and commercialized in the middle of
80s)
– Analog FDMA
– AMPS (car phone)
• 2G (from early 1990s)
– Digital wireless communication
– TDMA and CDMA
– GSM and IS-95
• 3G (late 1990s)
– Wideband CDMA
– WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA
• 3.5G (early 2000s)
– Wideband CDMA
– Data only: EVDO Rev0/Rev A, HSDPA, HSUPA
 Wireless Technology Evolution
• 3.5G~4G (late 2000s)
– OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA
– Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e), 3G LTE
(R8/R9)
• 4G (from 2010)
– OFDMA and SC-FDMA
– LTE-Advanced (R10 ->)
Radio Technology Evolution
 3GPP Release Concept
• Sprint requests R10
Evolution of Mobile Standards
3GPP Requirement Input to LTE
• Significantly increased DL bit
rates up to 1Gbps (100MHz
bandwidth above R10)
• Significantly increased UL bit
rates to up 500Mbps
• Increased cell edge bit rates
• Low delay
• Higher spectrum efficiency
• Scalable bandwidth per cell
(operator option)
• Acceptable UE complexity and
costs
• Optimization for various UE
mobility speed up to 500km/h
 3G LTE Requirement (R8)
• Spectrum efficiency
– DL: 3~4 times of HSDPA
– UL: 2~3 times of HSUPA
• Frequency Spectrum:
– Scalable bandwidth: 1.4,3,5,10,15,20MHz
– To cover all frequencies of IMT-200:450MHz to 2.6GHz
• Peak Date rate: (R8)
– DL: >100Mbps for 20MHz spectrum allocation
– UL: > 50Mbps for 20MHz spectrum allocation
• Latency:
– C-plane: < 100ms to establish U-plane
– U-plane: < 10ms from UE to server
• Coverage:
– Performance targets up to 5km, light degradation up to 30km
• Mobility:
– LTE is optimized for low speeds 0~15km/h but
– Connection maintained for speeds up to 350 or 500km/h
– Handover between 3G and 3G LTE
• Real-time < 300ms
• Non-real-time < 500ms
Achievable & Supported Peak Data Rates
LTE FDD and TDD Modes
 Bandwidth -> 100 MHz (R10)
• 3GPP also defined a potential bandwidth
for LTE-Advanced: Carrier Aggregation
Key LTE Features
LTE End-to-End IP Approach
LTE Network Architecture
 LTE Network Architecture
• eNodeB
– All radio interface-related
functions
• MME
– Manages mobility, UE, and
security parameters
• S-GW
– Node that terminates the
interface towards E-
UTRAN
• P-GW
– Node that terminates the
interface towards PDN
 LTE Network Architecture
• Elements and Interfaces
LTE Network Function Structure

S1

PDN

EPC
4G Technical Specification
Summary
LTE Radio Air-Interface
Why OFDM?/Basic OFDMA/Basic SC-FDMA
Modulation/Constellation/Link Adaption
Radio frame structure
Radio channels/PSS/SSS/RS
Protocol stack
 OFDM Technology
• Why does LTE accept OFDM technology
in broadband system (4G) Instead of
TDMA and CDMA?
• What is the major problem which block
TDMA/CDMA extend to 4G?
• What advantages and disadvantages with
OFDM technology?
 Fading In Wireless System
• Multi-path makes the channel response
time dispersive
– Received signals with different attenuation,
delay, phase shift -> Cause Inter Symbol
Interference (ISI)
• Dip fading Introduces errors in the decision device
at the receiver output
– Radio signal distortion -> Noise -> system
less reliable
ISI
 ISI

• Longer delay spreads result in frequency selective fading

• Higher data rate, symbol time become shorter and
receiver sample clocks must become correspondingly
faster so that ISI becomes much more severe – possibly
spanning several symbol periods
 Solution for ISI
• Equalizers (GSM system)
• Rake Receivers
(CDMA/WCDMA system)
– Sub-receivers (fingers)
which are correlated each
assigned to a different
multipath component
– Each finger independently
decodes a single multipath
component
– The contribution of all
fingers are combined to
result in higher C/N (Eb/No)
 TDMA/CDMA -> Broadband System?

TDMA/CDMA
– Practical implementation issues and
complexities limit their acceptance
• More Equalizers/Rake receivers must be
used for the received symbols spreading
over 20MHz and it will request:
– Higher chip rate to process more Equalizers
and Rake receivers
– More energy on the receiver
 Alternative Solution Minimize ISI
• Methods to reduce ISI interference:
– Reduce the symbol rate, but data rate goes down too
– Add more Equalizers/Rake receivers, but more
complexities and expensive
• Solution:
– Use multicarrier to reduce ISI effect
– Transmit data over multiple carriers in parallel
– Narrow, slower channels are much less vulnerable ISI
– Cycle Prefix
 FDM Becomes OFDM

Each carrier has an orthogonal relationship

With each other
 OFDM
• OFDM has a susceptibility to signal dispersion
under multipath conditions
– Multi-carrier narrowband system where the whole
system bandwidth is split into multiple smaller
subcarriers and transmit the data in parallel streams
simultaneously/independently
– Each subcarrier is modulated using varying
modulation orders, such as QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
depending on signal quality.
– OFDM symbols is generally much longer than
symbols on single carrier system of equivalent data
rate
 Orthogonality

The channel bandwidth is divided into multiple carriers to reduce ISI

• each symbol occupies the whole bandwidth
•Very short symbol duration to ensure high rate
 Add CP -> Reduce ISI

• Add a prefix to absorb channel effect and avoid ISI

• Cycle Prefix (CP) permits to assist demodulation
 Using CP Reduce ISI

∆f = 15KHz = 1/Tu after adding CP, the total symbol length Ts = Tu + Tg

 Effect of Cyclic Prefix (CP)
• CP increases the symbol time by copying part of the back of the
symbol in front of it
• The effect is to add a guard period at the beginning of each symbol
• When there is multipath, the delay component falls within the guard
period of the next symbol
• Since the guard period contains information that is thrown away, the
original symbol is left intact
• As long as the multipath components fall within the CP window, ISI
is avoided
Note: CP is a overhead adding the system so it impacts the overall throughput
• CP is too small, not overcome ISI
• CP is too large, it add significant overhead to the transmission
Frame Type 1 with Normal CP
 LTE Subcarrier

Only one DC subcarrier in the Bandwidth from 1.4 to 20 MHz

LTE Modulation - QPSK
LTE Modulation - 16QAM
LTE Modulation - 64QAM
Link Adaption and Robustness
Link Adaption and Robustness
OFDM Advantages/Disadvantages
• There are two truly remarkable OFDM
characters:
– Each OFDM is preceded by a Cyclic Prefix
(CP), which is used to effectively eliminate ISI
– The subcarriers are very tightly spaced to
make efficient use of available bandwidth,
without Inter-carrier Interference
• Two principle weaknesses relative to single
carrier system:
– Susceptibility to carrier frequency errors
• Local oscillator offset or Doppler shifts
– A larger signal-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
 Difference Between OFDM and OFDMA

• OFDM: users are assigned fractions of the total

subcarriers available for fractions of the available time
• OFDMA: users are allocated a specific # of subcarriers
(as PRB) for a predetermined amount of time. Allocation
of PRBs is handled by a scheduling function at eNodeB.
OFDMA
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
OFDMA and SC-FDMA
OFDMA Transmitter
OFDMA Receiver
Difference Between DL and UP
Benefit from SC-FDMA
OFDMA Specific Data for LTE
 LTE Parameters
Spectrum Allocation 5 MHz 10MHz 20MHz

Subcarrier spacing 15KHz 15KHz 15KHz

Number of Resource Blocks 25 50 100

IFFT/FFT Size 512 1024 2048

Number of Occupied Subcarriers (Include 301 601 1201

DC subcarreir)

Guard Subcarriers 211 423 847

4.515 9.015 18.015

Occupied Channel Bandwidth (MHz)

DL bandwidth Efficiency 90% 90% 90%

Sample Rate (MHz) 7.68 15.36 30.72

Sample per Slot 3840 7680 15360

OFDM Symbols/Subframe 7 Normal/6 (short/long CP)

CP Length (μs) 5.2 for 1st symbol/4.7 for other 6 following symbols
OFDMA Specific Data for LTE
LTE FDD Frame Structure
LTE FDD Frame Structure
Resource Block
Physical Resource Block
Resource Element Group (REG)
REG
 LTE Radio Channels Structure
Radio Channels
Radio Channels
 Logical Channel
Type of information it carries

• Control Channels
– Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
• Transmission of System information to all UEs in a cell
– Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
– Common Control Channel (CCCH)
• Transmission of control information in conjunction with random
access, ic. UE has no RRC connection
– Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
• For a specific UE which has RRC connection
– Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
• Traffic Channels
– Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
• User data transmission to/from a specific UE
– Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH)
Transport Channels
 Transport Channels
• Downlink
– Broadcast Channel (BCH)
• A fixed TF and used for transmission of MIB
– Paging Channel (PCH)
• Support discontinuous reception (DRX)
– Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
• Transmission of DL data
• Transmission of SIB, parts of BCCH
• Supports DRX
– Multicast Channel (MCH)
• Uplink
– Uplink Shared Channel (UP-SCH)
– Random Access Channels (RACH)
• Support PRACH
Transport Channel Mapping
From Transport to Physical
Channel
From Transport to Physical
Channel
Physical Channel

• Primary synchronization signal (pss)

• Secondary synchronization signal (sss)
• Reference signaling (RS)
• DM RS
• Sounding RS
LTE Channel Mapping
 DL Physical Channels
• Transport Channels:
– Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
– Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
– Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH)
• Control Channels:
– Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
– Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
– Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
• DL L1/L2 control signaling
 PDSCH
• Main data bearing channel
• PDSCH carriers data: Transport Blocks which
are MAC PDU passed from MAC layer to PHY
layer once per 1ms.
• QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM
• Minimum Physical Resource Block (PRB =
7x12x2 = 168 REs) is transmitted on PHY Layer
• PDSCH is also used to transmit broadcast
information not transmitted on the PBCH. Called
(SIBs and Paging messages)
 PBCH
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH):
• Only for Master Information Block (MIB)
• DL system bandwidth
• PHICH structure
• PBCH transmission is spread over four 10sm frames (0~3 subframes
In 40ms)
Control Channels

Control Channels occupy the first 1,2,or 3 OFDM

Symbols in the first subframe and extend
Over the entire bandwidth
 PDCCH
• Function of PDCCH:
– Carriers the resource assignment for UEs
– Downlink Control Information (DCI)
– Multiple PDCCHs can be transmitted on the
same sub-frame using Control Channel
Elements (CCE)
– QPSK modulation is used for the PDCCH
REG
 PDCCH Blind Detection
• How a UE search for the DCI?
– UE searches for possible resource allocations in the related
search space
• Search space:
– Indicate the set of CCE locations where the UE may find its
PDCCH
– Each PDCCH carrier one DCI and is identified by a RNTI, which
is implicitly encoded in CRC attachment of the DCI
– Two search space: UE is required to monitor both spaces
• Common search space
– DCIs for system information (SI-RNTI), Paging (P-RNTI), PRACH
response (RA-RNTI)
– Using aggregation level 4 and 8
• UE-specific search space
– DCI for UE-specific allocation using the UE’s assigned C-RNTI, semi-
persistent scheduling (SPS C-RNTI) or temporary C-RNTI
– Using all aggregation level (1,2,4,and 8)
 PDCCH Blind Detection Steps
• Receive DL subframe
• Decode PCFICH
• Decode PHICH
• Calculate REs for PDCCH = total REs in the first n(1,2,or 3) OFDM symbols
-> DL RS Res
– PDFICH REs
– PHICH Res
• De-interleaves PDCCH REs into CCEs and arrange the CCEs sequentially
• Controlled by RRC about which types of DCI messages to monitor
– Blindly search common search space first
– Blindly search UE-specific search space
• After each blind detection, UE checks the CRC with the corresponding
RNTI:
– If CRC succeeds, UE can derive the exact DCI format of the detected PDCHH
from the payload size and RNTI.
– Knowing the DCI format, UE can go ahead and put the payload
 PCFICH/PHICH
• PCFICH Functions:
– Carrier the control frame indicator (CFI)
• How many OFDM symbols used for control channel
transmission in each sub-frame (typically 1,2, or 3)
– QPSK
– 32 bits CFI is mapped to 16 Resource Elements
– Located at first OFDM symbol on DL frame
• PHICH Functions:
– Carrier HARQ ACK/NAK
• Indicate UE whether the eNB correctly received uplink user
data carriered on PUSCH
• BPSK
 DL Physical Signals
• DL Physical Signals:
– Synchronization Signal (SS)
• Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)
• Second Synchronization Signal (SSS)
– Reference Signal (or Symbol)
 Synchronization
• Access LTE service
– Cell search procedure to determine:
• LTE Network Timing – Synchronization
– Symbol timing acquisition
• Frequency parameters to demodulate downlink signals
– Carrier frequency synchronization
» Mitigate the effect of frequency errors resulting form Doppler shift
• Sampling clock synchronization
• Synchronization Signals:
– Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)
– Secondary Synchronization Signal
• UEs use PSS and SSS for
– Initial synchronization and
– Detecting neighbor cells in preparation for HO
 PSS and SSS
• UE can obtain following information:
– Cell identity
– Cyclic prefix length
– FDD or TDD
• SS are transmitted twice per 10ms frame
– PSS/SSS is located in the last FDMA symbol of 1st and 11th slot
of each frame.
– PSS/SSS is the same for any given cell in every sub-frame
– PSS uses a sequence as Zadoff-Chu
– SSS uses a sequence as M-Sequences
• LTE defines PSS/SSS occupy the center 6 RBs
– 62 subcarriers in total, with 31 sub-carriers mapped on each side
of the DC subcarrier (unused RE: 72 (6x12) – 62 = 10) so this
leaves 5 unused subcarriers at each extremity of the 6 center RB
PSS/SSS in Frame
PSS/SSS Location
 Downlink Reference Signals (RS)
• The DL reference signals consist of reference
symbols which are known symbols inserted
within the Resource Block (RB)
• RS can be used by UE for DL channel
estimation to enable coherent detection
• Three types of Reference Signals:
– Cell specific RSs (Up to 4)
– MBSFN RSs
– UE-specific RSs
• It is sent every sub-frame
 location of RS
Cell-specific reference signals
• Reference signal in a PRB
• In case of a single antenna
port (a single transmit antenna)
• Physical Cell Identity (PCI) 3 x
168 = 504 different PCIs

Used for
• Coherent demodulation in the
UE
• Channel-quality measurement
for scheduling
• Measurement for mobility
RS Location for 2 Antenna Ports -
DL
DL Control and User Symbols
location
 location of RS with Multiple
Antenna Ports

RS Configuration for 4 antenna ports

RSs in Frame Grid
Measurement Qualities on RS
UE Measurement Report
 UE Measurement Report

Channel State Information: CQI, PMI, RI

 Location of UE-Specific RS
UE-specific reference
signals
• Reference signal length
=BW of PDSCH (RBs)
• Used as a reference
demodulation in the UE
• Only transmitted on RBs
where the corresponding
PDSCH is mapped
• Antenna port 5
 UL Physical Channels
• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
– User bearers and control signals
• Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
– UL L1/L2 Signaling
• Physical Random Access Channels
(PRACH)
– UL transmission of the random access
preamble as given by the RACH
 Uplink Physical Signals (RS)
• Reference Signals (RS)
– Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) which are used to
enable coherent signal demodulation at the eNB
• DM-RS are time multiplexed with uplink data and are transmitted on
the fourth or third symbol in the slot for normal CP
– Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
• Estimate the channel quality of the uplink channel for different UEs
in order to be able to apply uplink proper scheduling
• Estimate the timing of UE transmissions and to derive timing-control
commands for uplink time alignment
– SRS is introduced as a wider band reference signal typically
transmitted in the last symbol of a 1ms sub-frame
– User data transmission is not allowed in this block, which results in
about 7% reduction in up link capacity
– SRS can be turned off at eNB
 UL Control Signals
Uplink L1/L2 control signaling consists of one or
more following pieces of information:
– HARQ ACK/NACK
• Response DL transmission
– CQI (Channel Quality Indicator)
• UE generates based on estimated DL reference signals and
SINR (like EVDO DRC)
– Scheduling Requests
• Use to request UL-SCH resources due not to have a valid
scheduling grant
– If UE doesn’t have a scheduled PUSCH grant (like Idle mode),
only PUCCH can be used for all control signals
– If UE does have a scheduled PUSCH grant (like RRC_CONN
mode), only PUSCH can be used for most of UL control signals
 PRACH
• UE sends random access preamble to
eNB in non-synchronization mode even
DL is synchronized through PBCCH
• Synchronize UE with eNB
– UL timing alignment or timing re-alignment for
UE in idle mode
• PRACH consists of 72 subcarriers (6 RBs)
• Four different Random Access (RA)
preamble formats
 Random Access Procedure
• Since the initial access attempt can’t be
scheduled by the eNB, RA procedure is by
definition contention based
• User data on the contention-based uplink
may be impacted due to retransmission
• Contention-solution is to separate the
transmission of the RA preamble. So
uplink synchronization must be obtained
from the transmission of user data
 Random Access Procedure
• Once RA preamble is transmitted, UE will
monitor the PDCCH for RA-RNTI (UE identity) in
the RA response window time (40ms?)
– If UE finds a its RA-RNTI, it monitors PDSCH for a RA
response message, containing (RAPID. Timing ).
After this, UE can transmit the RA message 3
– If no response has been received, UE will do
• Increases the transmitted power and tries again until it gets a
response
• Stop RA until it reaches the maximum allowed
retransmissions
– RA procedure failure will be indicated to the upper layers
 Non-Synchronization RA

UE obtains UL synchronization and is assigned resources for uplink

Transmission after 5 step
RA Signaling Flow
 RA Physical Resource
• PRACH location in 10ms frame
– 2nd sub-frame
– 72 subcarriers (1.08MHz)
RA preamble Format
 PUCCH
• Independently transmission of UL control
signaling:
– HARQ ACK/NACK
• PUCCH format 1A for no spatial multiplexing
• PUCCH formant 1B for spatial multiplexing with two
transport blocks per TTI
– Channel Quality Indicators (CQI)
• PUCCH format 2
– Scheduling request for UL transmission
• PUCCH format 1
• This channel transmits in a frequency region at
the edge of the system bandwidth
 PUCCH Format 1A/1B
• Format 1A supports a single ACK bit to be used for no
DL spatial multiplexing
• Format 1B supports two ACK bits for the case of DL-
SCH spatial multiplexing with two transport blocks per
TTI
• BPSK or QPSK
• Cyclic shift of the length-12 CAZAC sequence for 1A and
1B is further specified by an orthogonal cover sequence
which is applied to 3 reference symbols per slot
• Cyclic shift hopping and orthogonal cover hopping are
used in order to reduce ICI between PUCCH RBs
 PUCCH Format 1
• Scheduling Request Only
– UE requests to be scheduled
• No reference signals are transmitted
• Multiplexing of SR with CQI and/or ACK/NAK on
PUCCH
– CQI: Drop CQI when SR is transmitted
– When SR is positive, the ACK/NACK is transmitted
using the SR resourse
– When SR is negative, the ACK/NAVK is transmitted
using the ACK/NACK resource
 PUCCH Format 2
• Use for CQI reports
– QPSK
– Each QPSK symbol is multiplexed by a cyclically
shifted length-12 CAZAC sequence and transmitted in
one SC-FDMA symbol
• CQI from different UEs can be transmitted on
the same resource region by assigning different
cyclic shifts
• One cyclically shifted sequence carriers a single
CQI report
 PUCCH Control Region
• PUCCH consists of one RB per transmission at one end of the
system bandwidth following by a RB in the following slot at the
opposite end of the channel spectrum, like frequency hopping to
obtain frequency diversity gain, estimated about 2 dB
• A PUCCH control region comprises every two such RBs
• BPSK/QPSK

System Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 2.5 5 10 15 20

PUCCH Control Regions 1 2 4 8 12 16

Number of Resource Blocks 2 4 8 16 24 32

 PUCCH Allocation

GB
PUCCH (UE #2) PUCCH (UE #1)

PUCCH (UE #4) PUCCH (UE # 3)

PUCCH (UE #6) PUCCH (UE # 5)

PUCCH (UE #8) PUCCH (UE #7)

10MHz/180KHz = 55 RBs
: :

: :

50 RBs
: :

: :

PUCCH (UE #7) PUCCH (UE #8)

PUCCH (UE #5) PUCCH (UE #6)

PUCCH (UE #3) PUCCH (UE # 4)

PUCCH (UE #1) PUCCH (UE # 2)

5 MHz with 8 RBs

GB

10 MHz with 16 RBs

 PUSCH

– Carrier user data

– QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
– Adjacent data symbols are mapped to adjacent SC-
FDMA symbols in the time domain before being
mapped across subcarriers
– Possible to ‘bundle’ a group of 4 TTIs to improve
performance at cell edge and reduce higher layer
protocol overhead
• MAC PDU is segmented for transmission over multiple TTIs.
• Transmissions are allocated based on multiple RBs.
– Inter-slot frequency hopping is a option
• Frequency diversity gain
 Control Signals on PUSCH
• When UE is transmitting data on PUSCH, control
signaling can’t be simultaneously sent on PUCCH as this
would violate the single-carrier properties.
• Only HARQ and CQI are transmitted on PUSCH when
UE already is scheduled
 Control Signals on PUSCH
Normal CP:
 PUSCH and PUCCH Reporting
Modes
• Three reporting modes on PUSCH
– No spatial multiplexing mode
• Only CQI
– On PUCCH with format 2 if no PUSCH resource are scheduled
– On PUSCH if PUSCH resources are scheduled
– Open Loop multiplexing mode
• CQI, PMI, and RI with wideband report on PUSCH
– Close Loop multiplexing mode
• Only CQI and RI
Uplink Reference Signals (RS)
 Sounding Reference Signal
• SRS can be used for uplink demodulation reference
– SRS can be configured:
• A certain bandwidth (RBs)
• A certain period in time between SRS transmissions (such as 2, 5,
10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 subframes)
• A certain duration
• Can be turn off
UL Resource Block (SRS Off)
3GPP LTE Channel Mapping
Radio Protocol Stack Overview
 Protocol Functions
• C-plane (Control Plane)
– NAS function (L3)
• Network attachment
• Authentication
• Setting up bearer
• Mobility management
• All NAS messages are ciphered and integrity protected by
the MME and UE
• U-plane (User Plane)
• PDCP for RoHC
• RLC for format and transport user traffic between UE and
eNB
Radio Protocol Stack Overview
LTE Layer 2 Function Structure
 RRC Functions

– Setting and maintenance

radio bearers
– Handover decision control
– Perform paging
– Broadcasting system
information
– Control UE measurement:
CSI (CQI, PMI, and RI)
– Assign C-RNTI
– Protection NAS messages
RRC States
 PDCP Functions

• IP packet header is 20 octets

• PDCP packet header is 1 or 2 octets after ROHC
RLC Functions
MAC Functions
 MAC - Scheduler
• The scheduler in eNB determines dynamically
which UEs are supposed to receive data on the
DL-SCH and sent data on the UL-SCH based on
what resources it has
• Resources are composed of PRB and
Modulation Coding Scheme (MCS) which
determines the bit rate, the capacity of PRBs
• To select the adapted modulation and coding
rate, the scheduler needs measurement report
on DL and UL
 DL Scheduler
• Information needed
for the scheduler:
– Amount of data
– Radio resource
available
– Radio condition on DL
– CSI:
• CQI (channel quality
indicator)
• PMI (precoding matrix
indicator)
• RI (ranking indicator)
 UL Scheduler
• The mechanism is
similar as DL but:
– Measurements are
made by the eNB
– The eNB scheduler
controls the UE
transmission
Protocol States and Mobility
End Section

Q/A