Types of Diabetes

By: Katie Garagnon

Medical Independent Study Mentorship – Spring 2019
Mrs. Kristi Click
 Mentor Introduction
• Mrs. Charlotte Featherston (RN, MSN,
• CMSRN, CEN)
• Career of Study:
• ER nursing
• Mentorship Site/Place of Business:
• UTMB Galveston Emergency Room-Level I Trauma Center

***Please note: some

information in this
presentation originates
from outside sources.

“Galveston Campus Emergency Room.” Emergency Room- UTMB Health

“Official Logo.” Master Logo, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 2010, Galveston Campus, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston,
www.utmb.edu/identity/downloads/logos_master_w_tag.shtml. www.utmbhealth.com/services/uc-er/er.
 ISM Course Synopsis
• ISM is a collegiate/professional level course that allows
• students to participate in a mentorship for a career of choice.
• Required Coursework:
• Minimum of 3 mentorship hours documented on an activity log each week
(signed by mentor) in addition to 2 activity hours.
• Weekly journal entries
• Maintaining a Weebly online portfolio
• Collecting 10 artifacts per semester:
https://katiegaragnonismportfolio19.weebly.com/artifacts.html
• Developing a research topic and product to complete by the end of each
semester
• Complete any additional tasks assigned by course instructor
 Project Topic
• General area of study = types of diabetes
• Involves thorough analysis of the different types of diabetes in
addition to a product focusing on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
• I chose this topic because ER nurses receive many diabetic
patients, seemingly almost daily, and learning about this condition
will benefit me due to its growing prevalence in today’s society.
 Key Points
1. Type 1 Diabetes
2. Prediabetes
3. Type 2 Diabetes
4. Gestational Diabetes
5. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
 Type 1 Diabetes
• Previously known as “insulin dependent” or “juvenile diabetes”.
• Adolescents, children, and teens are mainly afflicted but people of all
ages can develop it.
• The body does not produce insulin (or it may be in extremely low
amounts).
• Signs/symptoms:
• Extreme thirst
• Frequent urination
• Unusual bed-wetting in previously unaffected children
• Increased appetite/extreme hunger
• Weight loss
• Irritability/changes in mood
• Fatigue/weakness
• Blurry vision
*Symptoms can appear suddenly and be severe and typically occur after months/years of beta-cell
destruction.*
“Type 1 Diabetes | Basics | Diabetes | CDC.” Centers for Disease “Type 1 Diabetes.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical
Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Education and Research, 7 Aug. 2017, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
15 Aug. 2018, www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/type1.html. conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011.
 • Treatments:
• Insulin therapy
• Carbohydrate, protein, fat counting
• Close monitoring of blood sugar
• Healthy diet
• Exercise
• Risk factors:
• Family history/genetics
• Geography: prevalence tends to increase as you move away from the
equator.
• Age: most common in ages 4-7 and 10-14.
• Complications:
• Heart/blood vessel disease
• Neuropathy (nerve damage)
• Nephropathy (kidney damage) • Osteoporosis
• Eye damage • Alzheimer’s Disease
• Foot damage
• Conditions of the skin/mouth
• Complications in pregnancy
“Type 1 Diabetes.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical “Type 1 Diabetes.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and “Complications to Avoid with Pre-Diabetes.” Www.heart.org, American Heart
Education and Research, 7 Aug. 2017, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- Research, 7 Aug. 2017, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1- Association, 30 Aug. 2015, www.heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/about-
conditions/type-1-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353017. diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011. diabetes/complications-to-avoid-with-prediabetes.
“Type 1 Diabetes.” 8 Natural Food Components That Can Help Cure Type 1
Diabetes, Seeking Fit, seekingfit.com/8-natural-food-components-that-can-
help-cure-type-1-diabetes/#.XMch9ehKjIU.
 • Prediabetes is a condition characterized by blood sugar levels that
Prediabetes
are elevated, yet not significantly enough to be considered
diabetes.
• It is a precursor condition to type 2 diabetes and increases your
risk of heart disease and stroke.
• It can be reversed and just because you have prediabetes does not
mean you are inevitably going to develop type 2.
• “More than one third of American adults (about 84
• million) have prediabetes and 90% of those with it are
• unaware that they have it.”
• Signs/Symptoms:
• None- you can test your blood sugar to find out.
“Prediabetes - Your Chance to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes | CDC.” Centers Staff, Familydoctor.org Editorial. “What Is Prediabetes? .”
for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Familydoctor.org, American Academy of Family Physicians,
Prevention, 21 June 2018, www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/prediabetes.html. 3 Aug. 2018, familydoctor.org/condition/prediabetes/.
• Treatments:
• Making lifestyle changes can reverse the path to type 2 diabetes.
These include diet, exercise, and maintaining a healthy, stable weight.
• The CDC leads a National Diabetes Prevention Program for people
with prediabetes for lifestyle training-healthy eating, physical activity,
stress management.
• Risk factors:
• Being overweight
• Ages 45+
• Family history of prediabetes
• Hypertension
• African American, Native American, Latin American, Asian/Pacific
Islander
• Cholesterol problems
• Physically active less than 3 times per week
• Gestational diabetes and/or giving birth to a baby 9+ pounds
• Having PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome)
“Take The Test | Prediabetes | CDC.” Centers for Disease Staff, Familydoctor.org Editorial. “What Is Prediabetes? .”
Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Familydoctor.org, American Academy of Family Physicians, 3
Prevention, www.cdc.gov/prediabetes/takethetest/. Aug. 2018, familydoctor.org/condition/prediabetes/.
 Type 2 Diabetes
• The most common form of diabetes.
• Insulin resistance (body doesn’t respond to insulin
appropriately)→the body produces even more insulin to try
counteracting this but can’t continue, resulting in inadequate
insulin production.
• Signs/symptoms:
• Extreme thirst
• Frequent urination
• Increased appetite/extreme hunger
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Blurry vision
• Slow-healing sores
• Frequent infections
• Areas of dark skin (esp. armpits, neck)
“Type 2.” American Diabetes Association, “Type 2 Diabetes.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical
American Diabetes Association, Education and Research, 9 Jan. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2/. conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193.
• Treatments:
• Metformin
• Insulin therapy
• Weight loss
• Diet
• Exercise regularly
• Monitoring blood sugar
• Risk factors:
• Weight
• Inactivity
• Family history
• Race
• Age
• Gestational diabetes
• PCOS
• Hypertension
• Abnormal cholesterol/triglyceride levels
“Type 2 Diabetes.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical “Type 2 Diabetes.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical
Education and Research, 9 Jan. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- Education and Research, 9 Jan. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199. conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193.
“Type 2 Diabetes.” Type 2 Diabetes Images, Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/type+2+diabetes.
 Gestational Diabetes
• Gestational diabetes develops only in pregnant women when
insulin production is low/irregular.
• Typically temporary & resolves after birth but can lead
• to an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
• Signs/symptoms
• Sugar in the urine
• Unusual thirst
• Frequent urination
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Frequent vaginal, bladder, skin infections
• Blurry vision

“Gestational Diabetes: Testing and Treatment.” American Pregnancy

Association, American Pregnancy Association, 24 Nov. 2018,
americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-complications/gestational-diabetes/.
 Diabetic Ketoacidosis
• DKA occurs when ketones build up in the body at
dangerously high levels, making the blood acidic. Ketones
are chemicals that are produced when the body is
breaking down fat as energy.

“DKA (Ketoacidosis) & Ketones.” American Diabetes Association,

American Diabetes Association, 18 Mar. 2015,
www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/complications/ketoacidosis-
dka.html.
 Current Event
• Article link: https://www.npr.org/sections/health-
shots/2018/09/01/641615877/insulins-high-cost-leads-to-lethal-
rationing
• Nicole Smith-Holt lost her young son, Alec, who died from
diabetic ketoacidosis because he couldn’t afford his
medication and had been rationing his insulin.
• “The price of insulin in the U.S. has more than doubled since
2012.”
• These rising insulin prices have driven many diabetic patients
to ration their insulin and fall into DKA.
• 1 in 4 diabetic patients have admitted to rationing.

Sable-Smith, Bram. “Insulin's High Cost Leads To Lethal Rationing.” NPR, NPR, 1 Sept. 2018, www.npr.org/sections/health-
shots/2018/09/01/641615877/insulins-high-cost-leads-to-lethal-rationing.
 Product Slide
• Tri-fold board
• Encompasses Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
• Definition
• Signs/symptoms
• Glucometers
• Causes
• Diagnosis
• Risk Factors
• Treatments
• Complications
 Conclusion
• I have learned an abundance of useful knowledge and expanded my
experiences beyond the horizons with this mentorship this year. I
got to see beyond just registered nursing and I am even more
excited to start my nursing career and grow and prosper within this
field.
 Thank You Slide
• I want to thank my mentor, Mrs. Featherston, for being so
patient and kind in her teachings and flexible with her
schedule.
• I want to thank my selected evaluators for taking the
time to come out and listen to my presentation.
• I want to thank Mrs. Click for her guidance in the
course.
 References
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Galleries., 26 Apr. 2019, www.weedhopper.org/Music/Bass_History_Timeline.asp.
“Complications to Avoid with Pre-Diabetes.” Www.heart.org, American Heart Association, 30 Aug. 2015, www.heart.org/en/health-topics/diabetes/about-
diabetes/complications-to-avoid-with-prediabetes.
“DKA (Ketoacidosis) & Ketones.” American Diabetes Association, American Diabetes Association, 18 Mar. 2015, www.diabetes.org/living-with-
diabetes/complications/ketoacidosis-dka.html.
“Galveston Campus Emergency Room.” Emergency Room- UTMB Health Galveston Campus, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston,
www.utmbhealth.com/services/uc-er/er.
“Gestational Diabetes: Testing and Treatment.” American Pregnancy Association, American Pregnancy Association, 24 Nov. 2018, americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-
complications/gestational-diabetes/.
“Official Logo.” Master Logo, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 2010, www.utmb.edu/identity/downloads/logos_master_w_tag.shtml.
“Prediabetes - Your Chance to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 21 June 2018,
www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/prediabetes.html.
Rogers, Dave, et al. “Vintage Vault: 1958 Gibson EB-1.” Premier Guitar, Premier Guitar, 11 Mar. 2015, www.premierguitar.com/articles/22257-vintage-vault-1958-
gibson-eb-1.
Sable-Smith, Bram. “Insulin's High Cost Leads To Lethal Rationing.” NPR, NPR, 1 Sept. 2018, www.npr.org/sections/health- shots/2018/09/01/641615877/insulins-
high-cost-leads-to-lethal-rationing.
Staff, Familydoctor.org Editorial. “What Is Prediabetes? .” Familydoctor.org, American Academy of Family Physicians, 3 Aug. 2018,
familydoctor.org/condition/prediabetes/.
“Take The Test | Prediabetes | CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, www.cdc.gov/prediabetes/takethetest/.
“Type 1 Diabetes.” 8 Natural Food Components That Can Help Cure Type 1 Diabetes, Seeking Fit, seekingfit.com/8-natural-food-components-that-can-help-cure-type-
1-diabetes/#.XMch9ehKjIU.
“Type 2 Diabetes.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 9 Jan. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-
diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199.
“Type 2 Diabetes.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 9 Jan. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-
diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193.
“Type 2 Diabetes.” Type 2 Diabetes Images, Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/type+2+diabetes.
“Type 2.” American Diabetes Association, American Diabetes Association, www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/type-2/.