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Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1885 – 1890

International Conference on Industrial Engineering, ICIE 2016

Strain-Stress State and Strength of Chimney Reinforced Concrete

Shell
V. Solomin*
South Ural State University, 76, Lenin Avenue, Chelyabinsk, 454080, The Russian Federation

Abstract

The load-bearing part of a chimney pipe is a reinforced concrete shell of revolution. Its design model is a free-standing bar of the
circular cross-section. It is recommended to conduct the analysis of cross-section guided by the branch construction norms VSN
286-90 [1]. This document was developed for “hand” calculations. Therefore, it contains simplifications which can be avoided. A
method based on stricter presuppositions is suggested. Its basis is deformation plasticity theory. Concrete and steel are considered
as nonlinear materials. The problem is reduced to a sequence of nonlinear equations which are solved by the method of variable
parameters of stiffness. The approach does not require to predetermine a diagram of a limit state of the section, as it is formed in
the process of solution. The criteria of a load-bearing capacity of the section are concrete and steel strains. Their maximum
values are specified by construction norms.
© 2016
© 2016TheTheAuthors.
Authors. Published
Published by by Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.Ltd.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICIE 2016.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICIE 2016
Keywords: reinforced concrete shell of a chimney; cross-section; strength; strain-stress state.

The construction norms VSN 286–90 is recommended for project designers to calculate a reinforced concrete
chimney shaft [1]. This document is developed on the solution base [2] and enables one to create reliable projects,
but it is oriented to “hand computation” [3]. This leads to a need for introduction of a number of simplifications and
complicates the development of algorithms for computer use. The calculation of the chimney shaft is performed in
two stages: determination of stress and displacement of the shaft and determination of the shell strain and strength.
Technically, the calculation cannot be divided into two stages, since displacement depends on deformations, and
vice-versa. This means that it is essential to take into account a nonlinear nature of concrete and steel strains. The

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7-351-267-90-00; fax: +7-351-265-47-85.

E-mail address: solomin_167@mail.ru

1877-7058 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICIE 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.187
1886 V. Solomin / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1885 – 1890

algorithm of the first stage of calculation is based on this basis [4, 11–13]. The similar solution is suggested in [5,
14, 18].
The paper deals with the second stage, i.e. determination of strains and strength of the cross-section of a shell
when bending moments and axial forces are specified.
The author suggests a method based on equations, accepted in the deformation plasticity theory. Concrete and
steel are considered as nonlinear materials. The problem is reduced to a sequence of nonlinear equations, which are
solved by the method of variable parameters of stiffness. Under this approach it’s not required to specify a diagram
of a limit state of the cross-section, as it’s formed in the process of solution. The criteria of a load-bearing capacity
of the section are concrete and steel strains. Their maximum values are specified by construction norms [6, 15, 16].
As it’s generally accepted that the impact on the shell and its strains are in one plane, only one part of the section is
considered (Fig. 1). The shaded part of the cross-section is compressed.

1. Parameters of the cross-section of the shell

Fig. 1. Horizontal section of the concrete shell: a) neutral line on the left side, b) neutral line of the right side

Strains and bending stresses depend on a position of the neutral line (shown by a heavy line). That is why Fig. 1
consists of two parts (a and b).
First, we consider the cross-section of a fragment of the shell (Fig. 1). We divide it into elements. The area of
each element is equal to Rhʌ / n. The curvature of the cross-section of the shell is denoted by - . The fragments are
parts of the bar, into which its length is divided when bending moments and displacements are determined.

1.1. The area of the transformed cross-section (longitudinal rigidity)

§ ·
¨ Į ș ¸
ʌ
A Rh ¨ ¦ E (Į)(cos Į  cos ș) ¸ 
n¨ ʌ b ¸
¨Į ¸
© 2n ¹
(1)
§ 2n  1 ·
Į ʌ
¨ Į ș 2n ¸
 RA ¨ ¦ E (Į)(cos Į  cos ș)  ¦ E (Į) cos Į ¸ ,
s¨ ʌ s s ¸
¨Į Į ș ¸
© 2n ¹

where: Eb – concrete modulus of elasticity, Es – steel modulus of elasticity, As – area of the cross-section of
longitudinal reinforcement corresponding to the arc length of one element.
 V. Solomin / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1885 – 1890 1887

1.2. The static moment of the area of the transformed cross-section relative to an arbitrarily chosen straight line
z = R cos ș is equal to

§ ·
¨ Į ș ¸
ʌ
S R 2 h ¨  ¦ E (Į)(cos Į  cos ș) ¸ 
n¨ ʌ b ¸
¨ Į ¸
© 2n ¹
2n  1 (2)
§ Į ʌ ·
¨ Į ș 2n ¸
 R 2 A ¨  ¦ E (Į)(cos Į  cos ș)  ¦ E (Į) sin Į ¸.
s¨ ʌ s s ¸
¨ Į Į ș ¸
© 2n ¹

1.3. Ordinate of the elastic center of the section

zc R cos T (3)

1.4. Bending stiffness of the section

§ ·
¨ Į ș ¸
ʌ
B R3h ¨ ¦ - E (Į)(cos Į  cos ș)2 ¸ 
n¨ ʌ b ¸
¨Į ¸
© 2n ¹
2n  1 (4)
§ Į ʌ ·
¨ Į ș 2n ¸
 R3 A ¨ ¦ - E (Į)(cos Į  cos ș)2  ¦ - E (Į) cos2 Į ¸ .
s¨ ʌ s s ¸
¨Į Į ș ¸
© 2n ¹
The formulas (1)–(4) are written for a case when the neutral line is on the left side of the section (Fig. 1 a), for
another case (Fig. 1 b) they are obtained in a similar way.

2. Strain and stress in the shell

The strains (Fig. 2) are determined by angular - (curvature) and longitudinal İ relative displacements of planes,
restricting the section along the length.

2.1. Strains happening as a result of rotation - of the section (Fig. 1 a)

The curvature of the section (Fig. 2) can be specified according to the formula

- M /B (5)

where M – bending moment, B – bending stiffness of a section.

1888 V. Solomin / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1885 – 1890

Fig. 2. Diagram of concrete strain

When the curvature - is known, strains of the elements can be determined:

H sk R sin D – strains in the tension area,

(6)
H bj H sj R  cos D – cos T  – strains in the compression area.

2.2. The stress happening as a result of rotation ( - ) of the section (Fig. 2) is determined by the formula (7)
recommended in [7, 17, 19, 20]:

2
İ § İ ·
K b ¨ b ¸
İ ¨İ ¸
b0 © b0 ¹ R
ı , (7)
İ b
1   K  2 b
İ
b0
E R
where K b , E b , E – initial modulus of concrete strain, İ – current strain, İ – strain, in case of
b b b0
E b0 H
b0 bo
which ı = Rb, İb2 – ultimate strain of concrete.
It’s accepted that concrete doesn’t work in tension. The diagrams of steel compression and tension are similar.
The steel stress ıs is determined according to the diagram (Fig. 3):

Fig. 3. Diagram of steel strain

V s H si Es ;H s 0 d H s d H s 2 ,V s Rs ;H s 0 Rs / Es ,  H s 0 0, 001775,H s 2 0, 025 . (8)

The reference values of strains İb0, İb2, İs0 and İs2 should be taken in accordance with [4]. The values of
parameters of both diagrams can be found in [7].
 V. Solomin / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1885 – 1890 1889

2.3. Strains İ0 which occur when moving the section along the shell axis [8]

H 0 N / A, (9)

where N – axial force in the section, A – reduced area (stiffness) of the section. These strains are similar in all
elements (Fig. 4).

2.4. Total strain and stress

These strains (Fig. 4) are obtained by addition (6) and (8):

in the tension area H sk R sinD – s0 ,

(10)
in the compression area H bj H sj – R  cosD – cosT  – s0 .

Steel stresses ısk and ısj are determined according to the formulas (8), concrete stresses ıbj are determined
according to the formula (7).

Fig. 4. Total strains of elements

2.5. Moduli of concrete and steel strains of the elements [9]

V V V
sk , bj sj
E E , E . (11)
sk H bj H sj H
sk bj sj

3. Problem statement

Specified: geometrical dimensions of the section, n – number of elements, initial values of the moduli of concrete
Eb and steel Es strain; maximum values of concrete İb2 and steel İs2 strains; bending moment M and normal force N
acting in the section. The strains in all elements should be determined.
Algorithm. The calculation is performed in several steps:
STEP (Į = 1). Within this stage the following operations are performed:
The position of the neutral line z = R cos ș and consequently, the angle ș is specified.
The values are determined:
1. The reduced area A of the horizontal section of the shell (1).
2. The static moment S of the area of the horizontal section relative to the set straight line z = R cos ș (2).
3. The bending stiffness B of the section (4).
4. Curvature of the section (5).
5. Concrete and steel strains (10).
6. Concrete stress (7).
7. Steel stress (8).
1890 V. Solomin / Procedia Engineering 150 (2016) 1885 – 1890

8. Longitudinal strains (9).

9. Total strains of concrete and steel (10).
10. Moduli of concrete and steel strains (11).
STEPS (Į > 1).
1. The strains moduli (11) obtained at the previous stage are accepted.
2. Inserting these moduli in the equation S we find a new value ș from the condition S = 0.
3. The operations of the previous (Į = 1) stage are performed: 1, 3–10.
4. These operations are stopped when the difference in values ș obtained at the previous and subsequent stages
becomes smaller than a small set value.
If strains İb2 and İs2 in all elements do not exceed the values set by the norms, strength of the section is ensured
[10].

4. Conclusion

The method and algorithm for analysis of a strain-stress state and strength of the horizontal (cross-section)
section of the reinforced concrete shell of a chimney pipe are suggested. A hypothesis of plane sections and
nonlinear dependencies between strains and stresses concrete and reinforcement is accepted. It enables us to create
new more developed models and set a problem on optimal design [9] of the reinforced concrete chimney shaft.

References

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