SATHIAN M.

“MALAYALAM FILM AND GENDER POLITICS: A STUDY BASED ON

SELECTED MALAYALAM FILMS”. DDEPARTMENT OF MALAYALAM AND KERALA
STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT, 2017
 D]kwlmcw

aebmfkn\nabpw enwKcmjv{SobhpwþXncsªSp¯ aebmfNe¨n{X

§sf Ahew_am¡nbpÅ ]T\w F¶ hnjbw kzoIcn¨v \S¯nb At\z

jW¯nsâbpw A]{KY\§fpsSbpw ^eamWv Cu {]_Ôw. aebmf

kn\na ssewKnIXsb kw_Ôn¨v AhXcn¸n¡p¶ ho£W§sf Ah

bpsS Ncn{X]chpw cmjv{Sobhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb hnh£ItfmsS a\

Ênem¡n hnaÀi\hnt[bam¡m\mWv Cu ]T\¯n {ian¨n«pÅXv.

ssewKnIXbpsS ]cnNcWw kaImekmwkvImcnI]T\§sf kw_

Ôn¨nSt¯mfw {][m\s¸« Hcp ]T\hnjbambn amdnbn«p−v. ]pcpjm[n

]Xy¯nsâ hnaÀi\w F¶Xn\¸pd¯v kq£vam[nImcX{´§Ä GtX

sXÃmw hn[¯n kaql¯n {]hÀ¯\£aamIp¶p F¶Xns\

¡pdn¨pÅ Bg¯nepÅ At\zjW§fmbn C¯cw ]T\§Ä amdp¶p.

B¬þs]¬ hn`P\¯n\pIogn k¼qÀ®ambn hniIe\hnt[bam¡mhp

¶tXm hnaÀi\hnt[bam¡mhp¶tXm AÃ ssewKnIXsb kw_Ôn¨

hyhlmc§Ä F¶v kv{XohmZ¯nsâbpw kwkvImchnaÀi\¯nsâbpw

taJeIfn \S¶phcp¶ ]T\§Ä shfnhm¡nbn«p−v. B[p\nIm\´c

Nn´IfnÂ\n¶pÅ DÄ¡mgvNIÄ {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbpÅ kaIme]T\

§Ä Cu taJeIfn DbÀ¯ns¡m−ph¶n«pÅ Bib§Ä A[nImc

hnaÀi\¯nsâ ]pXnb apJamWv Xpd¶nSp¶Xv. C¯csamcp ssk²m´nI

]cnkc¯n \nebpd¸n¨psIm−v aebmfkn\nasb A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿m

\mWv Cu ]T\¯n {ian¨Xv.

ssewKnIXsb kw_Ôn¨v kaqlw ]¦nSp¶ [mcWIsfbpw

]peÀ¯p¶ D¡WvTIsfbpw Cg]ncn¨p a\Ênem¡phm\pw Ncn{Xmß

Iambn ]cntim[n¡phm\pw ]cym]vXamb GXm\pw kn\naIsf Is−¯n

Ahsb ssk²m´nIamb Bib§fpsS ]n´pWtbmsS A]{KYn¡p¶

240
Hcp kao]\amWv ChnsS kzoIcn¨Xv. At¸mÄ, aebmfkn\na hyàambn

aq¶p Ncn{XL«§fmbn thÀXncn¡mhp¶ Xc¯n ssewKnIXsb kao]n

¨ncp¶psh¶v a\Ênem¡phm³ Ignªp. AXnsâ ASnØm\¯nÂ,

ssk²m´ntIm]ZÀi\§sfbpw ]cnIev]\Isfbpw hniZam¡p¶ H¶mw

A²ymb¯n\p ]pdsa aq¶p {][m\ A²ymb§Ä {IaoIcn¨mWv A]{K

Y\w \nÀÆln¨Xv. enwK]ZhnbpsS cq]oIcW¯n kn\na F{]Imcw ]¦p

hln¡p¶psh¶pw AXnsâ cmjv{Sobhpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb kz`mh

sas´¶pw {i²n¨psIm−mWv hniIe\w \S¯nbn«pÅXv.

Cu KthjW]T\¯nÂ\n¶v Dcp¯ncnªph¶n«pÅ {][m\s¸«

\nco£W§fpw \nKa\§fpw NphsS tNÀ¡p¶p.

• aebmf¯n enwK]Zhnsb¡pdn¨pw enwK\oXnsb¡pdn¨pw Kuch

Xcamb BtemN\IÄ¡v XpS¡an«Xnsâ Ncn{X{]m[m\ys¯ ap³

\nÀ¯n enwKcmjv{SobNÀ¨Isf F¬]XpIÄ¡v ap¼pw ]n¼pw F¶v

thÀXncn¡m³ Ignbpw. F¬]XpIfnep−mb A`qX]qÀÆamb

kv{Xoapt¶ä§fpsS kmaqlnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpw hnZym`ymk]chpamb

Ncn{XkmlNcy§sf ]cntim[n¨mepw Cu hn`P\w {]kàamsW¶p

ImWmw.

• aebmfnbpsS Ncn{XhgnIfn kpZoÀLambn \ne\n¶ PmXobamb

]cnKW\Ifpw aqeyt_m[§fpw CfIn¯pS§p¶ B[p\nI

Ncn{XL«s¯ ASbmfs¸Sp¯m³ PmXyXobamb am\pjnIamb

{]Wb¯nsâ Pbtam ]cmPbtam {][m\{]tabambn Bhnjv¡cn¨p

sIm−v aebmfkn\na AXnsâ XpS¡Imew apX¡pXs¶

{ian¨n«p−v. kv{Xosbbpw ]pcpjs\bpw PmXnkzXz§fmbn ImWp¶

]c¼cmKXamb ^yqUÂaqey§sf tNmZywsN¿p¶Xc¯n PmXy

XoXamb kv{Xo]pcpj{]Wbs¯ BZÀihXv¡cn¡p¶ B[p\nI

241
 aqey§Ä Dd¸n¡p¶XnemWv A¡me¯v kn\na s]mXpsh {i²

sh¨Xv.

• C¶s¯t¸mse Hcp hyhkmbsa¶ \nebn henb apXÂapS¡p

hcp¶ kmt¦XntIm]IcW§Ä D]tbmKn¡phmt\m, skäpIÄ \nÀ½n

¡phmt\m Hs¡ km[yXIpdhmbncp¶Xpaqew XmcXtay\ sNehp

IpdªcoXnbn IpSpw_]Ým¯ehpw hyàn_Ô§fp sams¡

{]tabamIp¶ kn\naIfmbncp¶p A¶p−mbncp¶Xv. A¡mes¯

kmlnXyhpw \mSIhpw aebmfkn\nasb Gsd kzm[o\n¨n«p−v. Cu

kn\naIfnse IpSpw_w, hnhmlw, {]Wbw F¶n§s\bpÅ LSI§

fpsS hniIe\¯n hÀ¤w (class), PmXn (caste) F¶nh {]m[m\y

aÀln¡p¶p−v. taemfkv{XobptSbpw Iogmf kv{XobptSbpw PohnX§Ä

XnI¨pw hyXykvX§fmbncp¶psh¶pw F¶mÂ, kv{Xo F¶ \nebnÂ

AhÀ¡v Ft¸mgpw kl\§fneqsS IS¶pt]mtI−nh¶p F¶pw

ImWmw.

• BZyImekn\naIfn kv{XoIÄ [mcmfambn tI{µØm\¯v h¶ncp¶p

sh¦nepw Ahcntesdbpw IpSpw_¯n\pth−n XymKw sN¿p¶hcpw

A½, ktlmZcn, `mcy, ImapIn XpS§nb tdmfpIfn amaqepIfpw

acymZIfpw ewLn¡m¯hcpambncp¶p. ]pcpjsâ ho£W¯n\\p

KpWbpw Ah\p Iogv\nev¡p¶hfpamb kv{XoamXrIIsf krjvSns¨

Sp¯p. c−m\½, A½mbnb½, \m¯q³ XpS§nbhcneqsS XoÀ¯pw

EWmßIamb kv{XoamXrIIsf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯nbt¸mįs¶

kÀÆwklbpw ioemhXnbpamb IpSpw _n\nIfneqsS KpWmßIamb

amXrImkv{Xosbbpw kn\naIÄ apt¶m«p sh¨p.

• sXmgnseSp¡p¶hfpw IemImcnbpsams¡ Ft¸mgpw kwib¯nsâ

\ngenembncp¶p. kz´w AkvXnXztam ssewKnIXtbm At\zjn¨v

t]mIp¶ kv{Xo Ft¸mgpw acW¯nse¯nt¨cpIbpw kam\coXnbn

242
 epÅ ]pcpj³ efnXamb {]mbÝn¯§ÄsIm−v ip²oIcn¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶ Cc«\oXnbmWv I−phcp¶Xv.

• kn\namkmt¦XnIhnZy hnIkn¨ bqtdm]y³\mSpIfn AXnt\mSIw

BhnjvIcn¡s¸« kb³kv^nIvj³, ^mâkn XpS§nb P\pÊpI

fnÂs¸« kn\naIsfm¶pw A¡me¯v ChnsS D−mbnÃ. `mh\m]camb

]nt¶m¡mhØ F¶ \nebneà C¡mcys¯ a\Ênemt¡−Xv.

A¯cw Nn{X§Ä \nÀ½n¡m\mhiyamb km¼¯nI]n³_ehpw

kmt¦XnIss\]pWyhpw tIcf¯nse kn\nam{]hÀ¯IÀ¡v D−m-

bncp¶nÃ.

• kv{XotI{µnXamb IpSpw_kn\naIfmWv F¬]XpIÄ¡pap¼v

aebmf¯n kar²ambp−mbncp¶Xv. kn\nabpsS t]cpIfnÂt¸mepw

CXp {]ISambncp¶p. F¶m B¬tImbvabne[njvTnXamb kv{Xo

kzXz\nÀ½nXnbnemWv A¡mes¯ kn\naIÄ ]¦phln¨p t]m¶Xv.

IpSpw_n\namÀ¡pÅ amÀ¤\nÀt±iIXXz§fmbncp¶p A¯cw kn\na

IÄ apt¶m«psh¨ncp¶Xv.

• B¬tImbva¡v A\pkrXambcoXnbn kv{Xosb sacp¡nsbSp

¡p¶Xn kn\na apJy]¦phln¡p¶p−v. hmÀ¸pamXrIfmb kv{Xo

IYm]m{X§sf Nn{XoIcn¡p¶XneqsS AXmXvIme¯v kaql¯nÂ

Hcp kv{Xo F§s\bmbncn¡Wsa¶ s]mXpt_m[w krjvSn¡pIbmWv

kn\na sN¿p¶Xv.

• F¬]XpItfmsS tIcf¯nsâ kmwkvImcnIm´co£¯n kv{XobpsS

ZriyX hÀ²n¡p¶p−v. cmjv{Sob{]Øm\§fpsS h\nXmLSI§Ä,

kzX{´kv{XokwLS\IÄ, kv{XohmZ{]Øm\§Ä F¶nh iànbmÀ

Ön¡pIbpw hnZym`ymkcwK¯pw sXmgnÂcwK¯pw kv{XoIÄ [mcmf

ambn {]Xy£s¸SpIbpwsNbvXp.

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• kv{XoIÄ kmaqlnIambn DWÀÆp{]ISn¸n¨ Cu kµÀ`¯nÂ

kn\namcwKw AXn\\pkrXamb Hcp Znibneà {]XnIcn¨Xv. adn¨v,

kv{Xosb Acn¡m¡n (marginalise) Nn{XoIcn¡phm\mWv kn\na {ian

¨Xv. IpSpw_n\namsc BhnjvIcn¨ BZyIme¯p\n¶p hyXykvXambn

]pcpjm[n]Xy{]Xybimkv{Xw kv{XoXzs¯ ]pXnsbmcp coXnbnÂ

t\m¡n¡mWpIbmbncp¶p ChnsS. ]pcpjIma\Isf Xr]vXns¸Sp

¯p¶Xn\pÅ D]IcWambn, ]pcpjsâ \ngÂam{Xambn kv{Xo

XcwXmgv¯s¸«p.

• Cu L«¯n ‘AXn]pcpj’IYm]m{X§sf apJyambn AhXcn

¸n¡m\pw aebmfkn\naIÄ X¿mdmbn. ]pcpjm[n]Xy¯ns\Xncmb

kack¶ml§Äs¡Xnsc ]pcpj]£Øm]\ambn s]cpamdnh¶

kn\na At_m[mßIambn \S¯nb {]Xntcm[ambn CXns\ ImWmhp

¶XmWv.

• F¬]XpIÄ¡ptijapÅ kn\naIfn \mbIk¦ev]w amdn¯pS

§¶Xpw kn\nabnse s]®nSw Ipdbp¶XpamWv {it²bamb Hcp

]cnhÀ¯\w. kmaqlnIcwK¯v kv{XobpsS CSs]S hÀ²n¡pIbpw

hnZym`ymk]cambn kv{Xo apt¶dpIbpw sNbvX Ime¯v ]c¼cmKX

kvss{XWk¦ev]s¯ \nckn¡m\pÅ Hcp {]hWX kaql¯nep

−mhp¶pap−v. ]s£ kn\nabn AXn]pcpj\mbI·mÀ Ac§p \nd

bpIbpw kv{Xo amän\nÀ¯s¸SpItbm ]mÀizhevIcn¡s¸SpItbm

sN¿pIbpamWp−mbXv. \ne\n¶pt]mcp¶ B¬tImbvabne[njvTn

Xamb A[nImc_Ô§sf C¯cw amä§Ä XIÀ¡psa¶ B¬tImbv

amkmaql¯nsâ ‘`oXn’bpsS {]Imi\amWv kn\nabneqsS kv{XoIsf

‘HXp¡p¶’Xn {]ISamIp¶Xv.

244
• BZyImekn\naIfnÂ\n¶p hyXykvXambn F¬]XpIÄ¡p tijapÅ

kn\naIfn kv{XobpsS tdmÄ XmcXtay\ Ipdbp¶XmbmWv

ImWp¶Xv. Hscmä ‘kq¸À \mbnI’sbt¸mepw aebmfkn\na krjvSn

¨n«nsöXv Cu `oXnbpsS Bghpw ]c¸pw hyàam¡p¶p. ]pcpj\p

th−n tPmensN¿p¶ Hcp ho«p]IcWw am{XamWv ]et¸mgpw kn\na

bnse kv{XoIÄ. an¡ kn\naIfnepw AXnsâ kam]\kµÀ`¯nÂ

kv{Xosb ho«nte¡pXs¶ Xncns¨¯n¡m³ {i²n¡p¶Xmbn ImWmw.

• s]mXpsh s]mXpkaqlw NÀ¨sN¿m³ aSn¨ncp¶ kzhÀ¤ssewKnI

Xsb {]iv\hev¡cn¡p¶ kn\naIÄ hncfamsb¦nepw

sXm®qdpIÄ¡ptijw D−mbnh¶p. kaIme¯v AXv {i²

ssIhcn¡pIbpw sNbvXn«p−v.

• F¬]XpIsf¯pSÀ¶p−mb ZiI§fn kv{XohmZ]T\¯nsâ taJe

IqSpX hnimeamb taJeIfnte¡v hym]n¡pIam{Xaà enwK]Zhn

sb¡pdn¨v \ne\n¶pt]m¶ ZzµzIev]\sb¯s¶ {]iv\h¡cn

¡pIbpw ssewKnIXsb¡pdn¨pÅ k¦ev]§sf ]mtS amän¯oÀ¯p

sIm−v ]pXnb hnXm\§fnte¡v ]ScpIbpw sNbvXp. kzhÀ¤ssewKnI

Xt]mse kaqlw Ccp«nÂ\nÀ¯nb bmYmÀ°y§sf AXv apJy[mcbn

te¡m\bn¨p. A¯cw hnImk§sf¡qSn {]tabXe¯n ]cnNcn

¡m³ aebmfk\na {ian¨n«p−v. ssewKnIXsb kw_Ôn¨ ]gb

ZzµmßIhnNmc§sfbmsI s]mfns¨gpXns¡m−v IS¶ph¶ ]pXnb

Nn´IfpsS shfn¨¯n aebmfkn\nabpw ]pXnb {]tab§fnte¡pw

Bib§fnte¡pw NphSpshbv¡p¶p−v. ]pcpjkzhÀ¤ssewKnIÀ

(gay), kv{XokzhÀ¤ssewKnIÀ (Lesbian) F¶nhcpambmWv _Ôs¸«

sX¦nepw ZznenwKhyànXzapÅhÀ (hermaphrodite), kµnKv²enwK]Zhn

(gender ambiguity) DÅhÀ, enwKamäikv{X{Inb (gender corrective

245
 surgery)bv¡p hnt[bcmbhÀ, thjm´cnXÀ (transvestite) F¶nhÀ

IqSn A¡q«¯nÂt¨cp¶p.

• tK, sekv_nb³, `n¶ssewKnIX F¶n§s\bpÅ ssewKnIhÀ¤o

IcW¯n\v [mcmfw ]cnanXnIfp−v. Hcp hyàn Xsâ

ssewKnIkwXr]vXn¡pth−n sXcsªSp¡p¶ hyànbpsS

skIvknsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv AbmfpsS ssewKnIX \nÀ®bn¡

s¸Sp¶Xv. D`bssewKnIX (bisexuality)sb \nÀÆNn¡p¶Xn\v CW

bpsS skIvkv ASnØm\am¡pI km[yaÃ. am{XaÃ, CWbpsS

skIvknsâ ASnØm\¯n ssewKnIXsb hÀ¤oIcn¡p¶ coXnXs¶

‘D`bssewKnIX’ \ncÀ°Iam¡p¶p. kzXzw, sP³UÀ, ssewKnIX,

A[nImcw apXembhsb¡pdn¨pÅ ]pXnb ImgvN¸mSpIfpsS kzm[o\

¯nsâ ^eambn kzXz¯nsâ {IaoIrXamXrIIÄ (Normative Models

of Identity) C¶v A]cym]vXambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. c−p hyànIÄ

X½nepÅ _Ôs¯ asämcp hyàn¡v a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbptam,

AsænÂ, A§s\ a\Ênemt¡−Xpt−m F¶Xv hfsc {][m\s¸«

tNmZyamWv. kv{Xo/]pcpj³ F¶o Zzµz§fpsS ASnØm\¯n Ch

]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ ]c¼cmKXamb, AYhm AwKoIcn¡s¸«

‘`n¶ssewKnIX’ (hetero sexuality) F¶Xn HXp¡m³ Ignbm¯

ssewKnIXIsfbmWv tK, sekv_nb³, D`bssewKnIX XpS§nb

Bib§fneqsS hyàam¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xv.

• kv{Xo/]pcpj³ F¶Xn\v Hcp ‘k¯’bps−¶ hmZ¯nsâ ASnØm

\¯nemWv C¯cw NÀ¨IÄ ]ptcmKan¨Xv. \ho\ hnÚm\§fpsS

IS¶phcthmSpIqSn ‘k¯mhmZw’ ZpÀºeambn. XÂØm\¯v ‘\nÀ½n

XnhmZw’ DbÀ¶ph¶p. AtXmsS ‘kzXzw’ F¶ k¦ev]wXs¶ {]iv\

246
 `cnXamhpIbpw tNmZyw sN¿s¸Sp¶ AhØ kwPmXamhpIbpw

sN¿p¶p. Hcp kv{Xo asämcp kv{XobnÂ\n¶pw ]pcpj³ aäp ]pcpj·m

cnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXamIp¶XpsIm−pXs¶ c−phyànIÄ X½nepÅ

_Ôhpw aäp c−phyànIÄ X½nepÅ _Ôhpw Hcn¡epw

kam\amhpIbnÃ. C¯c¯n hfsc hyXykvX§fmb enwKkzXzs¯

IÅnIfn ASbmfs¸Sp¯n hÀ¤oIcn¡m\pÅ {iawXs¶ \ncÀ°

IamWv.

• kv{Xo/]pcpj³ F¶nhbv¡v Hcp ‘k¯’ (essence) D−v F¶ ASnØm

\¯nemWv aebmfkn\na sP³UÀ \nÀ½nXn km[yam¡p¶Xv. k¯m

hmZ]camb Nn´]²XnIÄ¡v a§teä hÀ¯am\kmlNcy¯nepw

aebmfkn\na taev]dª ho£W¯nÂ\n¶v apàambn«nÃ.

• kaImeenwK]Zhn]T\§fn CSw ]nSn¨n«pÅ sekv_nb³, tK, ss_

skIvjzÂ, {Sm³kvsPâÀ, {Sm³kvshssÌäv F¶n§s\ hnhn[

ssewKnI{]hWXIsf aebmfkn\na {]tab§fmbn kzoIcn¡pI

bp−mbn.

• {]tabkzoIcW¯n D−mb \ho\X AXnsâ cmjv{Sob¯nepw

]cnNcW¯n kq£n¡phm³ an¡ aebmfkn\naIÄ¡pw Ignªn

«nÃ. Ahsb kq£vaambn hniIe\w sNbvXt¸mÄ an¡Xpw {]Xntem

aIcamb kmwkvImcnI]mT§fmWv Dev]mZn¸n¡p¶sX¶p a\Ênem

¡m³ Ignªn«p−v. BW¯s¯¡pdn¨pw s]®¯s¯¡pdn¨papÅ

km{¼ZmbnI[mcWIsf ]n´pScp¶ Aek`mh\IfmWv AhbnÂ

BhnjvIcn¡s¸«n«pÅXv.

• kn\na Hcp kmwkvImcnIhnaÀi\ambn amdp¶ ImgvNbpw kaIme

kn\naIfpsS Iq«¯n A]qÀÆamsb¦nepw ImWm³ Ignbp¶p−v.

]pcpjXz¯nsâ {]iv\§Ä hniIe\hnt[bam¡s¸« ‘asämcmÄ’,

247
 enwK]cnWmanXPohnXw Nn{XoIcn¨ ‘Ch³ AÀ²\mcn’ F¶o kn\na

IÄ A¯c¯n {it²bamWv.

• aebmfnIfpsS kv{Xokuµcyt_m[s¯ \nÀ®bn¡p¶ Hcp {][m\

LSIamWv sXmenshfp¸v. kn\nabn Cu ]cnKW\ hfscb[nIamWv.

\mbnIamsc sXcsªSp¡pt¼mÄ shfp¸n\v henb {]m[m\yw

\evIp¶p. Idp¯ IYm]m{Xs¯ AhXcn¸nt¡−nhcp¶ L«¯nÂ

t¸mepw Idp¯ \Snamsc kzoIcn¡m³ kn\namtemIw sshapJyw

ImWn¨p. F¶m ]pcpj·mcpsS Imcy¯n CXv _m[Iambncp¶nÃ.

• tIcfobP\XbpsS kuµcyk¦ev]§Ä, A`ncpNnIÄ, cpNnt`Z§Ä,

^mj³ k¦ev]§Ä, kuIcyk¦ev]§Ä F¶nhsb cq]s¸Sp¯p

¶Xn kn\na henb ]¦phln¡p¶p−v. AXpt]mse BW¯w,

s]®¯w, aäp ssewKnI]ZhnIÄ F¶nh \nÀ½n¡p¶Xnepw Dd¸ns¨Sp

¡p¶Xnepw aebmfkn\na ]¦phln¡p¶p−v. B[p\nIIme¯v C¯c

¯n kzm[o\w sNep¯p¶ Gähpw {][m\amb hyhlmcwXs¶

kn\nabmWv. km£c\nc£ct`Zw IqSmsX P\X AXnsâ {]`mh¯nÂ

hcp¶p.

248