Work, Energy and Power

Foundation Physics
Lecture 2.1
19 Jan 10

Work
v
A force F moves a body alongv a path s.
During that motion the force F is performing Work W

ds
α s
B

F
A Definition of work W
v v
Work dW = F • ds = F • ds • cos α
 Units of work W
• Units: 1 Nm=1 Joule (after J.P. Joule 1818-1889)
• (old units: 1cal = 4.187 J)
• W is a scalar quantity.
• During the whole path A → B work is being
done:
B r r B
W = ∫ dW = ∫ F ⋅ ds
A A

Force, motion and direction

Force and motion are in the same
direction d=2m.
Work is done on the box

If F = 25N, d=2m;
W=F.d=25N.2m = 50N.m=50J

The box is stationary. D=0m.

No Work is done on the box B

Force and motion are perpendicular. WAB

Finally d=0m.
No Work is done on the box

Work done along a closed path is zero W BA=-WAB

A
 Movement of a body

Mass m on a surface
against friction μg

r r
B
W = ∫ F ⋅ ds
A

= ∫ μ g ⋅ FN ⋅ ds
= μg ⋅ m ⋅ g ⋅ s v
This isv valid if F = const.
v
and F || s
Force Path

Work

a b
α .
W = FH . d
c
FH = F . cos α c/a = cos α
b/a = sin α
b/c = tan α

Work done on the gurney:

Don’t neglect friction in the real world
F=100N; d=5m, final speed 1 m/s, m guerny+patient = 80kg
 Lifting work up a slope (w.o. friction)

v
Fl = m ⋅ g ⋅ sin α
v v v
F = F|| ⇒ W = F|| ⋅ s

W = m ⋅ g ⋅ s ⋅ sin α = m ⋅ g ⋅ h
Lifting work depends only on the height h and not on the path

The block and tackle

Force is evenly distributed on n
segments.
F1
F2 =
n
No work is being saved. To lift
the load every segment of the
rope has to be shortened.

s2 = n ⋅ s1
F1
W2 = F2 ⋅ s2 = ⋅ n ⋅ s1 = F1 ⋅ s1 = W1
n
 Work to lift an object
v v
F = −mg = const.
v
F path
v
W = m⋅ g ⋅h
e.g. lift a mass m = 100 kg
to a height h=100m
W =100.9.8.100 J
= 9.8.104J = 98 kJ
= 23.4 kcal

Acceleration work

A body with mass m is accelerated to a speed v.

What work is necessary to do so?
r r
W = ∫ F ⋅ ds , ds = v ⋅ dt , F = m , (m = const.)
dv
dt
v
dv
W = ∫ m v ⋅ dt = m ∫ v ⋅ dv
dt 0
1 2 Acceleration work
W = mv
2
If v0≠0: W=1/2mv2-1/2mv02=1/2m(v-v0)2
 Acceleration work (rotation)
A body with inertia J is being accelerated to the angular velocity ω

W = ∫ F ⋅ ds
ds = R ⋅ dϕ ; dϕ = w ⋅ dt
ds = R ⋅ ω ⋅ dt
r
r M J dω
F = =
R R dt
r J dω
ω W = Jω 1 2
F =∫ R ⋅ ω ⋅ dt = J ∫ ω ⋅ dω 2
R dt 0
Acceleration work of a
rotational motion

Deformation work
Tension on a spring
Hooke’s law describes the
property of a spring
Spring force
Fsp=-D.x D: spring constant with units N/m
Deformation work on a spring
x x x
W = ∫ Fdx = − ∫ Fsp dx = D ∫ xdx
0 0 0

1 2 Work to put tension

W = Dx If the deformation at xo≠0:

2 on a spring: 1 1 1
W = Dx 2 − Dx0 = D x 2 − x0
2 2
2

2
(2
)
 Problems (work)
• How much work is done by the woman
pulling her son if she travels 25 m?

WH = ?

α = 30°

Next Lecture
• To Be Covered: Energy
ƒ Kinetic Energy
ƒ Potential Energy
ƒ Other forms of energy

• Reading: Chapter 4
ƒ Section 4.2
ƒ Section 4.3