CENTRAL MINDANAO COLLEGES

KIDAPAWAN CITY

EDUC. 301
STATISTICS IN RESEARCH
Module 3 2018

ARIANE LANGOTE ALMIRANES

MAED STUDENT

DR. FELIX C. CHAVEZ, JR.

PROFESSOR
Statistics
The practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities,

especially for the purpose of inferring proportions in a whole from those in a representative

sample.

synonyms: data, facts and figures, numbers, information, details;

informalstats

"recent statistics show an increase in allergic reactions"

Research
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to

establish facts and reach new conclusions.

"we are fighting meningitis by raising money for medical research"

synonyms: investigation, experimentation, testing, analysis, fact-

finding, fieldwork, examination, scrutiny More

Investigate systematically."she has spent the last five years researching her

people's history".

synonyms: investigate, study, inquire into, look

into, probe, explore, analyze, examine, scrutinize, review More

Statistics in Research
Applied statistics" contains descriptive statistics and the application of

inferential statistics. ... Statistical methods and analyses are often used to communicate

research findings and to support hypotheses and give credibility to research methodology and

conclusions.Nov 5, 2014

Role of Statistics in Research

Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing and making inference from data.

Statistics is a particularly useful branch of mathematics that is not only studied theoretically by

advanced mathematicians but one that is used by researchers in many fields to organize, analyze,

and summarize data.

Parametric Statistics
Parametric statistics are any statistical tests based on underlying assumptions about data’s

distribution. In other words, parametric statistics are based on the parameters of the normal

curve. Because parametric statistics are based on the normal curve, data must meet certain

assumptions, or parametric statistics cannot be calculated. Prior to running any parametric

statistics, you should always be sure to test the assumptions for the tests that you are planning to

run.

Nonparametric Statistics
As implied by the name, nonparametric statistics are not based on the parameters of the

normal curve. Therefore, if your data violate the assumptions of a usual parametric and

nonparametric statistics might better define the data, try running the nonparametric equivalent of

the parametric test. You should also consider using nonparametric equivalent tests when you
have limited sample sizes (e.g., n < 30). Though nonparametric statistical tests have more

flexibility than do parametric statistical tests, nonparametric tests are not as robust; therefore,

most statisticians recommend that when appropriate, parametric statistics are preferred.

Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
PARAMETRIC TEST NONPARAMETRIC TEST
COMPARISON

Meaning A statistical test, in which A statistical test used in the

specific assumptions are case of non-metric
made about the population independent variables, is
parameter is known as called non-parametric test.
parametric test.

Basis of test Distribution Arbitrary

statistic

Measurement Interval or ratio Nominal or ordinal

level

Measure of Mean Median

central tendency

Information about Completely known Unavailable

population

Applicability Variables Variables and Attributes

Correlation test Pearson Spearman

Definition of Parametric Test

The parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations

for making statements about the mean of the parent population. A t-test based on

Student’s t-statistic, which is often used in this regard.

The t-statistic rests on the underlying assumption that there is the normal

distribution of variable and the mean in known or assumed to be known. The

population variance is calculated for the sample. It is assumed that the variables

of interest, in the population are measured on an interval scale.

Definition of Nonparametric Test

The nonparametric test is defined as the hypothesis test which is not based on

underlying assumptions, i.e. it does not require population’s distribution to be denoted

by specific parameters.

The test is mainly based on differences in medians. Hence, it is alternately known

as the distribution-free test. The test assumes that the variables are measured on

a nominal or ordinal level. It is used when the independent variables are non-

metric.
Key Differences Between Parametric and Nonparametric Tests

The fundamental differences between parametric and nonparametric test are discussed in the

following points:

1. A statistical test, in which specific assumptions are made about the population parameter

is known as the parametric test. A statistical test used in the case of non-metric

independent variables is called nonparametric test.

2. In the parametric test, the test statistic is based on distribution. On the other hand, the test

statistic is arbitrary in the case of the nonparametric test.

3. In the parametric test, it is assumed that the measurement of variables of interest is done

on interval or ratio level. As opposed to the nonparametric test, wherein the variable of

interest are measured on nominal or ordinal scale.

4. In general, the measure of central tendency in the parametric test is mean, while in the

case of the nonparametric test is median.

5. In the parametric test, there is complete information about the population. Conversely, in

the nonparametric test, there is no information about the population.

6. The applicability of parametric test is for variables only, whereas nonparametric test

applies to both variables and attributes.

7. For measuring the degree of association between two quantitative variables, Pearson’s

coefficient of correlation is used in the parametric test, while spearman’s rank correlation

is used in the nonparametric test.

Hypothesis Tests Hierarchy
Equivalent Tests

NON-PARAMETRIC
PARAMETRIC TEST
TEST

Independent Sample t Test Mann-Whitney test

Paired samples t test Wilcoxon signed Rank test

One way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Kruskal Wallis Test

One way repeated measures Analysis of Friedman's ANOVA

Variance

Conclusion

To make a choice between parametric and the nonparametric test is not easy for a

researcher conducting statistical analysis. For performing hypothesis, if the information about the

population is completely known, by way of parameters, then the test is said to be parametric test

whereas, if there is no knowledge about population and it is needed to test the hypothesis on

population, then the test conducted is considered as the nonparametric test.