Solution: 12-1. A Large Tank Contains Water That Has A Depth of 4 M

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12–1. A large tank contains water that has a depth of 4 m.

If the tank is on an elevator that is descending, determine
the speed of a wave created on its surface if the rate of
descent is (a) constant at 8 m>s, (b) accelerated at 4 m>s2,
(c) accelerated at 9.81 m>s2.
Solution mg
Water is considered to be incompressible.

Referring to the free-body diagram of the tank in Fig. a,
a
+ T ΣFy = may; mg - N = ma
N = m(g - a)
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Here, g′ = g - a and the speed of the wave can be determined using c = 2g′y
in
no W iss ea s
N
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
2
a.) For a = 0, g′ = g - 0 = 9.81 m>s . Then, (a)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
c = 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m) = 6.26 m>s
or in a uc y Ans.
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
b.) For a = 4 m>s2, g′ = g - 4 m>s2 = 5.81 m>s2. Then,

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
c = 2 ( 5.81 m>s2 ) (4 m) = 4.82 m>s Ans.

ity o g us d S
c.) For a = 9.81 m>s2, g′ = g - 9.81 m>s2 = 0. Then,

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
c = 20(4 m) = 0 Ans.
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
a) 6.26 m>s
b) 4.82 m>s
c) 0
1260
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
12–2. A river is 4 m deep and flows at an average speed of

2 m>s. If a stone is thrown into it, determine how fast the
waves will travel upstream and downstream.
Solution
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady.
The speed of the wave in still water is
c = 2gy
c = 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m) = 6.264 m>s
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Thus, applying the relative velocity equation with vw>r = c the speed of a wave
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
traveling upstream is
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
(vu)u = vr + vw>r
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
+ (vu)u = - 2 m>s + 6.264 m>s = 4.26 m>s Ans.
e lu nt ns co
S
th inc de f i es
and the speed of a wave traveling downstream is

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
(vu)d = vr + vw>r
te is ss th ite
+ (vu)d = 2 m>s + 6.264 m>s = 8.26 m>s Ans.

in f th se for Un
d
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
(vu)u = 4.26 m>s
(vu)d = 8.26 m>s
1261
12–3. A rectangular channel has a width of 2 m. If the flow

is 5 m3 >s, determine the Froude number when the water
depth is 0.5 m. At this depth, is the flow subcritical or
supercritical? Also, what is the critical speed of the flow?
Solution
The velocity of the flow is
Q 5 m3 >s
V = = = 5 m>s
A (2 m)(0.5 m)
. We or
Thus, the Froude number is
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
5 m>s
d th g. in t la
V
Fr = = = 2.26 Ans.
an on in rs h
2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.5 m)
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
Since the channel is rectangular and Fr 7 1, the flow is supercritical. The critical
er ld
e lu nt ns co
depth is
th inc de f i es
1 1
3 3
( 5 m3 >s ) 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
Q2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.8605 m
ity o g us d S
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
At critical flow, Fr = 1. Then,

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
V Vc
Fr = ; 1 =
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.8605 m)

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Vc = 2.91 m>s Ans.

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
Fr = 2.26
supercritical
Vc = 2.91 m>s
1262
*12–4. A rectangular channel has a width of 2 m. If the

flow is 5 m3 >s, determine the Froude number when the
water depth is 1.5 m. At this depth, is the flow subcritical or
supercritical? Also, what is the critical speed of the flow?
Solution
Q 5 m3 >s
V = = = 1.667 m>s
A (2 m)(1.5 m)
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
1.667 m>s
d th g. in t la
V
Fr = = = 0.434 Ans.
an on in rs h
2gy 29.81 m>s2(1.5 m)
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Since the channel is rectangular and Fr 6 1, the flow is subcritical. The critical
e lu nt ns co
depth is
th inc de f i es
1 1
of rk ( stu e o tat
3 3
Q2 ( 5 m3 >s ) 2
ity o g us d S
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.8605 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
At critical flow, Fr = 1. Then,

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
V Vc
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
Fr = ; 1 =
st ny s d s ec
2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.8605 m)

de f a rse de ot
Ans.
ill o u vi pr
Vc = 2.91 m>s
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1263
12–5. A rectangular channel transports water at 8 m3 >s.

The channel width is 3 m and the water depth is 2 m. Is the
flow subcritical or supercritical?
Solution
Q 8 m3 >s
V = = = 1.3333 m>s
A (3 m)(2 m)
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
1.3333 m>s
d th g. in t la
V
Fr = = = 0.3010
an on in rs h
2gy 29.81 m>s2(2 m)
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Since Fr 6 1, the flow is subcritical. Also, since the channel is rectangular, the
e lu nt ns co
critical depth is
th inc de f i es
1 1
of rk ( stu e o tat
3 3
Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2
ity o g us d S
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.898 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (3 m)2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Since y >yc, the flow is subcritical.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
subcritical
1264
12–6. Water flows with an average speed of 6 ft>s in a

rectangular channel having a width of 5 ft. If the depth of
the water is 2 ft, determine the specific energy and the
alternate depth that provides the same flow.
Solution
The flow is
Q = VA = ( 6 ft>s ) (5 ft)(2 ft) = 60 ft 3 >s
Since the channel is rectangular, the critical depth is
. We or
m W ina g
b)
1 1
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
3 3
( 60 ft3 >s ) 2
is e D t w
Q2
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.648 ft
gb ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (5 ft)2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
and the specific energy is or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Q2
th inc de f i es
E = + y
2gb2y2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
( 60 ft3 >s ) 2 2.2360

te is ss th ite
E = + y = + y (1)
in f th se for Un
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (5 ft)2y2 y2

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
For a depth of 2 ft, Eq. (1) gives

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
2.2360
de f a rse de ot
E = + 2 ft = 2.5590 ft = 2.56 ft Ans.

s
(2 ft)2
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Substituting this result into Eq. (1),

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
2.2360
2.5590 ft = + y
an his
y2
T
y3 - 2.5590y2 + 2.2360 = 0
Solving by trial and error,
y = 2.00 ft 7 yc (subcritical)
y = 1.37 ft 6 yc (supercritical) Ans.
y = - 0.814 ft (unrealistic)
Ans:
E = 2.56 ft
y = 1.37 ft
1265
12–7. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a speed

of 3 m>s and depth of 1.25 m. What other possible depth
of flow provides the same specific energy?
Solution
Using the continuity equation,
rV # dA = 0
0t L L
0
rd V +
cv cs
. We or
0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
- (3 m>s)(b)(1.25 m) = V(b)(y)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
3.75
V = a b m>s or in a uc y (1)
w d le tr p
y
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
The specific energy is

of rk ( stu e o tat
V2
ity o g us d S
E = + y (2)
2g
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
For a depth of y = 1.25 m

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
( 3 m>s ) 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
E = + 1.25 m = 1.7087 m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Substituting this result and Eq. (1) into Eq. (2),

w le co ro is
3.75 2
sa eir is p rk
a b
th d wo
y2
1.7087 m = + y2
an his
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
T
y3 - 1.7087y2 + 0.7167 = 0

y = 1.021 m = 1.02 m Ans.
y = 1.25 m
y = - 0.562 m (unrealistic)
At y = 1.25 m,
V 3 m>s
Fr = = = 0.8567 6 1 (subcritical)
2gy 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (1.25 m)
At y = 1.021 m, Eq. (1) gives
3.75
V = = 3.674 m>s
1.021
V 3.674 m>s
Fr = = = 1.161 7 1 (supercritical)
2gy 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (1.021 m)
Ans:
1.02 m
1266
*12–8. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a mean

speed of 6 m>s and depth of 4 m. What other possible
average velocity of flow provides the same specific energy?
Solution
Using the continuity equation,
rV # dA = 0
0t L L
0
rd V +
cv cs
. We or
0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
- ( 6 m>s ) (b)(4 m) = V(b)(y)
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
24
V = a b m>s or in a uc y (1)
w d le tr p
y
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
V2
ity o g us d S
E = + y (2)
2g
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
For a depth of y = 4 m
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
( 6 m>s ) 2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
E = + 4 m = 5.8349 m
st ny s d s ec
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
Substituting this result and Eq. (1) into Eq. (2),

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
24 2
th d wo
a b
y
an his
5.8349 m = + y
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
T
y3 - 5.8349y2 + 29.3578 = 0
y = 4m
y = 3.7777 m
At y = 3.7777 m, Eq. (1) gives
24
V = a b m>s = 6.353 m>s = 6.35 m>s Ans.
3.7777
and
V 6.353 m>s
Fr = = = 1.04 7 1 (supercritical)
2gy 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (3.7777 m)
At y = 4 m,
V 6 m>s
Fr = = = 0.958 6 1 (subcritical)
2gy 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)
1267
12–9. A rectangular channel having a width of 3 m is

required to transport 40 m3 >s of water. Determine the
critical depth and critical velocity of the flow. What is the
specific energy at the critical depth, and also when the depth
is 2 m?
Solution
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 40 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 2.6267 m = 2.63 m Ans.
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (3 m)2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
At critical flow,
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Vc
an on in rs h
Fr = = 1
k g rn to rig
2gyc or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Vc
= 1
th inc de f i es
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2.6267 m)

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Vc = 5.076 m>s = 5.08 m>s Ans.

te is ss th ite
Also, the specific energy is

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
Q2 ( 40 m3 >s ) 2
th t o a ly by
9.0610
E = + y = + y = + y (1)
y ar d le d
2gb2y2 2 ( 9.81 m>s ) (3 m) y

2 2 2 y2
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
At y = yc = 2.6267 m, Eq. (1) gives

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
9.0610
w le co ro is
E min = + 2.6267 m = 3.940 m = 3.94 m

sa eir is p rk
2.62672
th d wo
Also,
an his
e
T
3 3
Emin = y = (2.627 m) = 3.94 m
2 c 2
At y = 2 m, Eq. (1) gives
9.0610
E = + 2 m = 4.2652 m = 4.27 m Ans.
22
Ans:
yc = 2.63 m
Vc = 5.08 m>s
E min = 3.94 m
At y = 2 m, E = 4.27 m.
1268
12–10. The channel transports water at 8 m3 >s. If the

depth of flow is y = 1.5 m, determine if the flow is subcritical
or supercritical. What is the critical depth of flow? Compare
the specific energy of the flow with its minimum specific
energy.
y
2.5 m
Solution
Since the channel is rectangule, the critical depth is
1
3
1
3
Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.0144 m = 1.01 m Ans.
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2.5 m)2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Since y = 1.5 m 7 yc, the flow is subcritical.
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Also, the minimum specific energy is
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
3 3
e lu nt ns co
E min = yc = (1.0144 m) = 1.52 m Ans.

2 2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
The specific energy at y = 1.5 m is

ity o g us d S
Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2
te is ss th ite
E = + y = + 1.5 m = 1.73 m Ans.

in f th se for Un
2gb2y2 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2.5 m)2(1.5 m)2

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
yc = 1.01 m
E min = 1.52 m
At y = 1.5 m, E = 1.73 m.
1269
12–11. Water flows within the rectangular channel with a

flow of 8 m3 >s. Determine the two possible flow depths, and
identify the flow as supercritical or subcritical, if the specific
energy is 2 m. Also, plot the specific energy diagram. y
3m
Solution y (m)
E=y
Since the channel is rectangular, the critical depth is Q = 8 m3 s
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2 1.90
yc = ° ¢ = £ § = 0.8983 m subcritical
gb2
( 9.81 m>s2 ) (3 m)2 yc = 0.898
. We or
0.490 supercritical
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
E (m)
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
2
Also, the minimum specific energy is Emin = 1.35
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
3 3 or in a uc y (a)
E min = y = ( 0.8983 m ) = 1.347 m
w d le tr p
er ld
2 c 2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2
E = + y = + y = 2m
te is ss th ite
2 2
2gb y 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (3 m)2y2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
y3 - 2y2 + 0.3624 = 0
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
y = 1.90 m > yc (subcritical) Ans.

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
y = 0.490 m< yc (supercritical) Ans.

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
The specific energy diagram is shown in Fig. a.

T
Ans:
y = 1.90 m (subcritical)
y = 0.490 m (supercritical)
1270
*12–12. The rectangular channel transports water at

4 m3 >s. Determine the critical depth yc and plot the specific
energy diagram for the flow. Indicate y for E = 1.25 m.
y
2m
Solution y (m)
E=y
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 4 m3 >s ) 2 1.07
yc = ° ¢ = £ § = 0.7415 m = 0.742 m Ans. subcritical
gb2
( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2 yc = 0.742
. We or
0.533 supercritical
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
E (m)
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
1.25
3 3 Emin = 1.11
an on in rs h
Emin = yc = ( 0.7415 m ) = 1.112 m
k g rn to rig
2 2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
(a)
er ld
e lu nt ns co

th inc de f i es
Q2
of rk ( stu e o tat
E = + y
ity o g us d S
2gb2y2
te is ss th ite
( 4 m3 >s ) 2
in f th se for Un
1.25 m = + y
gr w in e
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y2

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
y3 - 1.25y2 + 0.2039 = 0
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
y = 1.07 m 7 yc (subcritical) Ans.

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
y = 0.533 m 6 yc (supercritical) Ans.

an his
T
1271
12–13. The rectangular channel transports water at 8 m3 >s.

Determine the critical depth yc and plot the specific energy
diagram for the flow. Indicate y for E = 2 m.
y
2m
Solution y (m)
E=y
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2 1.73
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.1771 m = 1.18 m Ans. yc = 1.18 subcritical
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2
. We or
0.838 supercritical
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
E (m)
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
2
Emin = 1.77
an on in rs h
3 3
k g rn to rig
E min = y = (0.1771 m) = 1.766 m
2 c 2 or in a uc y (a)
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Q2
ity o g us d S
E = + y
2gb2y2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
( 8 m3 >s ) 2
gr w in e
2m = + y
th t o a ly by
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y2

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y3 - 2y2 + 0.8155 = 0
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
T
Ans:
yc = 1.18 m
1272
12–14. Water flows within the rectangular channel such

that the flow is 4 m3 >s. Determine the critical depth of flow
and the minimum specific energy. If the specific energy is
8 m, what are the two possible flow depths? y
2m
Solution
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 4 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.7415 m = 0.742 m Ans.
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
3 3
k g rn to rig
E min = y = (0.7415 m) = 1.112 m = 1.11 m Ans.
2 c 2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Q2
ity o g us d S
E = + y
2gb2y2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
( 4 m3 >s ) 2
gr w in e
8m = + y
th t o a ly by
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y2

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y3 - 8y2 + 0.2039 = 0
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
T
Ans:
Emin = 1.11 m
yc = 0.742 m
1273
12–15. The rectangular channel transports water at a flow

of 8 m3 >s. Plot the specific energy diagram for the flow and
indicate y for E = 3 m.
y
1.5 m
y (m)
Solution E=y

1
3
1
3 2.82
Q2 ( 8 m3 >s ) 2 yc = 1.43 subcritical
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.4260 m
( 9.81 m>s2 ) (1.5 m)2
. We or
gb 0.814 supercritical
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
E (m)
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Also, the minimum specific energy is 3
d th g. in t la
Emin = 2.14
an on in rs h
3 3
k g rn to rig
Emin = yc = ( 1.4260 m ) = 2.14 m or in a uc y (a)
2 2
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Q2
ity o g us d S
E = + y
2gb2y2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
( 8 m3 >s ) 2
gr w in e
3m = + y
th t o a ly by
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (1.5 m)2y2

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y3 - 3y2 + 1.4498 = 0
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot

ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
e
T
Ans:
1274
*12–16. The rectangular channel passes through a

transition that causes its width to narrow to 1.5 m. If the flow 3m
is 5 m3 >s and yA = 3 m, determine the depth of flow at B. 1.5 m
A
B
yA
yB
Solution
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energy is
Q2
E = + y
2gb2y2
. We or
At section A, y = 3 m and b = 3 m. Then,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
( 5 m3 >s ) 2
d th g. in t la
E = + 3 m = 3.0157 m
an on in rs h
2 ( 9.81 m>s 2 ) (3 m)2(3 m)2
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
At section B, y = yB and b = 1.5 m. Then,
er ld
e lu nt ns co
( 5 m3 >s ) 2
th inc de f i es
3.0157 m = + yB
of rk ( stu e o tat
2 ( 9.81 m>s 2 ) (1.5 m)2yB2

ity o g us d S
yB3 - 3.0157 yB2 + 0.5663 = 0

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
yB = 2.95 m
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
yB = 0.472 m
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
yB = -0.407 m (unrealistic)

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Also, the critical depths at sections A and B are

th d wo
an his
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 5 m3 >s ) 2
T
(yc)A = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.6567 m
gbA ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (3 m)2
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 5 m3 >s ) 2
(yc)B = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.042 m
gbB ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (1.5 m)2
Since yA = 3 m 7 (yC)A, the flow at section A is subcritical. Since the type of

flow must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section B is also
subcritical. This requires yB 7 (yB)C.
yB = 2.95 m Ans.
1275
12–17. The rectangular channel has a transition that causes

its width to narrow to 1.5 m. If the flow is 5 m3 >s and 3m
yA = 5 m, determine the depth of flow at B. 1.5 m
A
B
yA
yB
Solution
Q2
E = + y
2gb2y2
. We or
At section A, y = 5 m and b = 3 m. Then,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
( 5 m3 >s ) 2
d th g. in t la
E = + 5 m = 5.0057 m
an on in rs h
2 ( 9.81 m>s 2 ) (3 m)2(5 m)2
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
At section B, y = yB and b = 1.5 m. Then,
er ld
e lu nt ns co
( 5 m3 >s ) 2
th inc de f i es
5.0057 m = + yB
of rk ( stu e o tat
2 ( 9.81 m>s 2 )( 1.5 m ) 2yB2

ity o g us d S
yB3 - 5.0057 yB2 + 0.5663 = 0

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
yB = 4.98 m
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
yB = 0.349 m
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
yB = - 0.326 m (unrealistic)

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
Also, the critical depths at sections A and B are

th d wo
an his
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 5 m3 >s ) 2
T
(yc)A = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.6567 m
gbA ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (3 m)2
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 5 m3 >s ) 2
(yc)B = ° ¢ = £ § = 1.042 m
gbB2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (1.5 m)2
Since yA = 5 m 7 (yC)A, the flow at section A is subcritical. Since the type of

subcritical. This requires yB 7 (yC)B.
yB = 4.98 m Ans.
Ans:
4.98 m
1276
12–18. The venturi is placed in the channel in order to 1.75 m

measure the volumetric flow. If the depth of flow at A is 1m
yA = 2.50 m and at the throat B is yB = 2.35 m, determine A
the flow through the channel. B
yA 2.50 m
yB 2.35 m
Solution
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energy at sections A and B is
Q2 Q2
EA = + yA = + 2.50 m
2gb 2
yA2 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (1.75 m)2(2.50 m)2
. We or
Q2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
+ 2.50
no W iss ea s
=
itt id tio
is e D t w
375.54
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Q2 Q2
an on in rs h
EB = + yB = + 2.35 m
k g rn to rig
2gb2
yB2 2 ( 9.81 m>s ) (1 m)2(2.35 m)2
2
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Q2
= + 2.35
th inc de f i es
108.35
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Since the head losses are neglected,

te is ss th ite
EA = EB
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Q2 Q2
+ 2.50 = + 2.35
y ar d le d
375.54 108.35
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Q = 4.779 m3 >s = 4.78 m3 >s

de f a rse de ot
Ans.
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
4.78 m3 >s
1277
12–19. Water flows at 25 ft 3 >s in the channel, which is

originally 6 ft wide and then gradually narrows to b2 = 4 ft. 6 ft
If the original depth of water is 3 ft, determine the depth y2
after it passes through the constriction. What width b2 will
produce critical flow y2 = yc? b2
3 ft
y2
Solution
Q2
E = + y
2gb2y2
. We or
At section (1), y = 3 ft and b = 6 ft . Then,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
( 25ft 3 >s ) 2
d th g. in t la
E = + 3 ft
an on in rs h
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (6 ft)2(3 ft)2
k g rn to rig
= 3.0300 ft
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
At section (2), y = y2 and b = 4 ft . Then

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
( 25ft3 >s ) 2
ity o g us d S
3.0300 ft = + y2
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2y22
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
y23 - 3.0300y22 + 0.6066 = 0

gr w in e
th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
For critical flow

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
y2 = 2.96 ft
w le co ro is
y2 = 0.489 ft
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
y2 = -0.419 ft
an his
Also, the critical depths at sections (1) and (2) are

T
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 25 ft3 >s ) 2
(yc)1 = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.8139 ft
gb1 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (6 ft)2
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 25 ft3 >s ) 2
(yc)2 = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.067 ft
gb2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2
Since y1 = 3 ft > ( yc ) 1, the flow at section (1) is subcritical. Since the type of flow
must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section (2) is also
subcritical. This requires y2 7 ( yc ) 2.
y2 = 2.96 ft Ans.
When the critical flow occurs,
3
E min = E = y
2 c
3
3.0300 ft = y
2 c
yc = 2.0200 ft
1278
12–19. Continued
Also, it requires that

Vc
Fr = = 1
2gyc
Vc = 2gyc = 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (2.0200 ft)
Vc = 8.0649 ft>s
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Thus,
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Q = VA; Q = Vcbcyc
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
25 ft 3 >s = ( 8.0649 ft>s ) (bc)(2.0200 ft)
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
bc = 1.53 ft Ans.
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
y2 = 2.96 ft
bc = 1.53 ft
1279
*12–20. The rectangular channel has a width of 8 ft and A

transports water at 30 ft 3 >s. If the depth of flow at A is 6 ft, B
determine how high h the channel bed should rise in order yC
to produce critical flow at B. 6 ft
h
Solution
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 30 ft3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.7587 ft
( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (8 ft)2
. We or
gb
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Also, the specific energies at sections A and B are
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Q2 ( 30 ft3 >s ) 2
k g rn to rig
EA = + yA = + 6 ft
or in a uc y
2gb2yA2 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (8 ft)2(6 ft)2
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
= 6.0061 ft
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Q2 ( 30 ft3 >s ) 2
ity o g us d S
EB = + yB = + 0.7587 ft
2gb2yB2 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (8 ft)2(0.7587 ft)2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
= 1.1380 ft
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Thus,
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
EA = EB + h
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
6.0061 ft = 1.1380 ft + h
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
h = 4.868 ft = 4.87 ft Ans.

th d wo
an his
e
T
1280
12–21. The channel is 2 m wide and transports water at

18 m3 >s. If the elevation of the bed is raised 0.25 m,
determine the new depth y2 of the water and the speed of 1.5 m y2
the flow. Is the new flow subcritical or supercritical?
0.25 m
Solution
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energies at sections (1) and (2) are
Q2
E1 = + y1
2gb2 y12
( 18 m3>s ) 2
= + 1.5 m = 3.3349 m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2(1.5 m)2
Q2 ( 18 m3>s ) 2
. We or
E2 = + y2 = + y2
m W ina g
2gb2y22 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y22
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
4.1284
= + y2
an on in rs h
y22
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
Thus,
e lu nt ns co
E1 = E2 + h
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
4.1284
ity o g us d S
3.3349 m = + y2 + 0.25 m
y22
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
y23 - 3.0849y22 + 4.1284 = 0

gr w in e
th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y2 = 2.3136 m
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
y2 = 1.7760 m
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
y2 = - 1.0047 m (unrealistic)

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Also, the critical depth is

an his
1 1
T
3 3
Q2 ( 18 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 2.021 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2
Since y1 = 1.5 m 6 yc, the flow at section (1) is supercritical. Since the type of
flow must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section (2) is also
supercritical. This requires y2 6 yc.
y2 = 1.7760 m = 1.78 m Ans.
The mean velocity at section (2) is
Q 18 m3 >s
V2 = ; = 5.07 m>s Ans.
A2 (2 m)(1.7760 m)
Ans:
supercritical
y2 = 1.78 m
V2 = 5.07 m>s
1281
12–22. The channel is 2 m wide and transports water at a

flow of 18 m3 >s. If the elevation of the bed is lowered by
0.1 m, determine the new depth y2 of the water.
1.25 m
y2
0.1 m
Solution
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energies at sections (1) and (2) are
Q2
E1 = + y1
2gb2y12
( 18 m3 >s ) 2
= + 1.25 m = 3.8922 m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2(1.25 m)2
Q2 ( 18 m3 >s ) 2
. We or
E2 = + y2 = + y2
m W ina g
2gb2y22 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y22
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
4.1284
= + y2
an on in rs h
y22
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
With h = -0.1 m
er ld
e lu nt ns co
E1 = E2 + h
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
4.1284
ity o g us d S
3.8922 m = + y2 + ( - 0.1 m)
y22
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
y23 - 3.9922y22 + 4.1284 = 0

gr w in e
th t o a ly by

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y2 = 1.22 m
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
y2 = 3.69 m
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
y2 = -0.917 m (unrealistic)

sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
e
T
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 18 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 2.021 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2
Since y1 = 1.25 m < yc, the flow at section (1) is supercritical. Since the type of
flow must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section (2) is also
supercritical. This requires y2 6 yc.
y2 = 1.22 m Ans.
Ans:
1.22 m
1282
12–23. Water flows at 18 ft 3 >s through the rectangular A

B
channel having a width of 4 ft. If the depth of flow yA = 4 ft,
yB
determine if the depth increases or decreases after the yA
water flows over the 0.25-ft rise. What is yB? 0.25 ft
Solution
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energies at sections A and B are
Q2
EA = + yA
2gb2yA2
( 18 ft3 >s ) 2
= + 4 ft
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2(4 ft)2
= 4.0197 ft
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Q2
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
EB = + yB
d th g. in t la
2gb2yB2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
( 18 ft3 >s ) 2 or in a uc y
= + yB
w d le tr p
er ld
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2yB2
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
0.3144
of rk ( stu e o tat
= + yB
yB2
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Thus,
in f th se for Un
EA = EB + h
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
0.3144
y ar d le d
4.0197 ft = + yB + 0.25 ft
ro p an o te
yB2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
yB3 - 3.7697yB2 + 0.3144 = 0

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
yB = 0.301 ft
an his
yB = 3.75 ft
T
yB = -0.279 ft (unrealistic)

1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 18 ft3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.8568 ft
gb ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2
Since yA = 4 ft 7 yc, the flow at section A is subcritical. Since the type of flow must
remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section B is also subcritical.
This requires yB 7 yc.
yB = 3.75 ft Ans.
Since yB 6 yA, the depth of the flow decreases after the rise.
Ans:
3.75 ft
decreases
1283
*12–24. Water flows at 18 ft 3 >s through the rectangular A

B
channel having a width of 4 ft. If the depth yA = 0.5 ft,
yB
determine if the depth yB increases or decreases after the yA
water flows over the 0.25-ft rise. What is yB? 0.25 ft
Solution
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energies at sections A and B are
Q2
EA = + yA
2gb2yA2
( 18 ft3 >s ) 2
= + 0.5 ft
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2(0.5 ft)2
= 1.7578 ft
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Q2
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
EB = + yB
d th g. in t la
2gb2yB2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
( 18 ft3 >s ) 2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
= + yB
er ld
e lu nt ns co
2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2yB2

th inc de f i es
0.3144
of rk ( stu e o tat
= + yB
ity o g us d S
yB2
te is ss th ite
Thus,
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
EA = EB + h
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
0.3144
ro p an o te
1.7578 ft = + yB + 0.25 ft
st ny s d s ec
yB2
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
yB3 - 1.5078yB2 + 0.3144 = 0

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
yB = 0.583 ft
T
yB = 1.33 ft
yB = -0.405 ft (unrealistic)
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 18 ft3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.8568 ft
gb ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (4 ft)2
Since yA = 0.5 ft 6 yc, the flow at section A is supercritical. Since the type of
supercritical. This requires yB 6 yc.
yB = 0.583 ft Ans.
Since yB 7 yA, the depth of the flow increases after the rise.
1284
12–25. Water flows within the 4-m-wide rectangular A B

channel at 20 m3 >s. Determine the depth of flow yB at the
downstream end and the velocity of flow at A and B. Take yB
yA
yA = 5 m.
0.2 m
Solution
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energy at section A is
Q2
EA = + yA
2gb2yA2
( 20 m3 >s ) 2
= + 5m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2(5 m)2
= 5.0510 m
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
The specific energy at section B is
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
EA = EB + h
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
5.0510 m = EB + 0.2 m or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
EB = 4.8510 m
th inc de f i es
Then,
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Q2
EB = + yB
te is ss th ite
2gb2yB2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
( 20 m3 >s ) 2
th t o a ly by
4.8510 m = + yB
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2yB2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
yB3 - 4.8510yB2 + 1.2742 = 0

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
yB = 4.7956 m
th d wo
yB = 0.5439 m
an his
yB = -0.4885 m (unrealistic)

T

1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 20 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.366 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2
Since yA = 5 m 7 yc, the flow at section A is subcritical. Since the type of flow must
remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section B is also subcritical.
This requires yB 7 yc.
yB = 4.7956 m = 4.80 m Ans.
The mean velocity at sections A and B is
Q 20 m3 >s
VA = = = 1 m>s Ans.
AA 4 m(5 m)
Q 20 m3 >s
VB = = = 1.04 m>s Ans.
AB 4 m(4.7956 m)
Ans:
yB = 4.80 m
VA = 1 m>s
VB = 1.04 m>s
1285
12–26. Water flows within the 4-m-wide rectangular A B

channel at 20 m3 >s. Determine the depth of flow yB at the
downstream end and the velocity of flow at A and B. Take yB
yA
yA = 0.5 m.
0.2 m
Solution
Since the channel is rectangular, the specific energy at section A is
Q2
EA = + yA
2gb2yA2
( 20 m3 >s ) 2
= + 0.5 m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2(0.5 m)2
= 5.5968 m
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
The specific energy at section B is
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
EA = EB + h
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
5.5968 m = EB + 0.2 m
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
EB = 5.3968 m
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Then,
of rk ( stu e o tat
Q2
ity o g us d S
EB = + yB
2gb2yB2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
( 20 m3 >s ) 2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
5.3968 m = + yB
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2yB2
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
yB3 - 5.3968 myB2 + 1.2742 = 0

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr

w le co ro is
yB = 0.5107 m
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
yB = 5.3524 m
an his
yB = - 0.4662 m (unrealistic)

T

1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 20 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 1.366 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m)2
Since yA = 0.5 m 6 yc, the flow at section A is supercritical. Since the type of flow
must remain the same throughout the channel, the flow at section B is also super-
critical. This requires yB 7 yc.
yB = 0.5107 m = 0.511 m Ans.
The mean velocity at sections A and B is
Q 20 m3 >s
VA = = = 10 m>s Ans.
AA 4 m(0.5 m)
Q 20 m3 >s
VB = = = 9.79 m>s Ans.
AB 4 m(0.5107 m)
Ans:
yB = 0.511 m
VA = 10 m>s
VB = 9.79 m>s
1286
12–27. The rectangular channel is 2 m wide, and the depth 0.5 m/s
of the water is 1.5 m as it flows with an average velocity of
0.5 m>s. Show that the flow is tranquil, and determine the
1.5 m y2
required height h of the bump so that the flow can change
to rapid flow after it passes over the bump. What is the new h
depth y2 for rapid flow?
Solution
Q = VA = ( 0.5 m>s ) (2 m)(1.5 m) = 1.5 m3 >s
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 1.5 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.386 m 6 1.5 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2
Flow is tranquil.
3 3
E min = y = (0.386 m) = 0.578 m
2 c 2
. We or
m W ina g
In general,
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
( 1.5 m3 >s ) 2
d th g. in t la
Q2
E = + y = + y
an on in rs h
2gb2y2 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y2
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
0.02867
er ld
e lu nt ns co
E = + y
y2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
At y = 1.5 m,
ity o g us d S
E = 1.5127 m
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
0.02867
1.5127 m = + y
gr w in e
y2
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
y3 - 1.5127y2 + 0.02867 = 0
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
y2 = 1.5 m 7 0.386 m (Tranquil)

s
ill o u vi pr
y2 = 0.145 m 6 0.386 (rapid) Ans.

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
y2 = - 0.132 m (unrealistic)
th d wo
an his
Bump must remove 1.5127 m - 0.578 m = 0.935 m of the specific energy.

T
Thus,
h = 0.935 m Ans.
Ans:
y2 = 0.145 m
h = 0.935 m
1287
*12–28. The rectangular channel is 2 m wide, and the 4 m/s

depth of the water is 0.75 m as it flows with an average
y2
velocity of 4 m>s. Show that the flow is rapid, and determine 0.75 m
the required height h of the bump so that the flow can h
change to tranquil flow after it passes over the bump. What
is the new depth y2 for tranquil flow?
Solution
Q = VA = ( 4 m>s ) (2 m)(0.75 m) = 6 m3 >s
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 6 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.97168 m 7 0.75 m
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2
Flow is rapid
3 3
E min = y = (0.97168 m) = 1.4575 m
2 c 2
. We or
In general,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
( 6 m3 >s ) 2
is e D t w
Q2
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
E = + y = + y
2 2
2gb y 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
0.45872 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
E = + y
e lu nt ns co
y2
th inc de f i es
At y = 0.75 m
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
E = 1.5655 m
te is ss th ite
0.45872
in f th se for Un
1.5655 m = + y
y2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
y3 - 1.5655y2 + 0.45872 = 0
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
y2 = 0.75 m 6 0.97168 m (rapid)

de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
y2 = 1.29 m 7 0.97168 m (tranquil) Ans.

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
y2 = -0.4742 m (unrealistic)
th d wo
Bump must remove 1.5655 m - 1.4575 m = 0.108 m of specific energy.

an his
e
T
Thus,
h = 108 mm Ans.
1288
12–29. The rectangular channel has a width of 3 ft, and the

depth of the water is originally 4 ft. If the flow is 50 ft3>s,
show that the upstream flow is tranquil, and determine the 4 ft y¿
y2
required depth of the water, y′, at the top of the bump so
that the downstream flow can be transformed to rapid flow.
What is the downstream depth?
Solution
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 50 ft3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 2.0509
gb ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (3 ft)2
Since 4 ft 7 2.0509 ft The flow is tranquil.

At the top of the bump the flow has the critical depth.
yc = 2.05 ft Ans.
In general
. We or
( 50 ft3 >s ) 2
m W ina g
Q2
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
E = + y = + y
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2gb2y2 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (3 ft)2y2
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
4.313
k g rn to rig
E = + y or in a uc y
y2
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
At depth 4 ft, E = 4.270 ft

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Thus,
ity o g us d S
4.313
4.270 ft = + y
te is ss th ite
y2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
y3 - 4.270y2 + 4.313 = 0
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y2 = 4 ft 7 2.0509 ft (Tranquil flow)

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
y2 = 1.18 ft 6 2.0509 ft (rapid flow) Ans.

s
ill o u vi pr
y2 = -0.912 ft (unrealistic)
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
The water surface profiles are

an his
e
T
4 ft 2.05 ft 4 ft Tranquil
4 ft 2.05 ft
Rapid
Ans:
yc = 2.05 ft
y2 = 1.18 ft
1289
12–30. The sluice gate is 5 ft wide. If the flow is 200 ft3>s, 5 ft
determine the depth of flow y2 and the type of flow
downstream from the gate. What is the maximum volumetric
flow of water that can pass through the gate?
y1 10 ft
y2
Solution
The critical depth of the flow further downstream from the gate is
2 2
(y2)c = y = (10 ft) = 6.667 ft
3 1 3
Thus,
Q2
y1 = + y2
2gb2y22
. We or
( 200ft3 >s ) 2
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
+ y2
in
no W iss ea s
10 ft =
itt id tio
is e D t w
2 ( 32.2ft>s2 ) (5ft)2y22
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
y23 - 10y22 + 24.845 = 0
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
y2 = 9.74 ft 7 (y2)c (subcritical)

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
y2 = 1.73 ft 6 (y2)c (supercritical)

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
y2 = -1.47 ft
in f th se for Un
The first root is the flow depth just before the gate, and the second root is the flow
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
depth further downstream from the gate. Thus,

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y2 = 1.73 ft Ans.
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
The maximum flow rate is

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
8 2 3
Q max = gb y1
sa eir is p rk
A 27
th d wo
8
an his
= ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (5 ft)2(10 ft)2

T
A 27
= 488 ft 3 >s Ans.
Ans:
y2 = 1.73 ft
Qmax = 488 ft 3 >s
1290
12–31. The sluice gate is 5  ft wide. Determine the 5 ft

volumetric flow of water through the gate if y2 = 2 ft. What
type of flow occurs?
y1 10 ft
y2
Solution
Q2
y1 = + y2
2gb2 y22
Q2
10 ft = + 2 ft
2 ( 32.2 ft>s ) (5 ft)2(2 ft)2
2
Q = 227 ft 3 >s Ans.
. We or
The critical depth of the flow further downstream from the gate is
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
2 2
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
y2 = y = (10 ft) = 6.667 ft
3 1 3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Since y2 = 2 ft 6 y2, the flow is supercritical. or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
Q = 227 ft 3 >s
supercritical
1291
*12–32. The 2-m-wide sluice gate is used to control the 2m

flow of water from a reservoir. If the depths y1 = 4 m and
y2 = 0.75 m, determine the volumetric flow through the gate
and the depth y3 just before the gate.
y1
y3
y2
Solution
Q2
y1 = + y2
2gb2y22
Q2
4m = + 0.75 m
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2(0.75 m)2
Q = 11.97 m3 >s = 12.0 m3 >s Ans.
. We or
Using this result,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Q2
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
y1 = + y3
2gb2y32
an on in rs h
( 11.978 m3 >s ) 2 k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
4m = + y3
e lu nt ns co
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y32

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
y33 - 4y32 + 1.828125 = 0

ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
y3 = 0.750 m
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y3 = 3.88 m
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
y3 = -0.628
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
The first root is the flow depth further downstream from the gate, and the second
s
ill o u vi pr
root is the flow depth just before the gate. Thus,

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
y3 = 3.88 m Ans.
th d wo
an his
e
T
1292
12–33. The 2-m-wide sluice gate is used to control the flow 2m

of water from a reservoir. If the flow is 10 m3>s and y1 = 4 m,
determine the depth y2, and depth y3 just before the gate.
y1
y3
y2
Solution
Q2
y1 = + y
2gb2y2
( 10 m3 >s ) 2
4m = + y
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y2
y3 - 4y2 + 1.2742 = 0
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
y = 3.917 m
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
y = 0.6134 m
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
y = - 0.5303 m (unrealistic) or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
The first root is the flow depth just before the gate, and the second root is the flow
th inc de f i es
depth further downstream from the gate. Thus,

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
y2 = 0.613 m Ans.
te is ss th ite
y3 = 3.92 m Ans.
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
y2 = 0.613 m
y3 = 3.92 m
1293
12–34. The sluice gate and channel both have a width of 2m

2 m. If the depth of flow at A is y1 = 3 m, determine the
volumetric flow through the channel as a function of depth
y2 and specify Q when the depth y2 is (a) 1 m, (b) 1.5 m.
y1
y3
y2
Solution
Q2
y1 = + y2
2gb2y22
Q2
3m = + y2
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y22
Q = c 278.48y22 ( 3 - y2 ) d m3 >s Ans.
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
a.) When y2 = 1 m,
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
Q = c 278.48 ( 12 ) (3 - 1) d = 12.5 m3 >s
an on in rs h
Ans.
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
b.) When y2 = 1.5 m,
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Q = c 278.48 ( 1.52 ) (3 - 1.5) d = 16.3 m3 >s Ans.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
Q = c 278.48y22 ( 3 - y2 ) d m3 >s
a) 12.5 m3 >s
b) 16.3 m3 >s
1294
12–35. Determine the hydraulic radius for each channel

cross section. 30 30
h
l
(a) (b)
Solution
a.) For the rectangular section, 30 30
A = bh p = 2h + b
l l
bh
Rh = Ans.
2h + b b
b.) For the triangular section,
(c)
1 1 1 23 23 2
A = 3 (2 l sin 30°)(l cos 30°) 4 = £ 2l a b ° l¢ § = l
2 2 2 2 4
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
P = 2l
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
23 2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
l
4 23 or in a uc y
Rh = = l Ans.
w d le tr p
er ld
2l 8
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
c.) For the trapezoidal section

of rk ( stu e o tat
1
ity o g us d S
A = 2c 3 (l sin 30°)(l cos 30°) 4 d + b(l cos 30°)

2
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
23 23 23 2 23 23
gr w in e
1
th t o a ly by
= l2 a b ° ¢ + bl = l + bl = l ( l + 2b )
2 2 2 4 2 4
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
P = 2l + b
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
23
w le co ro is
l (l + 2b)
23l (l + 2b)
sa eir is p rk
4
Rh = = Ans.
th d wo
2l + b 4 (2l + b)
an his
e
T
Ans:
bh
a) Rh =
2h + b
23
b) Rh = l
8
23l (l + 2b)
c) Rh =
4 (2l + b)
1295
*12–36. The channel has a triangular cross section.

Determine the critical depth y = yc in terms of u and the
flow Q.
u u
Solution
For a non-rectangular section, the condition for critical flow is
gAc3
= 1 (1)
Q2btop
From the geometry shown in Fig. a,
yc 2yc
btop = 2 a b =
tan u tan u
Then,
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
1 2yc yc2
in
no W iss ea s
1
itt id tio
is e D t w
btop yc = a byc =
t p or em ch
Ac =
d th g. in t la
2 2 tan u tan u
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Substituting these results into Eq. (1),
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
yc2 3
e lu nt ns co
ga b
tan u
th inc de f i es
= 1
of rk ( stu e o tat
2
2yc
Q a b
ity o g us d S
tan u
te is ss th ite
1
2Q2 tan2 u 5
in f th se for Un
yc = a b Ans.
gr w in e
g
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
btop
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
yc
an his
e
T
(a)
1296
12–37. A rectangular channel has a width of 2 m, is made

of unfinished concrete, and is inclined at a slope of 0.0014.
Determine the volumetric flow when the depth of flow of
the water is 1.5 m.
Solution
1
From the table, n = 0.014 s>m 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. Here,
A = (2 m)(1.5 m) = 3 m2
P = 2(1.5 m) + 2 m = 5 m
For SI units,
5 1
( 3 m2 ) 3 ( 0.0014 2 )
5 1
A3S02
Q = = = 5.70 m3 >s Ans.
. We or
2 1 2
nP 3 ( 0.014 s>m3 ) (5 m) 3
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
5.70 m3 >s
1297
12–38. The channel is made of wood and has a downward

slope of 0.0015. Determine the volumetric flow of water if
y = 2 ft.
y
3 ft
Solution
1
From the table, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for a wood surface. Here,
A = (3 ft)(2 ft) = 6 ft 2
P = 2(2 ft) + 3 ft = 7 ft
For FPS units,
5 1
1.486 ( 6 ft 2 ) 3 ( 0.0015 2 )
5 1
1.486A3S02
Q = = = 26.0 ft 3 >s Ans.
. We or
2 1 2
( 0.012 s>m3 ) (7 ft)3
m W ina g
nP 3
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
26.0 ft 3 >s
1298
12–39. The channel is made of wood and has a downward

slope of 0.0015. Determine the depth of flow y that will
produce the maximum volumetric flow using the least
amount of wood when it is flowing full of water, that is, y
when y = h. What is this volumetric flow?
3 ft
Solution
b 3 ft
The optimum cross-section for a rectangular channel is when y = = = 1.5 ft .
2 2
y = 1.5 ft Ans.
2
A = (3 ft)(1.5 ft) = 4.5 ft
P = 2(1.5 ft) + 3 ft = 6 ft
1
From the table, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for a wood surface. For FPS units,
. We or
m W ina g
5 1
1.486 ( 4.5 ft 2 ) 3 ( 0.0015 2 )
5 1
b)
ed e n
1.486A3S02
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
Q = = = 17.8 ft 3 >s Ans.
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
2 1 2
nP 3 ( 0.012 s>m3 ) (6 ft)3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
y = 1.5 ft
Q = 17.8 ft 3 >s
1299
*12–40. The drainage canal has a downward slope of 0.002. 4m

If its bottom and sides have weed growth, determine the
volumetric flow of water when the depth of flow is 2.5 m.
2.5 m
Solution
1
From the table, n = 0.030 s>m 3 for a weedy surface. Here,
A = (4 m)(2.5 m) = 10 m2
P = 2(2.5 m) + 4 m = 9 m
For SI units,
5 1
( 10 m2 ) 3 ( 0.002 2 )
5 1
A3S02
= 16.0 m3 >s
. We or
Q = 2
= 1 2
Ans.
( 0.030 s>m3 ) (9 m) 3
m W ina g
nP 3
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1300
12–41. The sewer pipe, made of unfinished concrete, is

required to carry water at 60 ft3>s when it is half full. If the
downward slope of the pipe is 0.0015, determine the
required internal radius of the pipe.
R
Solution
1
From the table, n = 0.014 s>ft 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. Here,
p
A = R2 P = pR
2
For FPS units,
5 1
1.486A3S02
Q = 2
nP 3
5
p 3 1
. We or
1.486 a R2 b a0.00152 b
m W ina g
2
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
60 ft 3 >s =
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
1 2
( 0.014 s>ft 3 ) (pR)3
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
R = 2.74 ft Ans.
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.74 ft
1301
12–42. A 3-ft-diameter unfinished-concrete drain pipe has

been designed to transport 80 ft3>s of water at a depth of
2.25 ft. Determine the required downward slope of the pipe.
Solution
From the geometry shown in Fig. a,

0.75 ft
u = cos-1a b = 60°
1.5 ft
Then,
p rad 4
a = 360° - 2u = 360° - 2(60°) = 240° a b = p rad
180° 3
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
The cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter are
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
R2 (1.5 ft)2 4 4
an on in rs h
A = (a - sin a) = c p rad - sin p d = 5.6867 ft 2
k g rn to rig
2 2 3 3 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
4
e lu nt ns co
P = aR = p(1.5 ft) = 2p ft
th inc de f i es
3
of rk ( stu e o tat
1
From the table, n = 0.014 s>ft 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. For FPS units,
ity o g us d S
5 1
1.486A3S02
te is ss th ite
Q =
in f th se for Un
2
nP 3
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
5 1
1.486 ( 5.6867 ft 2 ) 3S02
y ar d le d
80 ft 3 >s =
ro p an o te
1 2
( 0.014 s>ft 3 ) (2p ft)3
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
S0 = 0.0201 Ans.
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
0.75 ft
an his
1.5 ft
e
T
1.5 ft
(a)
Ans:
0.0201
1302
12–43. Water flows uniformly down the triangular channel

having a downward slope of 0.0083. If the walls are made
of finished concrete, determine the volumetric flow when
y = 1.5 m. 20 20
y
Solution
1
From the table, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for a finished concrete surface. Also, with
a = 90° - 20° = 70° and y = 1.5 m for the triangular channel,
y2 (1.5 m)2
A = = = 0.8189 m2
tan a tan 70°
2y 2(1.5 m)
P = = = 3.1925 m
sin a sin 70°
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
For SI units,
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
5 1
( 0.8189 m2 ) 3 ( 0.0083 2 )
5 1
A3S02
Q = = = 2.51 m3 >s Ans.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
2 1 2
nP 3 ( 0.012 s>m3 ) (3.1925 m)3
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
2.51 m3 >s
1303
*12–44. A rectangular channel has a downward slope of

0.006 and a width of 3 m. The depth of the water is 4 m. If
the volumetric flow through the channel is 30 m3>s,
determine the value of n in the Manning formula.
Solution
The cross-sectional area and wetted perimeter of the rectangular channel are
A = (3 m)(4 m) = 12 m2
P = 2(4 m) + 3 m = 11 m
For SI units,
5 1
A3S02
. We or
Q = 2
m W ina g
nP 3
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
5 1
( 12 m2 ) 3 ( 0.0062 )
d th g. in t la
3
30 m >s =
an on in rs h
2
n(11 m) 3
k g rn to rig
1 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
n = 0.0328 s>m 3 Ans.
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1304
12–45. The channel is made of unfinished concrete and has

the cross section shown. If the downward slope is 0.0008,
determine the flow of water through the channel when 3m
y = 4 m.
y
3m
Solution
3m 2m 3m
1
A = (8 m)(1 m) + (2 m)(3 m) = 14 m2
P = 2(1 m + 3 m + 3 m) + 2 m = 16 m
For SI units,
5 1
( 14 m2 ) 3 ( 0.0008 2 )
5 1
A3S02
Q = = = 25.9 m3 >s Ans.
. We or
2 1 2
( 0.014 s>m3 ) (16 m)3
m W ina g
nP 3
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
25.9 m3 >s
1305
12–46. The channel is made of unfinished concrete and has

the cross section shown. If the downward slope is 0.0008,
determine the flow of water through the channel when 3m
y = 6 m.
y
3m
3m 2m 3m
Solution
1
A = (8 m)(3 m) + (2 m)(3 m) = 30 m2
P = 2(3 m + 3 m + 3 m) + 2 m = 20 m
. We or
For SI units,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
5 1
( 30 m2 ) 3 ( 0.0008 2 )
5 1
itt id tio
is e D t w
A3S02
t p or em ch
= 79.4 m3 >s
d th g. in t la
Q = 2
= 1 2
Ans.
nP 3 ( 0.014 s>m3 ) (20 m)3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
79.4 m3 >s
1306
12–47. The channel has a triangular cross section and is

flowing full of water. Determine the volumetric flow if the
sides are made of wood and the downward slope is 0.002.
3 ft
50 50
Solution
1
From the table, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for a wood surface. Also, with a = 50° and y = 3 ft
for a triangular channel,
y2 (3 ft)2
A = = = 7.5519 ft 2
tan a tan 50°
. We or
2y 2(3 ft)
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
P = = = 7.8324 ft
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
sin a sin 50°
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
For FPS units,
k g rn to rig
1.486 A3S02
5 1 or in a uc y
5 1
1.486 ( 7.5519 ft 2 ) 3 ( 0.002 2 )
w d le tr p
er ld
= 40.8 ft 3 >s
e lu nt ns co
Q = 2
= 1 2
Ans.
nP 3 ( 0.012 s>m3 ) (7.8324 ft)3
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
40.8 ft 3 >s
1307
*12–48. The drainage pipe is made of unfinished concrete

and is sloped downward at 0.0025. Determine the volumetric
flow from the pipe if the center depth is y = 3 ft.
2 ft
y
Solution
2 ft
From the geometry shown in Fig. a, 1 ft
1
u = cos-1a b = 60° 2 ft
2
Then,
. We or
(a)
m W ina g
b)
p rad 4
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
a = 360° - 2u = 360° - 2(60°) = 240° a b = p rad
is e D t w
t p or em ch
180° 3
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Therefore,
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
( 2 ft ) 2 4
er ld
R2 4
e lu nt ns co
A = (a - sin a) = a p - sin pb = 10.110 ft 2

2 2 3 3
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
4 8
ity o g us d S
P = aR = p (2 ft) = p ft
3 3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
1
From the table, n = 0.014 s>m 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. For FPS units,
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
5 1
1.486 ( 10.110 ft 2 ) 3 ( 0.00252 )
5 1
1.486A3S02
y ar d le d
Q = = = 60.8 ft 3 >s Ans.

ro p an o te
2 2
st ny s d s ec
nP 3 81 3
( 0.014 s>m ) a p ft b
de f a rse de ot
3
3
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1308
12–49. The drainage pipe is made of unfinished concrete

and is sloped downward at 0.0025. Determine the volumetric
flow from the pipe if the center depth is y = 1 ft.
2 ft
y
Solution
From the geometry shown in Fig. a, 2 ft
1 1 ft
u = cos-1a b = 60°
2
1 ft
Then,
. We or
(a)
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
p rad 2
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
a = 2u = 2(60°) = 120° a b = p rad
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
180° 3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Therefore,
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
(2 ft)2 2
e lu nt ns co
R2 2
A = (a - sin a) = a p - sin pb = 2.4567 ft 2
th inc de f i es
2 2 3 3
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
2 4
P = aR = a pb(2 ft) = p ft
te is ss th ite
3 3
in f th se for Un
1
From the table, n = 0.014 s>m 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. For FPS units,
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
1.486A5>2S01>2 1.486 ( 2.4567 ft 2 ) 5>3 ( 0.00251>2 )

ro p an o te
Q = = = 9.14 ft 3 >s Ans.

st ny s d s ec
2>3 2>3
nP 14
de f a rse de ot
( 0.014 s>m ) a pb
3
s
ill o u vi pr
3
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
9.14 ft 3 >s
1309
12–50. The culvert carries water and is at a downward

slope S0. Determine the depth y that will produce the
maximum volumetric flow.
R
Solution
Assume that uniform steady flow occurs in the channel and water is incompressible. u y
The geometry of the cross-section is shown in Fig. a. From this geometry, the area
and wetted perimeter are
1 2 1
A = R (2u) - (2R sin u)(R cos u)
2 2
1 2
A = R2u - 3 R (2 sin u cos u) 4
2
1 2
A = R2u - R sin 2u (1)
2
P = R(2u) = 2Ru (2)
Manning’s equation, in the form of writing
. We or
kA5>3S01>2 A5 1>3 kS01>2 R
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Q = = a b a b
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
P2
is e D t w
nP 2>3 n
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
A5
Since k, S0 and n are constant, Q will be maximum if 2 is maximum. This requires
an on in rs h
y
k g rn to rig
A5 P
d a 2b or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
P
e lu nt ns co
= 0.
du
th inc de f i es
(a)
of rk ( stu e o tat
Here,
ity o g us d S
A5 dA dP
P2 1 5A4 2
te is ss th ite
da b - A5(2P)
P2 du du
in f th se for Un
= = 0
gr w in e
2 4
du P
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
dA dP
ro p an o te
5P2A4 - 2PA5 = 0
st ny s d s ec
du du
de f a rse de ot
dA dP
s
ill o u vi pr
PA4 a5P - 2A b = 0
du du
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
Since PA4 ≠ 0;
an his
dA dP
T
5P - 2A = 0 (3)
du du
Here
dA 1
= R2 - R2 (cos 2u)(2) = R2 (1 - cos 2u)
du 2
dP
= 2R
du
Substituting these results, Eqs. (1) and (2) into Eq. (3),
1 2
5(2Ru) 3 R2(1 - cos 2u) 4 - 2aR2u - R sin 2ub ( 2R ) = 0
2
2R3(3u - 5u cos 2u + sin 2u) = 0
Since 2R3 ≠ 0, then
3u - 5u cos 2u + sin 2u = 0
Solving numerically,
u = 2.6391 rad = 151.21°
1310
12–50. Continued
Finally
y = R - R cos u
= R - R cos 151.21°
= 1.8764 R
= 1.88 R Ans.
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
1.88R
1311
12–51. The culvert carries water and is at a downward

slope S0. Determine the depth y that will produce maximum
velocity for the flow.
u y
Solution
Assume that uniform steady flow occurs in the channel and water is incompressible.
The geometry of the flow cross-section is shown in Fig. a. From this geometry, the
flow area and wetted perimeter are
1 2 1
A = R (2u) - (2R sin u) (R cos u)
2 2
1 2
= R2u - 3 R (2 sin u cos u) 4
. We or
2 R
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
1 2
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
= R2u - R sin 2u
2
an on in rs h
y
k g rn to rig
P = R(2u) = 2Ru or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Referring to the Manning equation,

th inc de f i es
2 1
(a)
of rk ( stu e o tat
kRh 3S0 2
V =
ity o g us d S
n
te is ss th ite
Since k, S0 and n are constants, then V will be a maximum if Rn is maximum. This

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
dRn
th t o a ly by
requires = 0. Here,
du
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
1 2
R2u - R sin 2u
de f a rse de ot
A 2 R 1 sin 2u
s
ill o u vi pr
Rn = = = - R
P 2Ru 2 4
w le co ro is
u
sa eir is p rk
Then
th d wo
dRn u(cos 2u)(2) - sin 2u(1)

an his
1
e
= 0 - RJ R = 0
T
du 4 u2
R
- (2u cos 2u - sin 2u) = 0
4u 2
R
Since ≠ 0,
4u 2
2u cos 2u - sin 2u = 0
2u - tan 2u = 0

u = 2.2467 rad = 128.73°
Finally,
y = R - R cos u
= R - R cos 128.73°
= 1.6256 R
= 1.63 R Ans.
Ans:
1.63R
1312
*12–52. The channel is made of unfinished concrete and

has a downward slope of 0.003. Determine the volumetric 3
5 5
3
y
flow if the depth is y = 2 m. Is the flow subcritical or 4 4
supercritical?
3m
Solution
1
From the table, n = 0.014 s>m 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. Also, with
3
tan a = ,
4
3
. We or
sin a = , y = 2 m, and b = 3 m, then
m W ina g
5
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
y 2m
A = ya + bb = (2 m) c 3 + 3 m d = 11.333 m2
an on in rs h
tan a
k g rn to rig
4
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
2y 2(2 m)
e lu nt ns co
P = + b = 3
+ 3 m = 9.6667 m
sin a
th inc de f i es
5
of rk ( stu e o tat
For SI units,
ity o g us d S
5 1
( 11.333 m2 ) 3(0.003) 2
5 1
te is ss th ite
A3S02
Q = = = 49.30 m3 >s = 49.3 m3 >s Ans.
in f th se for Un
2 1 2
nP ( 0.014 s>m3 ) (9.6667 m)3
gr w in e
3
th t o a ly by
The mean velocity of the flow is

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Q 49.30 m3 >s
de f a rse de ot
V = = = 4.350 m>s
s
A 11.333 m2
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
V 4.350 m>s
an his
Fr = = = 0.9821
2gy 29.81 m>s2(2 m)
T
Since Fr 6 1, the flow is subcritical.
1313
12–53. The channel is made of unfinished concrete and

has a downward slope of 0.003. Determine the volumetric 3
5 5
3
y
flow if the depth is y = 3 m. Is the flow subcritical or 4 4
supercritical?
3m
Solution
1
3 3
tan a = , sin a = , y = 3 m, and b = 3 m, then
4 5
. We or
y 3m
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
A = ya + bb = (3 m) £ 3 + 3 m § = 21 m2
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
tan a
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
4
an on in rs h
2y 2(3 m)
k g rn to rig
P = + b = 3
+ 3 m = 13 m
sin a or in a uc y
w d le tr p
5
er ld
e lu nt ns co
For SI units,
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
A5>3S01>2 ( 21 m2 ) 5>3(0.003)1>2
ity o g us d S
Q = = = 113.11 m3 >s = 113 m3 >s Ans.

nP 2>3
1
( 0.014 s>m3 ) (13 m)2>3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
Q 113.11 m3 >s
y ar d le d
V = = = 5.386 m>s
ro p an o te
A 21 m2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
V 5.386 m>s
sa eir is p rk
Fr = = = 0.9929
th d wo
2gy 29.81 m>s2(3 m)

an his

T
Ans:
113 m3 >s
subcritical
1314
12–54. The channel is made of finished concrete and has a

trapezoidal cross section. If the average velocity of the flow
is to be 6 m>s when the water depth is 2 m, determine the 2 m 40 40
required slope.
3m
Solution
Water is considered to be incompressible.
1
The flow is steady.
From the table, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for a finished concrete surface. Also, with a = 40°,
y = 2 m, and b = 3 m, then
y 2m
A = ya + bb = (2 m) c + 3 m d = 10.767 m2
tan a tan 40°
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
2(2 m)
is e D t w
2y
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
P = + b = + 3 m = 9.2229 m
sin a sin 40°
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Then, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
A 10.767 m2
th inc de f i es
Rh = = = 1.1674 m
P 9.2229
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
Rh2>3S01>2
te is ss th ite
V =
n
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
(1.1674 m)2>3S01>2
6 m>s =
y ar d le d
1
ro p an o te
0.012 s>m 3
st ny s d s ec
S0 = 0.00422 Ans.
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.00422
1315
12–55. The channel is made of unfinished concrete. Its bed

has a drop in elevation of 2 ft for 1000 ft of horizontal
length. Determine the volumetric flow when the depth 45 y
45
y = 8 ft. Is the flow subcritical or supercritical?
10 ft
Solution
1
From the table, n = 0.014 s>m 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. Also with
a = 45°, y = 8 ft, and b = 10 ft,
y 8 ft
A = ya + bb = (8 ft) c + 10 ft d = 144 ft 2
. We or
tan a tan 45°
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2y 2(8 ft)
d th g. in t la
P = + b = + 10 ft = 32.627 ft
an on in rs h
sin a sin 45°
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
2 ft
er ld
e lu nt ns co
For FPS units, with S0 = = 0.002,

1000 ft
th inc de f i es
1.486 ( 144 ft 2 ) 5>3 1 0.002 1>2 2

of rk ( stu e o tat
1.486A5>3S01>2
ity o g us d S
Q = =
nP 2>3
1
( 0.014 s>m3 ) (32.627 ft)2>3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
= 1839.17 ft 3 >s = 1839 ft 3 >s Ans.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Q 1839.17 ft 3 >s
de f a rse de ot
V = = = 12.772 ft>s
s
ill o u vi pr
A 144 ft 2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk

th d wo
12.772 ft>s
an his
V
e
Fr = = = 0.7958
T
2gy 232.2 ft>s2(8 ft)

Ans:
1839 ft 3 >s
subcritical
1316
*12–56. The channel is made of unfinished concrete. Its

bed has a drop in elevation of 2 ft for 1000 ft of horizontal
length. Determine the volumetric flow when the depth 45 y
45
y = 4 ft. Is the flow subcritical or supercritical?
10 ft
Solution
1
a = 45°, y = 4 ft, and b = 10 ft, then
y 4 ft
A = ya + bb = (4 ft) c + 10 ft d = 56 ft 2
. We or
tan a tan 45°
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2y 2(4 ft)
d th g. in t la
P = + b = + 10 ft = 21.3137 ft
an on in rs h
sin a sin 45°
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
2 ft
er ld
e lu nt ns co
For FPS units with S0 = = 0.002,

1000 ft
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
1.486 ( 56 ft 2 ) 5>3 1 0.002 1>2 2

ity o g us d S
1.486A5>3S01>2
Q = =
te is ss th ite
nP 2>3
1
( 0.014 s>m3 ) (21.3137 ft)2>3
in f th se for Un
= 506.15 ft 3 >s = 506 ft 3 >s

gr w in e
Ans.
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Q 506.15 ft 3 >s
s
ill o u vi pr
V = = = 9.038 ft>s
w le co ro is
A 56 ft 2
sa eir is p rk
th d wo

an his
V 9.038 ft>s
T
Fr = = = 0.7964
2gy 232.2 ft>s2(4 ft)
1317
12–57. The bed of the channel drops 2 ft per 1000 ft of

horizontal length. If it is made of unfinished concrete, and
the depth of the water is y = 6 ft, determine the y
60 60
volumetric flow.
10 ft
Solution
1
a = 60°, y = 6 ft, and b = 10 ft, then
y 6 ft
A = ya + bb = (6 ft) c + 10 ft d = 80.7846 ft 2
. We or
tan a tan 60°
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2y 2(6 ft)
d th g. in t la
P = + b = + 10 ft = 23.8564 ft
an on in rs h
sin a sin 60°
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
2 ft
er ld
e lu nt ns co

1000 ft
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
1.486(80.7846)5>3 1 0.002 1>2 2

ity o g us d S
1.486A5>3S01>2
Q = =
te is ss th ite
nP 2>3
1
( 0.014 s>m3 ) (23.8564 ft)2>3
in f th se for Un
= 864.74 ft 3 >s = 865 ft 3 >s

gr w in e
Ans.
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
865 ft 3 >s
1318
12–58. The bed of the channel drops 2 ft per 1000 ft of

horizontal length. If it is made of unfinished concrete,
determine the depth of the water if the flow is Q = 800 ft3>s. y
60 60
10 ft
Solution
1
a = 60°, and b = 10 ft, then
y y
A = ya + bb = y a + 10 ft b = ( 0.5774y2 + 10y ) ft 2
. We or
tan a tan 60°
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2y 2y
d th g. in t la
P = + b = + 10 ft = (2.3094y + 10) ft
an on in rs h
sin a sin 60°
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
2 ft
er ld
e lu nt ns co

1000 ft
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
1.486A5>3S01>2
Q =
te is ss th ite
nP 2>3
in f th se for Un
1.486 ( 0.5774y2 + 10y ) 5>3(0.002)1>2

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
800 ft 3 >s = 1
( 0.014 s>m3 ) (2.3094y + 10)2>3
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
( 0.5774y2 + 10y ) 5>3

de f a rse de ot
= 168.533
s
(2.3094y + 10)2>3
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
y = 5.732 m = 5.73 m Ans.

an his
e
T
Ans:
5.73 m
1319
12–59. Determine the volumetric flow of water through

the channel if the depth of flow is y = 1.25 m and the
downward slope of the channel is 0.005. The sides of the 2 2 y
channel are finished concrete.
1 1
2m
Solution
Assume that uniform steady flow occurs in the channel, and water is incompressible.
The geometry of the cross-section is shown in Fig. a. For this geometry
a 1 1.25 m 2 1.25 m
= ; a = = 0.625 m 1
1.25 m 2 2
. We or
Thus, the area and the wetted perimeter are
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
a 2m a
d th g. in t la
1
A = 3 2 m + 2 m + 2(0.625 m) 4 (1.25 m) = 3.28125 m2
an on in rs h
2 (a)
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
P = 2 m + 22(1.25 m)2 + (0.625 m)2 = 4.7951 m
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
1
of rk ( stu e o tat
From the table, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for finished concrete. Applying Manning’s equation,
ity o g us d S
5 1
A3S02
te is ss th ite
Q = 2
in f th se for Un
nP 3
gr w in e
( 3.28125 m2 ) 3 1 0.0052 2
5 1
th t o a ly by
=
y ar d le d
1 2
( 0.012 s>m3 ) (4.7951 m)3
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
= 15.0 m3 >s
de f a rse de ot
Ans.
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
15.0 m3 >s
1320
*12–60. Determine the normal depth of water in the

channel if the flow is Q = 15 m3>s. The sides of the channel
are finished concrete, and the downward slope is 0.005. 2 2 y
1 1
2m
Solution
Assume that the uniform steady flow occurs in the channel and the water is
incompressible. The geometry of the cross-section is shown in the Fig. a. For this
geometry 2 y
1
a 1 1
= ; a = y
y 2 2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
a 2m a
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
(a)
an on in rs h
1 1 1
k g rn to rig
A = c 2 m + 2 m + 2 a yb d y = a y2 + 2yb m2
2 2 2 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
1 2
th inc de f i es
P = 2m + 2 y2 + a yb = ( 2 + 15y ) m
B 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
1
From the table, n = 0.012 s>m 3 for finished concrete. Applying Manning’s
te is ss th ite
equation,
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
5
1
y ar d le d
a y2 + 2yb 1 0.0052 2
3 1
ro p an o te
5 1
A S0 2
st ny s d s ec
3 2
Q = ; 15 m3 >s =
de f a rse de ot
2 1 2
nP 3 ( 0.012 s>m3 )( 2 + 15y ) 3
s
ill o u vi pr
5
w le co ro is
1 3
a y2 + 2yb
sa eir is p rk
2
th d wo
2
= 2.5456
( 2 + 15y ) 3
an his
e
T

y = 1.249 m = 1.25 m Ans.
1321
12–61. The channel is made of unfinished concrete. If it is

required to transport water at 400 ft3>s, determine the
2 2
critical depth y = yc and the critical slope. y
1 1
10 ft
Solution
Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a,
btop
a yc yc
= ; a = a a
1 2 2
b yc 25 √5 √5
= b = y 2 2 yc
2 c
. We or
25 2 b b
m W ina g
1 1
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Thus,
d th g. in t la
yc 10 ft
an on in rs h
btop = 2 a b + 10 ft = (yc + 10) ft
k g rn to rig
2 (a)
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
1 yc 1
Ac = 2c a byc d + 10yc = a yc2 + 10yc b ft 2
th inc de f i es
2 2 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
25
Pc = 2 ° yc ¢ + 10 = 25yc + 10
te is ss th ite
2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
The critical depth can be determined by satisfying,

th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
gAc3
ro p an o te
= 1
st ny s d s ec
Q2btop
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
3
1
w le co ro is
( 32.2 ft>s2 ) a yc2 + 10yc b

sa eir is p rk
2
th d wo
= 1
( 400 ft3 >s ) 2(yc + 10)
an his
3
1
T
a yc2 + 10yc b
2
= 4968.94
(yc + 10)
yc = 3.4605 ft = 3.46 ft Ans.
Using this result,

1
Ac = (3.4605 ft)2 + 10(3.4605 ft) = 40.59 ft 2
2
Pc = 25(3.4605 ft) + 10 = 17.74 ft
1
5 1
1.486A3S02
Q = 2
nP 3
5 1
3
1.486 ( 40.59 ft 2 ) 3Sc 2
400 ft >s = 1 2 Ans:
( 0.014 s>ft 3 ) (17.74 ft)3
yc = 3.46 ft
Sc = 0.002858 = 0.00286 Ans. Sc = 0.00286
1322
12–62. The channel is made of unfinished concrete. If it is

required to transport water at 400 ft3>s, determine its
2 2
downward slope when the depth of the water is 4 ft. Also, y
what is the critical slope for this depth and what is the 1 1
corresponding critical flow?
10 ft
Solution
Referring to the geometry shown in Fig. a,
btop
a 4 ft
= ; a = 2 ft a a
1 2
b 4 ft
= ; b = 225 ft
2 √5 √5
25 2 2 y = 4 ft
. We or
b b
m W ina g
1 1
b)
Thus,
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
btop = 2(2 ft) + 10 ft = 14 ft 10 ft
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y (a)
1
w d le tr p
er ld
A = 2c (2 ft)(4 ft) d + (10 ft)(4 ft) = 48 ft 2
e lu nt ns co
2
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
P = 2 1 225 ft 2 + 10 = 18.94 ft
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
1
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
5 1
1.486A3S02
th t o a ly by
Q =
y ar d le d
2
nP 3
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
5 1
1.486 ( 48 ft 2 ) 3S02
de f a rse de ot
400 ft 3 >s =
s
ill o u vi pr
1 2
( 0.014 s>ft 3 ) (18.94 ft)3
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
S0 = 0.001784 = 0.00178 Ans.

th d wo
an his
For yc = 4 ft, the corresponding flow rate can be determined by satisfying,

T
gAc3
= 1
Qc2btop
( 32.2 ft>s2 )( 48 ft2 ) 3
= 1
Qc2(14 ft)
Qc = 504.34 ft 3 >s = 504 ft 3 >s Ans.
For FPS units,

5 1
1.486A3S02
Q = 2
nPc 3
5 1
1.486 ( 48 ft 2 ) 3Sc 2
504.34 ft 3 >s = 1 2
( 0.014 s>ft 3 ) (18.94 ft)3
Sc = 0.002841 = 0.00284 Ans.
Ans:
S0 = 0.00178
Qc = 504 ft 3 >s
Sc = 0.00284
1323
12–63. The unfinished concrete channel is intended to

have a downward slope of 0.002 and sloping sides at 60°. If
the flow is estimated to be 100 m3>s, determine the base 4m
60 60
dimension b of the channel bottom.
Solution
1
a = 60° and y = 4 m, then
y 4m
A = ya + bb = (4 m)a + bb = (9.2376 + 4b) m2
tan a tan 60°
2y 2(4 m)
P = + b = + b = (9.2376 + b) m
. We or
sin a sin 60°
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
For SI units,
d th g. in t la
(9.2376 + 4b)3 1 0.002 2 2
5 1 5 1
an on in rs h
A3S02
k g rn to rig
Q = 2
= 1 2
= 100 m3 >s
or in a uc y
nP 3 ( 0.014 s>m3 ) (9.2376 + b)3
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
5
(9.2376 + 4b)3
th inc de f i es
= 31.305
of rk ( stu e o tat
2
(9.2376 + b)3
ity o g us d S

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
b = 3.08 m Ans.
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
3.08 m
1324
*12–64. A rectangular channel has a width of 2.5 m and is

made of unfinished concrete. If it is inclined downward at
a slope of 0.0014, what depth of water will produce a
discharge of 12 m3>s?
Solution
The cross-sectional area wetted perimeter of the rectangular channel are
A = (2.5 m)y = (2.5y) m2
P = (2y + 2.5) m
. We or
1
From the table, n = 0.014 s>m 3 for an unfinished concrete surface. For SI units,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
5 1
d th g. in t la
A3S02
Q =
an on in rs h
2
nP 3
k g rn to rig
(2.5y)3 1 0.00142 2
5 1 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
3
12 m >s = 1 2
( 0.014 s>m3 ) (2y + 2.5)3
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
5
y3
ity o g us d S
2
= 0.9750
(2y + 2.5)3
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y = 2.11 m Ans.
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1325
12–65. Determine the angle u of the channel so that it has

the best hydraulic triangular cross section that uses the
minimum amount of material for a given discharge.
u
l l
Solution
The cross-sectional area wetted perimeter of the triangular channel are
1 u u 1
A = 2c al sin bal cos b d = l 2 sin u
2 2 2 2
P = 2l
. We or
Expressing A in terms of P by eliminating l from the above two equations,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
P2
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
A = sin u (1)
8
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Taking Q is fixed, we rewrite or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
5 1
A3S02
th inc de f i es
Q =
of rk ( stu e o tat
2
nP 3
ity o g us d S
as
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
2
A = kP5
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Where k is constant. Substituing from Eq. (1),

ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
P2
de f a rse de ot
2
s
sin u = kP 5
ill o u vi pr
8
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
8k
th d wo
8
P5 =
sin u
an his
e
T
dP
Setting = 0 obtain the minimum value of P,
du
8 3 dP sin u(0) - cos u
P5 = 8kc d
5 du sin2 u
0 = cos u
u = 90° Ans.
Ans:
90°
1326
12–66. Determine the length of the sides a of the channel

in terms of its base b, so that the flow at full depth it
provides the best hydraulic cross section that uses the 120 120
minimum amount of material for a given discharge.
a a
Solution
The cross-sectional area and wetted perimeter of the trapezoidal channel written in
terms of flow depth y with a = 60° are
y y y2
A = ya + bb = y a + bb = + by
tan a tan 60° 23
2y 2y 4y
P = + b = + b = + b
. We or
sin a sin 60° 23
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Expressing A in terms of P by eliminating b from the above two equation,
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
A = Py - 23y2 (1)
k g rn to rig
1 or in a uc y
w d le tr p
5
er ld
2
A3S 0
e lu nt ns co
Taking Q as fixed, we rewrite Q = 2

th inc de f i es
nP 3
of rk ( stu e o tat
as
ity o g us d S
2
te is ss th ite
A = kP5
in f th se for Un
Where K is constant. Substituting from Eq. (1),

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
2
y ar d le d
Py - 23y2 = kP5
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
dP
Taking the derivative of both sides with respect to y and setting = 0 to obtain
de f a rse de ot
dy
s
ill o u vi pr
the minimum P,
w le co ro is
dP 2 3 dP
sa eir is p rk
P + y - 223y = kP - 5
th d wo
dy 5 dy
an his
P - 223y = 0
T
4y
However, P = + b. Then,
23
4y
+ b - 223y = 0
23
4y
223y - = b
23
23
y = b
2
But,
y
a =
sin 60°
Then,
23
b
2
a = = b
23
2
Ans:
a = b Ans. a = b
1327
12–67. Determine the angle u and the length l of its sides

so that the channel has the best hydraulic trapezoidal cross
section of base b.
u u
l l
b
Solution
The cross-sectional area and wetted perimeter of the trapezoidal channel written in
terms of flow depth y with a = u are
y y y2
A = ya + bb = ya + bb = + by
tan a tan u tan u
2y 2y
P = + b = + b
. We or
sin a sin u
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
Expressing A in terms of P by eliminating b from the above two equations,
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
y2 2y2
k g rn to rig
A = - + Py
tan u sin u or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Taking Q as fixed, we rewrite

th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
1
5
ity o g us d S
2
A3S 0
Q =
te is ss th ite
2
nP 3
in f th se for Un
as
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
2
y ar d le d
A = kP5
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
and so
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
y2 2y2 2
sa eir is p rk
- + Py = kP5 (1)
th d wo
tan u sin u
an his
We now minimize P with respect to both u and Y , beginning with u.

T
0P
Taking the partial derivative of both sides with respect to u and setting = 0 to
0u
obtain the minimum P,
y2 2y2cos u 0P 2 3 0P
- 2
+ 2
+ y = kP- 5
sin u sin u 0u 5 0u
2
y 2y2 cos u
- + = 0
sin2 u sin2 u
1
cos u =
2
u = 60° Ans.

2
Py - 23y2 = kP5 (2)
1328
12–67. Continued
0P
Taking the partial derivative of both sides with respect to y and setting = 0 to
0y
obtain the minimum P,
0P 2 -3 0P
P + y - 223y = kP 5
0y 5 0y
P - 223y = 0
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
2y 423
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
However, P = + b = y + b. Then,
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
sin 60° 3
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
423
y + b - 223y = 0 or in a uc y
3
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
23
y = b
of rk ( stu e o tat
2
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
However,
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
13
y ar d le d
¢ ≤b
ro p an o te
y 2
st ny s d s ec
l = = = b Ans.
sin 60°
de f a rse de ot
13
s
¢ ≤
ill o u vi pr
2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
u = 60°
l = b
1329
*12–68. Show that the width b = 2h(csc u - cot u) in

order to minimize the water perimeter for a given cross-
sectional area and angle u. At what angle u will the wetted h
perimeter be the smallest for a given cross-sectional area u u
and depth h?
b
Solution
Assume that the uniform steady flow occurs in the channel and water is
incompressible. The geometry of the cross-section is shown in Fig. a. For this
geometry
l l h
h
= tan u a = h cot u
a
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
a b a
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
1
t p or em ch
A = (b + b + 2h cot u)h = bh + h2 cot u (1)
d th g. in t la
2 (a)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
P = b + 2h csc u or in a uc y (2)
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
Using Eq. (1) to express b in term of h and A

of rk ( stu e o tat
A - h2 cot u
ity o g us d S
b =
h
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
A - h2 cot u
ro p an o te
P = + 2h csc u
st ny s d s ec
h
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
A
P = + h(2 csc u - cot u)
w le co ro is
h
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
To have minimum P for a given area (A = constant) and angle u (u = constant),

e
dP
T
we must set = 0.
dh
dP A
= - 2 + 2 csc u - cot u = 0
dh h
Substituing Eq. (1) into this equation
bh + h2 cot u
-a b + 2 csc u - cot u = 0
h2
b = 2h(csc u - cot u) (Q .E .D) (3)
To have minimum P, for a given area (A = constant) and depth (h = constant), we

dP
must set = 0
du
dP
= 0 + h 3 2( -csc u cot u) - ( - csc 2u ) 4 = 0
du
h ( csc 2u - 2 csc u cot u ) = 0
1330
*12–68. Continued
Since h ≠ 0. Then
csc 2u - 2 csc u cot u = 0
csc u(csc u - 2 cot u) = 0
Since csc u ≠ 0. Then
csc u - 2 cot u = 0
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
1 2 cos u
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
- = 0
sin u sin u
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
1 - 2 cos u or in a uc y
w d le tr p
= 0
er ld
e lu nt ns co
sin u
th inc de f i es
1 - 2 cos u = 0
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
1
cos u =
in f th se for Un
2
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
u = 60° Ans.
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
Substituting this result into Eq. (3)

ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
2 1 2
sa eir is p rk
b = 2h(csc 60° - cot 60°) = 2h a - b = h

th d wo
13 13 13
an his
The length of the sides is

T
2 2
l = h csc u = h csc 60° = h a b = h
13 13
This shows that the most efficient of all trapozoidal sections would be one with
three equal sides and 120° interior angles. Actually, it is a half hexagon which can be
inscribed in a semicricle, which is the most efficient among all the shapes.
1331
12–69. Show that when the depth of flow y = R, the

semicircular channel provides the best hydraulic cross
section. R
y
Solution
Referring to Fig. a, a = 2u. Then,
R R
R2 R2
A = (a - sin a) = (2u - sin 2u) R
2 2 y
P = aR = (2u)R = 2Ru
(a)
. We or
Expressing A in terms of P by eliminating R from the above two equations,
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
P2 2
t p or em ch
sin 2u
d th g. in t la
A = a - b
8 u u2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Then, or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
2
A = kP5
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
P2 2 sin 2u 2
a - b = kP5
te is ss th ite
8 u u2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
2 sin 2u
th t o a ly by
-8
- 2
= 8kP 5
y ar d le d
u u
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
dP
de f a rse de ot
Taking the derivative of both sides with respect to u and setting = 0 to obtain
s
ill o u vi pr
du
the minimum P,
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
2 2 cos 2u 2 sin 2u 64 -13 dP

th d wo
- 2
- 2
+ 3
= - kP 5
u u u 5 du
an his
e
T
1
(2 sin 2u - 2u cos 2u - 2u) = 0
u3
2 sin 2u - 2u cos 2u - 2u = 0
Solving by trial and error
u = 90°
when u = 90°,
y = R (Q.E.D)
1332
12–70. A rectangular channel is made of unfinished concrete,

and it has a width of 1.25 m and an upward slope of 0.01.
Determine the surface profile for the flow if it is 0.8 m3 >s and
the depth of the water at a specific location is 0.5 m. Sketch
this profile.
Solution
The critical depth is Type A2 profile
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 0.8 m3 >s ) 2 yc = 0.347 m
yc = ° 2
¢ = £ 2 2
§ = 0.3469 m y = 0.5 m
gb 9.81m>s (1.25 m)
Since y = 0.5 m > yc the flow is subcritical. Also, the channel has an adverse slope. 100
. We or
Referring to the table with these two conditions, the surface profile is of type A2.
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
Adverse slope
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
The plot of this profile is shown in Fig. a.
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
(a)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
A2
1333
12–71. A rectangular channel is made of finished concrete,

and it has a width of 1.25 m and an upward slope of 0.01.
Determine the surface profile for the flow if it is 0.8 m3 >s
and the depth of the water at a specific location is 0.2 m.
Sketch this profile.
Solution
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady. type A3

The critical depth is
yc = 0.347 m
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 0.8 m3 >s ) 2 1
yc = ° ¢ = £ § = 0.3469 m 100
gb2
9.81 m>s2 ( 1.25 m ) 2 y = 0.2 m
Adverse slope
. We or
Since y = 0.2 m < yc the flow is supercritical. Also, the channel has an adverse slope.
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
(a)
in
no W iss ea s
Referring to the table with these two conditions, the surface profile is of type A3.
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
The plot of this profile is shown in Fig. a.
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
A3
1334
*12–72. A rectangular channel is made of finished

concrete, and it has a width of 1.25 m and a downward slope
of 0.01. Determine the surface profile for the flow if it is
0.8 m3 >s and the depth of the water at a specific location is
0.6 m. Sketch this profile.
Solution
Type S1
1>3 1>3
Q2 ( 0.8 m3 >s ) 2 y = 0.6 m
yc = ° ¢ = £ § = 0.3469 m 1
gb2 9.81 m>s2 ( 1.25 m ) 2 yn = 0.245 m 100
. We or
yc = 0.347 m
Since y = 0.6 m 7 yc the flow is subcritical. For normal flow, the cross-sectional
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
area and wetted perimeter of the rectangular channel are
t p or em ch
Steep slope
d th g. in t la
2 (a)
an on in rs h
A = (1.25 m)yn = (1.25yn) m
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
P = ( 2yn + 1.25 ) m
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
From the table, n = 0.012 for a finished concrete surface. For SI units to determine
ity o g us d S
the normal depth,

te is ss th ite
A5>3S01>2
in f th se for Un
Q =
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
nP 2>3
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
( 1.25yn ) 5>3 ( 0.01 ) 1>2

st ny s d s ec
0.8 m3 >s =
de f a rse de ot
0.012 ( 2yn + 1.25 ) 2>3

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
yn5>3
sa eir is p rk
= 0.06618
th d wo
( 2yn + 1.25 ) 2>3

an his

T
yn = 0.2447 m
Using the result of yc,
Ac = (1.25 m)(0.3469 m) = 0.4337 m2
Pc = 2 ( 0.3469 m ) + 1.25 m = 1.9438 m
Thus,
Ac 0.4337 m2
( Rh ) c = = = 0.2231 m
Pc 1.9438 m
The critical channel slope can be determined using

n2gAc 0.0122 ( 9.81 m>s2 )( 0.4337 m2 )
Sc = = = 0.00362
btop ( Rh ) c4>3 1.25 m ( 0.2231 m ) 4>3
Here, y 7 yc 7 yn and S0 7 Sc (steep slope). Referring to the table with these two
conditions, the surface profile is of type S1. The plot of this profile is shown in Fig. a.
1335
12–73. A rectangular channel is made of finished concrete,

and it has a width of 1.25 m and a downward slope of 0.01.
Determine the surface profile for the flow if it is 0.8 m3 >s
and the depth of the water at a specific location is 0.3 m.
Sketch this profile.
Solution
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady. type S2

The critical depth is yc = 0.347 m
1 1
3 3 1
Q2 ( 0.8 m3 >s ) 2 y = 0.3 m 100
yn = 0.245 m
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.3469 m
gb 9.81 m>s2 ( 1.25 m ) 2
Steep slope
. We or
m W ina g
Since y = 0.3 m 6 yc the flow is supercritical. For normal flow, the cross-sectional (a)
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
area and wetted perimeter of the rectangular channel are
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
A = (1.25 m)yn = (1.25yn) m2
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
P = ( 2yn + 1.25 ) m
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
From the table, n = 0.012 for a finished concrete surface. For SI units to determine
ity o g us d S
the normal depth,

te is ss th ite
5 1
in f th se for Un
A3S02
Q =
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
2
nP 3
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
5 1
( 1.25yn ) 3 ( 0.01 ) 2
st ny s d s ec
3
0.8 m >s =
de f a rse de ot
2
0.012 ( 2yn + 1.25 ) 3
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
5
sa eir is p rk
yn3
= 0.06618
th d wo
2
( 2yn + 1.25 ) 3
an his

T
yn = 0.2447 m
Ac = (1.25 m)(0.3469 m) = 0.4337 m2
Pc = 2 ( 0.3469 m ) + 1.25 m = 1.9438 m
Thus,
Ac 0.4337 m2
( Rh ) c = = = 0.2231 m
Pc 1.9438 m

n2gAc 0.0122 ( 9.81 m>s2 )( 0.4337 m2 )
Sc = 4
= 4
= 0.00362
btop ( Rh ) c 3 1.25 m ( 0.2231 m ) 3
Here, yc 7 y 7 yn and S0 7 Sc (steep slope). Referring to the table with these two
conditions, the surface profile is of type S2. The plot of this profile is shown in Fig. a.
Ans:
S2
1336
12–74. Water flows at 4 m3 >s along a horizontal channel

made of unfinished concrete. If the channel has a width of
2 m, and the water depth at the control section A is 0.9 m,
approximate the depth at the section where x = 2 m from
the control section. Use increments of ∆y = 0.004 m and
plot the profile for 0.884 m … y … 0.9 m.
yC = 0.892 m
Solution yB = 0.896 m
yD = 0.888 m
A B C y = 0.884 m
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady. D E
1 E
2 3
The critical depth is yA = 0.9 m 4
1 1
3 3 x (m)
Q2 ( 4 m3 >s ) 2
yc = ° 2 ¢ = £ § = 0.7415 m 0 0.663 1.306 1.930 2.536
gb ( 9.81 m>s2 )( 2 m ) 2 (a)
. We or
Since yA = 0.9 m 7 yc the flow is subcritical. Also, the channel bed is horizontal.
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
Referring to the table with these two conditions, the surface profile is of type H 2 as
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
shown in Fig. a. Thus, the flow depth decreases as x increases. At the control section
A, yA = 0.9 m. Then,
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Q 4 m3 >s or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
VA = = 2.2222 m>s
e lu nt ns co
=
AA (2 m)(0.9 m)
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
AA (2 m)(0.9 m)
( Rh ) A = = 0.4737 m
ity o g us d S
=
PA 2(0.9 m) + 2 m
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Here, ∆y = 0.004 m is chosen. Then yB = 0.9 m - 0.004 m = 0.896 m. Thus, at

gr w in e
section B,
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
Q 4 m3 >s
ro p an o te
VB = = = 2.2321 m>s
st ny s d s ec
AB (2 m)(0.896 m)
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
AB (2 m)(0.896 m)
w le co ro is
( Rh ) B = = = 0.4726 m
sa eir is p rk
PB 2(0.896 m) + 2 m
th d wo
Then, the mean values for segment (1) between sections A and B are
an his
e
T
VA + VB 2.2222 m>s + 2.2321 m>s

Vm = = = 2.2272 m>s
2 2
( Rh ) A + ( Rh ) B 0.4737 m + 0.4726 m
( Rh ) m = = = 0.4731 m
2 2
n2Vm2 0.0142 ( 2.2272 m>s ) 2
Sm = 4
= 4
= 0.002637
( Rh )m3 ( 0.4731 m ) 3
( yB - yA ) + ( VB2 - VA2 ) >2g -0.004 m + 3 ( 2.2321 m>s ) 2 - ( 2.2222 m>s ) 2 4 > 3 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) 4
∆x = =
S0 - Sm 0 - 0.002637
= 0.6627 m
1337
12–74. Continued
Using the same procedure, the computation for the sections that follow are
tabulated below:
Section Segment y(m) V ( m>s ) Vm ( m>s ) Rh(m) (Rh)m(m) Sm ∆x(m) x(m)

A 0.9 2.2222 0.4737 0
1 2.2272 0.4731 0.002637 0.6627
B 0.896 2.2321 0.4726 0.6627
2 2.2371 0.4720 0.002669 0.6434
C 0.892 2.2422 0.4715 1.3061
. We or
m W ina g
3 2.2472 0.4709 0.002702 0.6242
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
D 0.888 2.2523 0.4703 1.9303
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
4 2.2573 0.4698 0.002735 0.6051
an on in rs h
E 0.884 2.2624 0.4692 2.5355
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Since the section x = 2 m is between sections D and E, its flow depth can be
th inc de f i es
determined by interpolation of the flow depth between these two sections.

of rk ( stu e o tat
0.884 m - 0.888 m
ity o g us d S
y = 0.888 m + a b(2 m - 1.9303 m)

2.5355 m - 1.9303 m
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
= 0.88745 m = 0.888 m Ans.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.888 m
1338
12–75. Water flows at 4 m3 >s along a horizontal channel

made of unfinished concrete. If the channel has a width of
2 m, and the water depth at the control section A is 0.9 m,
determine the approximate distance x from A to where the
depth is 0.8 m. Use increment of ∆y = 0.025 m and plot the
profile for 0.8 m … y … 0.9 m
Solution
yB = 0.875 m
1 1
3 3 yC = 0.85 m
Q 2 ( 4 m >s ) 3 2 yD = 0.825 m
yc = ° ¢ = £ § = 0.7415 m A B C
gb2
( 9.81 m>s2 )( 2 m ) 2 D yE = 0.8 m
E
Since yA = 0.9 m 7 yc the flow is subcritical. Also, the channel bed is horizontal. yA = 0.9 m
1 2 3 4
Referring to the table with these two conditions, the surface profile is of type H 2
. We or
x (m)
as shown in Fig. a. Thus, the flow depth decreases as x increases. At the control
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
0 3.823 6.917 9.313 11.041
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
section A, yA = 0.9 m. Then,
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
(a)
Q 4 m3 >s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
VA = = = 2.2222 m>s
AA (2 m)(0.9 m) or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
AA (2 m)(0.9 m)
th inc de f i es
( Rh ) A = = = 0.4737 m
of rk ( stu e o tat
PA 2(0.9 m) + 2 m
ity o g us d S
Here, ∆y = 0.025 m is chosen. Then yB = 0.9 m - 0.025 m = 0.875 m. Thus,

te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
Q 4 m3 >s
gr w in e
VB = = = 2.2857 m>s
th t o a ly by
AB (2 m)(0.875 m)
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
AB (2 m)(0.875 m)
st ny s d s ec
( Rh ) B = = = 0.4667 m
de f a rse de ot
PB 2(0.875 m) + 2 m
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
VA + VB 2.2222 m>s + 2.2857 m>s

an his
Vm = = = 2.2540 m>s
2 2
T
( Rh ) A + ( Rh ) B 0.4737 m + 0.4667 m
( Rh ) m = = = 0.4702 m
2 2
n2Vm2 0.0142 ( 2.2540 m>s ) 2

Sm = 4
= 4
= 0.002724
( Rh ) m3 ( 0.4702 m ) 3
( yB - yA ) + ( VB2 + VA2 ) >2g - 0.025 m + 3 ( 2.2857 m>s ) 2 - ( 2.2222 m>s ) 2 4 > 3 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) 4
∆x = =
S0 - Sm 0 - 0.002724
= 3.8229 m
1339
12–75. Continued
Using the same procedure, the computation for the sections that follow are tabulated
below:
Section Segment y(m) V ( m>s ) Vm ( m>s ) Rh(m) (Rh)m (m) Sm ∆x(m) x(m)
A 0.9 2.2222 0.4737 0
1 2.2540 0.4702 0.002724 3.8229
B 0.875 2.2857 0.4667 3.8229
2 2.3193 0.4631 0.002943 3.0941
C 0.850 2.3529 0.4595 6.9170
. We or
m W ina g
3 2.3886 0.4558 0.003188 2.3960
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
D 0.825 2.4242 0.4521 9.3129
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
4 2.4621 0.4482 0.003463 1.7284
an on in rs h
E 0.800 2.5 0.4444 11.0413
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Thus, the location of the section having a depth y = 0.8 m is

th inc de f i es
x = 11.0 m Ans.
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
11.0 m
1340
*12–76. Water flows at 12 m3 >s down a rectangular channel A

made of unfinished concrete. The channel has a width of 4 m
2m 2.4 m
and a downward slope of 0.008, and the water depth is 2 m at
the control section A. Determine the distance x from A to B
where the depth is 2.4 m. Use increment of ∆y = 0.1 m and x
plot the profile for 2 m … y … 2.4 m.
Solution
yB = 2.1 m y = 2.2 m y = 2.3 m
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady. C D
The critical depth is B C D E

A
1 1
3 3
Q2 ( 12 m3 >s ) 2 yA = 2 m yE = 2.4 m
yc = ° ¢ = £ § = 0.9717 m 1 2 3 4
gb2 9.81 m>s2(4 m)2
x (m)
. We or
Since yA = 2 m 7 yc, the flow is subcritical. For normal flow, the cross-sectional 0 11.776 23.662 35.638 47.688
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
area and the wetted perimeter of the rectangular channel are
itt id tio
(a)
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
A = (4 m)yn = ( 4yn ) m 2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
P = ( 2yn + 4 ) m
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
From the table, n = 0.014 for an unfinished concrete surface. For SI units to
ity o g us d S
determine the normal depth,

te is ss th ite
5 1
A3S02
in f th se for Un
Q = 2
gr w in e
nP 3
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
5 1
( 4yn ) 3 ( 0.008 ) 2
st ny s d s ec
3
12 m >s = 2
de f a rse de ot
0.014 ( 2yn + 4 ) 3
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
5
yn3
sa eir is p rk
= 0.18635
th d wo
2
( 2yn + 4 ) 3
an his

T
yn = 0.7183 m
Ac = (4 m)(0.9717 m) = 3.8867 m2
Pc = 2(0.9717 m) + 4 m = 5.9434 m
Thus,
Ac 3.8867 m2
( Rh ) c = = = 0.6540 m
Pc 5.9434 m

n2gAc 0.0142 ( 9.81 m>s2 )( 3.8867 m2 )
Sc = 4
= 4
= 0.003291
btop ( Rh ) c 3 4 m ( 0.6540 m ) 3
1341
12–76. Continued
Here, yA 7 yc 7 yn and S0 7 Sc (steep slope). Referring to the table with these two
conditions, the surface profile is of type S1. Thus, the flow depth increases with x. At
the control section A, yA = 2 m. Then,
Q 12 m3 >s
VA = = = 1.5 m>s
AA (4 m)(2 m)
AA (4 m)(2 m)
( Rh ) A = = = 1m
PA 2(2 m) + 4 m
Here, ∆y = 0.1 m is chosen. Then yB = 2 m + 0.1 m = 2.1 m. Thus,
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
12 m3 >s
is e D t w
Q
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
VB = = = 1.4286 m>s
AB (4 m)(2.1 m)
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
AB (4 m)(2.1 m) or in a uc y
( Rh ) B =
w d le tr p
= = 1.0244 m
er ld
e lu nt ns co
PB 2(2.1 m) + 4 m
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
VA + VB 1.5 m>s + 1.4286 m>s

te is ss th ite
Vm = = = 1.4643 m>s
2 2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
( Rh ) A + ( Rh ) B
th t o a ly by
1 m + 1.0244 m
( Rh ) m = = = 1.0122 m
y ar d le d
2 2
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
n2V 2m ( 0.0142 )( 1.4643 m>s ) 2

de f a rse de ot
Sm = =
ill o u vi pr
4 4
( Rh ) m 3 ( 1.0122 m ) 3 = 0.0004135
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
( yB - yA ) + ( VB2 - VA2 ) >2g

∆x =
an his
S0 - Sm
T
0.1 m + 3 ( 1.4286 m>s ) 2 - ( 1.5 m>s ) 2 4 > 3 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) 4

=
0.008 - 0.0004135
= 11.7760 m
below:
Section Segment y(m) V ( m>s ) Vm ( m>s ) Rh(m) (Rh)m (m) Sm ∆x(m) x(m)
A 2 1.5 1 0
1 1.4643 1.0122 0.0004135 11.7760
B 2.1 1.4286 1.0244 11.7760
2 1.3961 1.0360 0.0003644 11.8863
C 2.2 1.3636 1.0476 23.6623
3 1.3340 1.0587 0.0003232 11.9761
D 2.3 1.3043 1.0698 35.6384
4 1.2772 1.0803 0.0002884 12.0500
E 2.4 1.25 1.0909 47.6884
Thus, the location of the section having a depth of y = 2.4 m is

x = 47.7 m Ans.
1342
12–77. The unfinished concrete channel has a width of 4 ft 40 ft/s

and slopes upward at 0.0025. At control section A, the water A
depth is 4 ft and the average velocity is 40 ft>s. Determine the y
4 ft
depth of the water y, 40 ft downstream from A. Use increment B
of ∆y = 0.1 ft and plot the profile for 4 ft … y … 4.4 ft.
40 ft
Solution
yD = 4.3 ft
Water is considered to be incompressible. The flow is steady. yE = 4.1 ft yC = 4.2 ft
E
D
The flow rate is Q = VAA = ( 40 ft>s ) (4 ft)(4 ft) = 640 ft 3 >s . Thus, the critical A B C
depth is yE = 4.4 ft
1
3 yA = 4 ft 1 2 3 4
Q 2 1
3 ( 640 ft >s )
3 2
yc = a b = £ § = 9.2639 ft x (ft)
gb 2
( 32.2 ft>s2 )( 4 ft ) 2
0 11.38 22.51 33.39 44.03
. We or
Since yA = 4 ft 6 yc, the flow is supercritical. Also, the channel bed has an adverse
m W ina g
(a)
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
slope since it slopes upward. Referring to the table with these two conditions, the
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
surface profile is of type A3 as shown in Fig. a. Thus, the flow depth increases with x.
an on in rs h
At the control section A, yA = 4 ft . Then,
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
AA (4 ft)(4 ft)
er ld
e lu nt ns co
( Rh ) A = = = 1.3333 ft
PA 2(4 ft) + 4 ft
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
Here, ∆y = 0.1 ft is chosen. Then yB = 4 ft + 0.1 ft = 4.1 ft . Thus,

ity o g us d S
Q 640 ft 3 >s
te is ss th ite
VB = = = 39.0244 ft>s
in f th se for Un
AB (4 ft)(4.1ft)
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
AB (4 ft)(4.1ft)
y ar d le d
( Rh ) B = = = 1.3443 ft
ro p an o te
PB 2(4.1ft) + 4 ft
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
VA + VB 40 ft>s + 39.0244 ft>s

sa eir is p rk
Vm = = = 39.5122 ft>s
th d wo
2 2
an his
( Rh ) A + ( Rh ) B 1.3333 ft + 1.3443 ft
( Rh ) m =
T
= = 1.3388 ft
2 2
n2Vm2 0.0142 ( 39.5122 ft>s ) 2
Sm = 4 = 4
= 0.09391
k 2 ( Rh ) m 3 ( 1.486 ) 2 ( 1.3388 ft ) 3
(yB - yA) + ( VB2 - VA2 ) >2g 0.1 ft + 3 ( 39.0244 ft>s ) 2 - ( 40 ft>s ) 2 4 > 3 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) 4
∆x = =
So - Sm - 0.0025 - 0.207379
= 5.2276 ft
below:
Section Segment y(ft) V ( ft>s ) Vm ( ft>s ) Rh(ft) (Rh)m(ft) Sm ∆x(ft) x(ft)
A 4 40 1.3333 11.3797 0
1 39.5122 1.3388 0.09391
B 4.1 39.0244 1.3443 11.1292 11.3797
2 38.5598 1.3496 0.08849
C 4.2 38.0952 1.3548 10.8812 22.5090
3 37.6523 1.3600 0.08351
D 4.3 37.2093 1.3651 10.6354 33.3901
4 36.7865 1.3700 0.07894
E 4.4 36.7865 1.375 44.0255
1343
12–77. Continued
Since x = 20 ft is between sections D and E, its flow depth can be determined by

interpolation of the flow depth between these two sections.
4.4 ft - 4.3 ft
y = 4.3 ft + a b(40 ft - 33.3901 ft)
44.0255 ft - 33.3901 ft
= 4.3622 ft = 4.36 ft Ans.
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
4.36 ft
1344
12–78. Water flows under the partially opened sluice gate,

A
which is in a rectangular channel. If the water has the depth
shown, determine if a hydraulic jump forms, and if so, find
the depth yC at the downstream end of the jump.
6m C
B
yC
2m
Solution
Applying the energy equation between points A and B by neglecting the losses and
setting the datum at the channel bed,
pA VA2 pB VB2
+ + zA = + + zB
g 2g g 2g
VB2
. We or
0 + 0 + 6m = 0 + + 2m
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
2 ( 9.81 m>s2 )
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
VB = 8.8589 m>s
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
The Froude number at B is
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
VB 8.8589 m>s
(Fr)B = = = 2.00
of rk ( stu e o tat
2gyB 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)

ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
Since (Fr)B 7 1, the flow at section B is supercritical, which means that a hydraulic
in f th se for Un
jump can occur.

gr w in e
th t o a ly by
yC 1
= c 21 + 8(Fr)B2 - 1 d
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
yB 2
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
yC 1
s
ill o u vi pr
= c 21 + 8(2.00)2 - 1 d
2m 2
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
yC = 4.74 m Ans.
an his
e
T
Ans:
4.74 m
1345
12–79. The sill at A causes a hydraulic jump to form in the

channel. If the channel width is 1.5 m, determine the average 4m
upstream speed and downstream speed of the water. What 2.5 m A
amount of energy head is lost in the jump?
Solution
Here, the flow depths at sections (1) and (2) are y1 = 2.5 m and y2 = 4 m, respectively.
2V12 y2 2 y2
= a b +
gy1 y1 y1
2V12 4m 2 4m
= a b +
. We or
( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2.5m) 2.5 m 2.5 m
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
V1 = 7.1423 m>s = 7.14 m>s Ans.
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
Applying the continuity equation,
or in a uc y
r V # dA = 0
0f Lcv Lcs
0
w d le tr p
er ld
r dV +
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
( - 7.1423 m>s ) [1.5 m(2.5 m)] + V2[(1.5 m)(4 m)]

in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
V2 = 4.4639 m>s = 4.46 m>s Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
The energy loss during the jump can be determined from

st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
( y2 - y1 ) 3 (4 m - 2.5 m)3
s
ill o u vi pr
hL = =
w le co ro is
4y1y2 4(2.5 m)(4 m)

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
= 0.084375 m = 0.0844 m Ans.

an his
e
T
Ans:
V1 = 7.14 m>s
V2 = 4.46 m>s
hL = 0.0844 m
1346
*12–80. Water flows at 18 m3>s over the 4-m-wide spillway

of the dam. If the depth of the water at the bottom apron is
0.5 m, determine the depth y2 of the water after the
hydraulic jump. y2
0.5 m
Solution
The velocity of the flow at section (1) of depth y1 = 0.5 m is
Q 18 m3 >s
V1 = = = 9 m>s
A1 (4 m)(0.5 m)
Then, the Froude number of the flow at section (1) is
. We or
V1 9 m>s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
( Fr ) 1 =
in
= 4.0637
no W iss ea s
=
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2gy1 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.5 m)
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Since ( Fr ) 1 7 1, the flow at section (1) is supercritical, which means that a
k g rn to rig
hydraulic jump can occur. or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
y2 1
th inc de f i es
= c 21 + 8Fr 12 - 1 d
y1 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
y2 1
= c 21 + 8 ( 4.0637 ) 2 - 1 d
te is ss th ite
0.5 m 2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y2 = 2.63 m Ans.
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1347
12–81. Water runs from a sloping channel with a flow of

8 m3>s onto a horizontal channel, forming a hydraulic jump.
If the channel is 2 m wide, and the water is 0.25 m deep
0.25 m
before the jump, determine the depth of water after the
jump. What energy is lost during the jump? y2
Solution
The velocity of the flow at section (1) of depth y1 = 0.25 m is
Q 8 m3 >s
V1 = = = 16 m>s
A1 (2 m)(0.25 m)
. We or
V1 16 m>s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
( Fr ) 1 =
in
= 10.2168
no W iss ea s
=
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2gy1 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.25 m)
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Since (Fr)1 7 1, the flow at section (1) is supercritical, which means that a hydraulic
k g rn to rig
jump can occur. or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
y2 1
th inc de f i es
= c 21 + 8Fr 12 - 1 d
y1 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
y2 1
= c 21 + 8 ( 10.2168 ) 2 - 1 d
te is ss th ite
0.25 m 2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y2 = 3.4894 m = 3.49 m Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
( y2 - y1 ) 3 ( 3.4894 m - 0.25 m ) 3
st ny s d s ec
hL = =
de f a rse de ot
4y1y2 4(0.25 m)(3.4894 m)

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
= 9.7416 m = 9.74 m Ans.

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
y2 = 3.49 m
hL = 9.74 m
1348
12–82. The hydraulic jump has a depth of 5 m at the 1.25 m/s
downstream end, and the velocity is 1.25 m>s. If the channel
is 2 m wide, determine the depth y1 of the water before the
jump and the energy head lost during the jump. 5m
y1
Solution
rV # dA = 0
0t L L
0
r dV +
cv cs
0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
- V1 3 2 m ( y1 ) 4 + ( 1.25 m>s ) 3 (2 m)(5 m) 4 = 0
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
6.25
k g rn to rig
V1 = or in a uc y
y1
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
Thus,
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
2V12 y2 2 y2
ity o g us d S
= a b +
gy1 y1 y1
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
6.25 2
gr w in e
2a b
th t o a ly by
y1 5m 2 5m
= a b +
y ar d le d
( 9.81 m>s2 ) y1 y1 y1
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
5y12 + 25y1 - 7.9638 = 0

s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
Solving for the positive root,

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
y1 = 0.30049 m = 0.300 m Ans.

an his
e
T
Using this result, the energy head loss during the jump is
(y2 - y1)3 (5 m - 0.30049 m)3
hL = =
4y1y2 4(0.30049 m)(5 m)
= 17.27 m = 17.3 m Ans.
Ans:
y1 = 0.300 m
hL = 17.3 m
1349
12–83. Water flows at 30 ft3>s through the 4-ft-wide

rectangular channel. Determine if a hydraulic jump will y2
1 ft
form, and if so, determine the depth of flow y2 after the
jump and the energy head that is lost due to the jump.
Solution
The velocity of the flow at section (1) of depth y1 = 1 ft is
Q 30 ft 3 >s
V1 = = = 7.5 ft>s
A1 (4 ft)(1 ft)
. We or
V1 7.5 ft>s
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
(Fr)1 = = 1.3217
no W iss ea s
=
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
2gy1 2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (1 ft)
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
Since (Fr)1 7 1 the flow at section (1) is supercritical, which means that a hydraulic
k g rn to rig
jump can occur. or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
y2 1
th inc de f i es
= c 21 + 8(Fr)12 - 1 d
y1 2
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
y2 1
= c 21 + 8 ( 1.3217 ) 2 - 1 d
te is ss th ite
1 ft 2
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y2 = 1.4349 ft = 1.43 ft Ans.

y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
Using this result, the energy head loss during the jump is
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
(y2 - y1)3 (1.4349 ft - 1 ft)3

hL = =
w le co ro is
4y1y2 4(1 ft)(1.4349 ft)

sa eir is p rk
th d wo
= 0.01433 ft = 0.0143 ft Ans.

an his
e
T
Ans:
y2 = 1.43 ft
hL = 0.0143 ft
1350
*12–84. Water flows down the 3-m-wide spillway, and at

the bottom it has a depth of 0.4 m and attains a speed of
8 m>s. Determine if a hydraulic jump will form, and if so, y2
0.4 m
determine the speed of the flow and its depth after the jump.
Solution
The Froude number of the flow at section (1) where y1 = 0.4 m is
V1 8 m>s
(Fr)1 = = = 4.039 7 1
2gy1 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (0.4 m)
Since (Fr)1 7 1, the flow at section (1) is supercritical, which means that a hydraulic
jump can occur.
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
y2
is e D t w
1
t p or em ch
= c 21 + 8(Fr)12 - 1 d
d th g. in t la
y1 2
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
y2 1 or in a uc y
= c 21 + 8 ( 4.039 ) 2 - 1 d
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
0.4 m 2
th inc de f i es
y2 = 2.0933 m = 2.09 m Ans.

of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite

in f th se for Un
r V # dA = 0
0t Lcv Lcs
0
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
rdV +
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
0 - V1A1 + V2A2 = 0
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
- ( 8 m>s ) [(3 m)(0.4 m)] + V2[(3 m)(2.0933 m)] = 0

w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
V2 = 1.5287 m>s = 1.53 m Ans.

an his
e
T
1351
12–85. The rectangular channel has a width of 3 m and

the depth of flow is 1.5 m. Determine the volumetric flow 3m
of water over the rectangular sharp-crested weir. Take
Cd = 0.83.
1m
1.5 m
Solution
2 3
Qactual = C 22g bH2
3 d
2 3
= (0.83) 22 ( 9.81m>s2 ) (3m)(1m)2
3
= 7.35 m3 >s Ans.
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
7.35 m3 >s
1352
12–86. The rectangular channel is fitted with a 90°

triangular weir plate. If the upstream depth of the water
within the channel is 2 m, and the bottom of the weir plate is
1.5 m from the bottom of the channel, determine the
volumetric flow of water over the weir. Take Cd = 0.61. 90
2m
1.5 m
Solution

8 5 u
Qactual = C 22gH2 tan
15 d 2
8 5 90°
= a b(0.61) 22 ( 9.81m>s2 ) (0.5m)2 tana b
15 2
. We or
m W ina g
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
= 0.2547 m3 >s = 0.255 m3 >s Ans.
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
0.255 m3 >s
1353
12–87. The flow of water over the broad-crested weir is

15 m3>s. If the weir and the channel have a width of 3 m, y
determine the depth of water y within the channel. Take 1m
Cw = 0.80.
Solution
3
2 2
Qactual = Cwb1g a Hb
3
3
2 2
15 m3 >s = 0.8(3m) 2 ( 9.81m>s2 ) c (y - 1) d
3
. We or
m W ina g
y = 3.3775 m = 3.38 m Ans.
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
Ans:
3.38 m
1354
*12–88. Determine the volumetric flow of water over the

broad-crested weir if it is in a channel having a width of 5 ft.
Take Cw = 0.95.
6 ft
3 ft
Solution
3
2 2
Q = Cwb2g a Hb
3
3
2 2
= 0.95(5ft) 232.2ft>s2 c (3ft) d
3
. We or
m W ina g
= 76.24 ft 3 >s = 76.2 ft 3 >s Ans.
b)
ed e n
in
no W iss ea s
itt id tio
is e D t w
t p or em ch
d th g. in t la
an on in rs h
k g rn to rig
or in a uc y
w d le tr p
er ld
e lu nt ns co
th inc de f i es
of rk ( stu e o tat
ity o g us d S
te is ss th ite
in f th se for Un
gr w in e
th t o a ly by
y ar d le d
ro p an o te
st ny s d s ec
de f a rse de ot
s
ill o u vi pr
w le co ro is
sa eir is p rk
th d wo
an his
e
T
1355

Solution: 12-1. A Large Tank Contains Water That Has A Depth of 4 M

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Solution: 12-1. A Large Tank Contains Water That Has A Depth of 4 M

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12–1. A large tank contains water that has a depth of 4 m.

Water is considered to be incompressible.

b.) For a = 4 m>s2, g′ = g - 4 m>s2 = 5.81 m>s2. Then,

c = 2 ( 5.81 m>s2 ) (4 m) = 4.82 m>s Ans.

c.) For a = 9.81 m>s2, g′ = g - 9.81 m>s2 = 0. Then,

12–2. A river is 4 m deep and flows at an average speed of

c = 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (4 m) = 6.264 m>s

and the speed of a wave traveling downstream is

+ (vu)d = 2 m>s + 6.264 m>s = 8.26 m>s Ans.

12–3. A rectangular channel has a width of 2 m. If the flow

gb ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2

At critical flow, Fr = 1. Then,

2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.8605 m)

Vc = 2.91 m>s Ans.

*12–4. A rectangular channel has a width of 2 m. If the

At critical flow, Fr = 1. Then,

2gy 29.81 m>s2(0.8605 m)

12–5. A rectangular channel transports water at 8 m3 >s.

Since y >yc, the flow is subcritical.

12–6. Water flows with an average speed of 6 ft>s in a

Q = VA = ( 6 ft>s ) (5 ft)(2 ft) = 60 ft 3 >s

Since the channel is rectangular, the critical depth is

( 60 ft3 >s ) 2 2.2360

2 ( 32.2 ft>s2 ) (5 ft)2y2 y2

For a depth of 2 ft, Eq. (1) gives

E = + 2 ft = 2.5590 ft = 2.56 ft Ans.

Substituting this result into Eq. (1),

12–7. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a speed

The specific energy is

For a depth of y = 1.25 m

Substituting this result and Eq. (1) into Eq. (2),

Solving by trial and error,

*12–8. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a mean

The specific energy is

Substituting this result and Eq. (1) into Eq. (2),

At y = 3.7777 m, Eq. (1) gives

12–9. A rectangular channel having a width of 3 m is

2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2.6267 m)

Vc = 5.076 m>s = 5.08 m>s Ans.

Also, the specific energy is

2gb2y2 2 ( 9.81 m>s ) (3 m) y

At y = yc = 2.6267 m, Eq. (1) gives

E min = + 2.6267 m = 3.940 m = 3.94 m

At y = 2 m, Eq. (1) gives

12–10. The channel transports water at 8 m3 >s. If the

E min = yc = (1.0144 m) = 1.52 m Ans.

The specific energy at y = 1.5 m is

E = + y = + 1.5 m = 1.73 m Ans.

2gb2y2 2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2.5 m)2(1.5 m)2

12–11. Water flows within the rectangular channel with a

The specific energy is

Solving by trial and error,

y = 1.90 m > yc (subcritical) Ans.

y = 0.490 m< yc (supercritical) Ans.

The specific energy diagram is shown in Fig. a.

*12–12. The rectangular channel transports water at

The specific energy is

2 ( 9.81 m>s2 ) (2 m)2y2

Solving by trial and error,

y = 1.07 m 7 yc (subcritical) Ans.

y = 0.533 m 6 yc (supercritical) Ans.

12–2. A river is 4 m deep and flows at an average speed of

12–9. A rectangular channel having a width of 3 m is

y = 8.00 m 7 yc (subcritical) Ans.

*12–20. The rectangular channel has a width of 8 ft and A

12–21. The channel is 2 m wide and transports water at

12–22. The channel is 2 m wide and transports water at a