Gas Safety

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LPG Composition & the Properties of

Propane
LPG Composition
LPG composition is primarily propane, butane, isobutane,

butylenes, propylene and mixtures of these gases.
LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas – is produced during natural gas
processing and petroleum refining.
LPG exists as liquid or gas (vapour), depending on pressure and
temperature.
Natural Gas Liquids – NGL – have the same LPG composition plus a
few more gases not normally included in LPG.
The full NGL list includes ethane, ethene, butylenes, propylene,
propene, isobutene, butadiene, pentane, pentene and pentanes plus,
as well as propane, butane and isobutane.
LPG - Propane Properties

LPG (propane) has many properties including:
 propane boiling point

 propane density - LPG (propane) specific gravity
 LPG composition - components -
constituents
 chemical formula - molecular formula
 flame temperature
 autoignition temperature
 flash point
 vapour pressure
 Odour
 appearance
 energy content
 gaseous expansion
 combustion formula
 limits of flammability
 nomenclature
 molecular weight
We’ll review these most commonly referenced properties…
LPG (Propane) Properties Chart

LPG - Propane Boiling Point
Water boils at 100°C or 212°F, becoming a gas (steam).
In contrast, LPG (propane) boils at -42°C or -44°F, becoming gas vapour.
LPG stays liquid because it is under pressure in a gas cylinder.
As a liquid, it looks a lot like water.
It is colourless and odourless in its natural state.
LPG Composition: Which Gas is Present in LPG?

LPG composition includes propane, butane and mixtures of these gases.
LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas – describes flammable hydrocarbon gases.
LPG, liquefied through pressurisation, comes from natural gas processing and
oil refining.
In different countries, the supply can be propane, butane or propane-butane

blends.
In Australia, LPG is just propane.
LPG - Propane Density and Specific Gravity

LPG – propane – gas density is 1.55 times heavier than air at 1.898 kg/m 3 vs
1.225 kg/m3 for air (both 15°C at sea level).
LPG – propane – liquid density is about half that of water at 495 kg/m3 (25°C)
vs 1,000 kg/m3 (4°C) for water.
Specific gravity of propane and water is 0.495 (25°C) and 1.000 (4°C),
respectively.
LPG Density - Specific Gravity of Liquid LPG -

Propane
Unlike water, 1 kilogram of LPG does NOT equal 1 litre of LPG.
LPG density or specific gravity is about half that of water, at 0.51.
In Australia, where LPG is propane, 1kg of LPG has a volume of 1.96L.
Conversely, 1L of LPG (propane) weighs 0.51kg.
1 gallon of liquid propane weighs 4.24 pounds.
The specific gravity (SG) of liquid LPG – Propane – is 0.495 (at 25°C)
Propane is 580.88 kg/m3 (at boiling point)
The specific gravity (SG) of liquid Butane is 0.601 (at 25°C)
Butane is 601.26 kg/m3 (at boiling point)

What is the Density of LPG Gas? LPG - Propane
is Heavier than Air
The density of gaseous LPG – Propane – is 1.898 kg/m3 (at 15°C and sea
level).
1 ft3 of propane weighs 0.1162 pounds.
Butane is 2.5436 kg/m3 (at 15°C and sea level)
In contrast, the density of Air is 1.225 kg/m3 (at 15°C and sea level).
So, LPG is heavier than air.
Note that LPG gas is also referred to as LPG vapour, which is the more
technically correct term.
10 Important LPG - Propane Facts

1. LPG (or LP Gas) is the acronym for Liquefied Petroleum Gas or Liquid
Petroleum Gas.
2. LPG is a group of flammable hydrocarbon gases liquefied through

pressurisation.
They are, in most cases, used as fuel.
3. LPG comes from natural gas processing and petroleum refining.
4. There are a number of gases that fall under the “LPG” label.
These include propane, butane and isobutane (i-butane), as well as

mixtures of these gases.
5. LPG gases are compressible into liquid at low pressures.
6. The common uses for LPG include use for fuel in heating, cooking, hot water
and vehicles.
It is also utilised for refrigerants, aerosol propellants and petrochemical

feedstock.
7. LPG is stored, as a liquid, in steel vessels ranging from small BBQ gas
bottles to larger gas cylinders and storage tanks. (45kg gas bottles shown)
8. "Wet gas" is a term that is sometimes used to describe LPG, as a result of its
liquidity.
9. An alternate reference for LPG (propane) is as a Natural Gas Liquid – NGL.
10. In nature, propane does not occur alone.
LPG = Propane
In Australia, LPG is propane.
It is also called LPG Gas, LP Gas, Propane, BBQ Gas, Camping Gas or
Autogas.
LPG can be other gases in other countries.
Propane is a three carbon molecule with the formula C3H8.
The illustration shows a model of the molecule.
LPG Gas Temperature: Boiling Point, Flame,
Melting/Freezing Point
LPG - Propane boiling point is -42 °C or -44 °F.
The LPG gas temperature boiling point is where liquid propane boils and
becomes vapour (gas).
LPG gas flame temperature (when burned with air) is 1967 ºC or 3573 ºF.
LPG (propane) melting point/freezing point is at -188°C or -306.4°F.
So, LPG gas temperature for freezing is at a much lower temperature than
water, which freezes at 0ºC.
LPG - Propane Pressure Varies with

Temperature
As mentioned before, LPG is stored in a gas bottle under pressure.
The term “pressure” refers to the average force per unit of area that the gas
exerts on the inside walls of the gas bottle.
(LPG Pressure-Temperature Chart shown)
Pressure measurement is in kilopascals (kPa) or pounds per square inch (psi).
“Bar” is yet another unit of measure for pressure.
1 Bar = 100 kPa, so it is metric based but not an SI unit of measure.
LPG pressure can vary based on temperature, as shown in the chart.
The level of fill in the gas bottle comes into play when the LPG is in use, as it
affects the rate of vapourisation.
LPG is a liquefied gas. So, the pressure inside the cylinder will remain the same
from full until the vaporistion of the last of the liquid LPG.
Then the pressure will fall, with the use of the last of the LPG vapour.
Odourant Added for Safety
In its natural state, LPG is an odourless gas.
The distinctive smell that people associate with LPG is actually added to it as a
safety measure.
Without the addition of an odourant, leaking gas could collect without detection.
Avoid Direct Contact - Cold Burns

Always use caution should to avoid direct exposure, as liquid LPG is cold
enough to cause severe cold burns on exposed skin.
Energy Content of LPG - Propane

LPG (propane) contains approximately 25MJ per litre.
This also converts to 6.9kWh.
One gallon of propane contains 91,547 BTU (60°F).
Calorific Value of Water Gas
The calorific value of the gas used to heat water is no different than LPG used
for other applications.
So, once again, 'water gas' contains 25MJ per litre or 91,547 BTU (60°F) per
gallon.
LPG Gaseous Expansion
LPG expands to 270 times the volume when it goes from liquid to gas.
So, 1L of liquid LPG (propane) equals 270L of gaseous LPG.
As there are 1000L in a cubic meter (M3), 1L of liquid LPG expands to 0.27M3.
Combustion Formula Equation for LPG -
Propane
In the presence of enough oxygen, LPG burns to form water vapour and carbon
dioxide, as well as heat.
Formula Equation for Complete Combustion of LPG - Propane:

Propane + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Heat
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + Heat
Incomplete combustion of LPG (propane) occurs when not enough oxygen is

present.
Incomplete combustion results in the production of water, carbon monoxide,

and carbon dioxide:
What's the Equation for Incomplete Combustion

of Propane?
Formula Equation for Incomplete Combustion of LPG -
Propane:
Propane + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Monoxide + Water + Heat
2 C3H8 + 9 O2 → 4 CO2 + 2 CO + 8 H2O + heat
LPG Gas Temperature: LPG - Propane Flame

Temperature
An LPG (propane) flame burns at 1980°C.
When it is burning properly, the flame is blue.
A yellow or red flame is usually indicative of incomplete combustion.
Limits of Flammability
The lower and upper limits of flammability are the percentages of LPG that must
be present in an LPG/air mixture.
This means that between 2.15% and 9.6% of the total LPG/air mixture must be
LPG in order for it to be combustible.
LPG Flash Point Temperature
The flash point of LPG (propane) is -104°C or -156°F.
This is the minimum temperature at which propane will burn on its own after
ignition.
Below this temperature, it will stop burning on its own.
However, if a source of continuous ignition is present, it will burn

below -104°C.
Autoignition Temperature - Propane & Butane

Autoignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which it will
spontaneously ignite in air.
This is without an external source of ignition, like a spark or flame.
The autoignition temperature decreases as the pressure or oxygen

concentration increases.
The autoignition temperature of LPG – Propane – is 470 °C or 878°F.
The autoignition temperature of Butane is 405°C or 761°F.
Dissipation
LPG gas is heavier than air and will sink to and collect at the lowest point.
If vented to the outside air, LPG will dissipate with the slightest movement of
air.
With LPG vented into a sealed structure, with no air movement, the LPG gas
will collect on the floor. It will rise toward the ceiling, as more LPG enters into
the structure.
Molecular Weight for LPG – Propane – Butane –

Isobutane
The molecular weight for LPG – Propane – is 44.097 kg/kmole.
The molecular weight for Butane (n-butane) is 58.12 kg/kmole.
For Isobutane (i-butane), the molecular weight is the same as for n-butane at
58.12 kg/kmole.
LPG Vapour (Gas) Use vs. Liquid Use
LPG (propane) supply is either liquid or vapour.
The difference is in the extraction from supply cylinder or vessel.
Most LPG applications use vapour.
Appliances such as water heaters, room heaters and cookers all use vapour.
If these appliances were to have liquid LPG flow to their burners, the result
could be a fire or similar safety hazard.
This is why LPG cylinders should always be upright, so that any gas released is
in vapour form only.
6 Things You Didn’t Know About LPG
While you may know some of these facts, chances are you don’t know
all of them.
Have a read and learn more about:
1. Real LPG Explosions are Really Rare
2. Simulated Natural Gas from LPG
3. The Source of LPG
4. Australian Made Energy
5. LPG is a Renewable Energy Source
6. LPG is NOT Coal Seam Gas (CSG)

1. LPG Cylinder Explosions are Extremely Rare +
Video
Hollywood and the media would have you believe that LPG cylinder
explosionsare a common event.
In fact, explosions are quite rare and it is quite difficult to even make an LPG
cylinder explode on purpose.
You’ll enjoy watching this Myth Busters Video where they try to make a cylinder
explode.
Most gas explosions are the result of gas leaking into a confined space, like a
kitchen.
This is no more likely with LPG than with piped natural gas.
Often, the gas bottle itself is not even involved in the event, as gas bottles are
always stored outdoors.
2. Simulated Natural Gas from LPG

Most people have never even heard of Simulated Natural Gas (SNG) let alone
know that it can be made with LPG.
Mixing vapourised LPG with air produces SNG.

We can SNG use in place of natural gas, as it has near identical combustion
characteristics.
It can be used alone or mixed with regular natural gas.
There are no changes required in burners, regulators or gas jets.
There are a number of reasons to use SNG:
• To help meet peak demand when natural gas supplies are inadequate
• To operate while in preparation for the start-up of a natural gas supply
• As a stand-by in the event of a natural gas supply disruption
Simulated natural gas has a few names.
Besides SNG, it is also called propane-air and LPG-air.
3. The Source of LPG

Many people mistakenly think of LPG as a by-product.
In reality, LPG is a valuable co-product produced from gas fields and crude oil
refining.
They process the gas stream from natural gas fields to separate the gases
present.
These include methane, ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes.
Impurities are also removed, including water.
The produced gases are each funnelled into their own supply streams.
They capture propane and butane, the two common types of LPG, and store
them in their liquefied form.
The same is true of crude oil refining.

The refinery process creates many co-products.
The co-products include gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil,
naphtha, kerosene and LPG.
4. LPG is Australian Made Energy

LPG is the only motor fuel in which Australia is self-reliant.
Unlike both petrol and diesel, for which Australia relies on imports, we produce
more LPG than we consume.
Not only is Australia completely self-sufficient in LPG but it is also a net

exporter of LPG.
In 2013, Australia produced 2.3 Million tonnes of LPG.
That satisfied the local demand of 1.5 million tonnes, with net exports of
815,000 tonnes.
5. LPG is now a Renewable Energy Source
LPG has gone from being a traditional fossil fuel to a new form of renewable
energy.
Scientists have created a genetically engineered version of the common E. coli

bacteria.
This version produces propane (LPG).
So, LPG is now a renewable energy.
The bacteria consume sugar.
With genetic modification, and the help of a couple of enzymes, they make
propane.
The propane produced is chemically identical to regular propane.
6. LPG is NOT Coal Seam Gas (CSG)

There is some confusion over what Coal Seam Gas (CSG) is and what it is not.
LPG is not CSG.
While CSG may contain various gases, typical CSG is 95% to 97% pure
Methane.
LPG is not Methane.
LPG is Propane.
How to Detect a Gas Leak in
Your Home
How to detect a gas leak in your home with
simple signs, including the distinctive odour of the gas, a hissing
sound of the leaking gas escaping, higher gas bills, dead or
dying plants, electronic combustible gas detectors, a white mist,
bubbles when you spray with soapy water, appliances with red or
yellow flames or feeling unwell.
Whilst searching you also want to avoid all ignition sources including,
but not limited to, flames, electrical switches and telephones.
Using Your Nose
For safety reasons, the gas suppliers add an odourant - Ethyl

Mercaptan – to the gas to help detect a gas leak in your home.
Natural gas and LPG are naturally colourless and odourless without this
additive.
Most people describe the smell as either rotten eggs or rotten cabbage.
Using Your Ears

Leaking gas from a small opening may cause a hissing noise.
Once you determine the general area, you can utilise the soapy water leak
test to identify the exact location of the leak.
Be sure to check all connections with the soapy water, as well.
Electronic Detectors
For another use of your ears, you can purchase electronic combustible gas
detectors online or in your local hardware store.
They can be stationary or handheld portables.
They detect both natural gas and LPG.
It has an audio alarm, similar to a smoke detector.
Carbon monoxide detectors are also available.
Higher Gas Bills

You may have a leak if you notice that your gas bills show higher consumption,
in gas units, than the same period in the previous year.
Sometimes the leaks are so slow that you can neither smell nor hear them but
they may show up on your gas bill.
Remember to use units like cubic meters, cubic feet, kilograms, litres, or gallons
and not the monetary value, as prices may have changed.
Using Your Eyes

If you ever observe a white mist or cloud it could be indicative of a pipe rupture
or similar leak.
You should evacuate the area immediately and call for help from a safe
location.
Flame Colour
Using your eyes once again, if you observe a red or yellow flame, there is
something wrong with your appliance or you may have a leak.
Chance are that your burners just need cleaning and, in any case, you should
have gas appliances serviced at least every two years, or more often if
recommended by the manufacturer.
But red and yellow flames are also indicative of the production of carbon
monoxide, which is a poisonous gas.
So, call a gas fitter for a service call as soon as possible.
Scorching or Soot
If you see scorching or soot in an unusual location on the appliance, it may
indicate a leak when the appliance is turned on.
For example, a burner connection that is leaking may create a flame in an
unintended place.
Pilot Lights That Go Out

Whilst pilot lights are much rarer in modern gas appliances, they still exist.
Leaks are one cause for a pilot light to keep going out.
If you have that problem, it is time for a service call.
Dead or Dying Plants or Trees

If an underground gas leak occurs caused by corroding pipes or other
deteriorisation, plants or trees nearby may start dying.
Plants are very sensitive to atmospheric changes.
If there is no other obvious reason for the tree/plant problem and they are near
or on top of a buried gas line, it is worth getting it checked with a gas detector.
Leaking gas may even affect indoor plants.
Feeling Unwell Due to Possible Carbon

Monoxide Poisoning
Nausea, headaches, difficulty or irregular breathing, fatigue, chest pain, flu like
symptoms, dizziness or light-headed, and drowsiness can all be signs of
carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning.
Properly functioning gas appliances are quite safe.
A blue flame is one indication of proper function and complete combustion.
As discussed, malfunctioning units may generate carbon monoxide, due to

incomplete combustion.
If you experience any signs of carbon monoxide poisoning while operating your
indoor gas appliance, you should stop using it until it is serviced by your gas
fitter.
Final Thoughts
If you do have a gas leak, turn off the gas at the meter of gas bottle.
Also, if safe to do so, leave windows and doors open and then evacuate the
building.
Do not operate any electrical switches or any other ignition sources, including
telephones.
Only call for assistance from a safe location.
If there is a fire involved, just evacuate immediately and call for help as soon as
possible.
Why is LPG Energy Great for
Rural Households?
Nearly 15 per cent of Australia's 25-plus million population is classified
as living in rural or remote areas[1].
That's more than 3.5 million people nationwide facing the challenges
of life away from urban centres and the convenient and reliable utilities
options available there.
Luckily, rural life doesn't have to be a struggle. While mains power may
be unreliable or inaccessible for those in remote areas, LPG offers a
flexible and readily available power supply to millions nationwide,
making the use LPG energy great for rural households.
The Appeal of Rural Life

Laid-back lifestyle, affordable housing, a stronger sense of community -
whatever the reason, Australians continue to seek rural living as an alternative
to the rat race in cities.
This is a particularly appealing move for older Australians looking to retire away
from busy urban centres.
It's also a draw for those employed in the agriculture, forestry and fishing
industries - of the near-325,000 workers nationwide, 82 per cent live in regional
areas.
This represents a 10 per cent increase on employment figures in late 2012[2].
Switching a metropolitan lifestyle for a closer connection to the land is a choice

that comes with a natural drawback, however.
Living off the grid can be challenging when trying to warm your home, heat your
water and power your appliances.
Rural life in Australia doesn't mean you have to trade in a comfortable lifestyle.
The Energy Challenges in Remote Areas

Life in rural and remote Australia often means difficulty accessing a reliable and
consistent power supply. The sheer scale of the country - spanning nearly 7.7
million kilometres squared[3] - means it's difficult and costly to install and
maintain electricity cables and gas lines nationwide.
This means homes, businesses and community organisations in regional areas

regularly experience power interruptions that take a while to rectify.
Further, certain areas may be entirely reliant on alternative forms of power,

including private energy grids utilising renewable sources such as solar or wind.
However, renewable sources are not an entirely effective measure for those
living off the grid, for these reasons:
Sources such as solar power and wind are reliant on certain weather
conditions to generate the power needed. This can lead to major
deviations in power supply.


Renewable energy source grids require significant investment in

infrastructure such as batteries and solar panels.


Some of this infrastructure also needs to be replaced every few years,

meaning it continues to be costly down the line.
When looking for a power supply that is reliable and still flexible enough for rural
life, starting out with LPG is a great option.
What are the advantages of using LPG energy?

LPG is an excellent fuel for powering a range of home appliances.
From heating water to cooking food, the energy source has an application
throughout the home.
The advantages of using LPG include:
LPG, when used correctly, can be up to five times more fuel-efficient

than other energy sources[4]. This means there is less energy wasted
with each application.


The difficulty of using electrical cooking appliances such as stovetops

and ovens comes from the inability to accurately control cooking
temperatures. The blue flame that comes with an LPG-powered
appliance means users can easily adjust the flame to suit the application,
making it easier to cook like a professional.


While some liquid fuels can gel, stratify or evaporate over time, LPG
bottles have an indefinite shelf life, which is extremely useful in
difficult-to-access rural. areas[5].


LPG is a more flexible power supply in rural areas than mains electricity,
which can be prone to weather disruptions or wear-and-tear. If your
home is powered through LPG, all you have to do when running low is
contact your local supplier and order full bottles to continue your reliable
energy supply.


Of all fossil fuels, LPG is one of the cleanest burning energy sources. It's
also non-toxic and has no impact on soil, water and underground
aquifers[6].
LPG offers numerous advantages over other fuel sources for rural homes.
These numerous advantages are even more important when considered in the
context of running a rural home.
Case Study: Taking the Advantages of LPG in

the Home
From farming settlements to regional towns nationwide, each and every home
is at risk of sporadic power supply issues.
Switching your home to LPG power can immediately change all that.
Using LPG to heat your home means that, come winter, you will have a reliable
and adjustable means of staying warm at night.
LPG heaters can be installed in your home or used as portable units that, for
some models, require no electrical connection.
LPG can similarly help in heating your water for bathing, cooking and cleaning.
Power interruptions can mean a hot water tank that fails to function - with LPG
there are models that do not require electricity, so your water supply is heated
efficiently and quickly to your desired temperature.
When it comes to cooking, the safety and quality of food is of paramount

importance to yourself and your family.
LPG-powered appliances such as stove tops, ovens and even fridges are
reliable ways of ensuring that what you are cooking is safe and heated to help
eliminate any risk of bacteria.
These advantages mean you can live your dream lifestyle in the country without
having to worry about when the next blackout may hit!
Cooking with LPG makes it easier to control temperature, improving your

finished result.
Getting LPG energy into your household
Rural life doesn't have to be a trade-off between a laid back way of living and a
dependable power supply.
LPG offers homeowners a flexible and reliable means of warming their home,
heating their water and powering home comforts.
Making the switch to LPG is easy - it's about selecting the right home
appliances and finding a reliable LPG supplier near you that can help.
If you're ready to get started on transforming your rural household into an

LPG-powered home, contact your local Elgas service team.
Propane Gas Storage: How is LPG –

Propane Stored Safely?
LPG is stored in pressure vessels and it is almost always stored in its
liquid form.
These vessels can range from small camping canisters to BBQ gas
bottles to larger gas cylinders and much larger LPG tanks - bullets.
Storage depots may consist of large storage spheres or large buried
tanks.
The liquefied gas can also be stored underground, in custom-built or
prepared caverns.
Propane Gas Storage - LPG Gas Storage -

General Guidelines
Propane gas storage - LPG storage: LPG -

propane cylinders should be stored outdoors in a well ventilated area,
the cylinders should always be stored upright and storage should be
kept away from high traffic areas to minimise any chance of accidental
impacts.
Indoor storage should always be avoided.
The gas cylinder storage area should be flat and firm, such as a concrete slab
and be in a location with good drainage, as cylinders should not be allowed to
remain in standing water.
The area around the cylinders should be free from any ignition sources,
including electrical componentry, and the surrounding area should also be free
of any flammable materials.
The cylinders should not be placed near any artificial heat source.
The valve should always be kept closed, even if you believe the cylinder to be
empty.
Note: Each country has its own specific regulations regarding LPG - propane gas
storage. Please consult your local standards.
LPG – Propane is Stored as a Liquid

LPG exists in two different forms, liquid and gas (vapour).
LPG is always stored in liquid form.
It turns into a liquid by increasing the pressure on it, with or without reducing the
temperature.
Compressing it into liquid is a much better and more efficient method of

storage.
As a gas, it has 270x the volume of liquid LPG.

So, liquefying it is like going from a beach ball to a table tennis ball.
What Pressure is LPG Stored at?

exerts on the inside walls of the containment vessel.
The pressure inside of an LPG cylinder, or larger vessel, is dependent upon the
temperature of the vessel.
The higher the temperature, the higher the pressure of the LPG within the
cylinder.
The fill level does not affect the pressure until you run out.
The pressure of LPG (propane) goes from 152 kPa (24 PSIG or 1.5 bar) at 0ºC
to 2482 kPa (360 PSIG or 24.8 bar) at 70ºC.
Please see detailed pressure chart below.
Propane Gas Storage Pressure Chart

LPG (Propane) Storage Pressure Chart
Temp Temp Pressure Pressure Pressure

ºC ºF kPa PSIG Bar
70 158 2482 360 24.8
60 140 2013 292 20.1
54 130 1794 257 17.9
43 110 1358 197 13.6
38 100 1186 172 11.9
32 90 1027 149 10.3
27 80 883 128 8.8
16 60 637 92 6.4
-1 30 356 51 3.6
-18 0 152 24 1.5
-29 -20 74 11 0.7
-43 -45 0 0 0
Note: Some numbers have been rounded.
LPG – Propane Gas Storage Comes in a Range

of Sizes
LPG storage vessels start from the very tiny and go all the way to
mammoth, including:
● Butane Lighters
● Disposable Butane Cartridges
● Small BBQ Bottles
● Forklift Gas Bottles - Cylinders
● Large LPG Bottles – Cylinders
● Large LPG Tanks – LPG Bullets
● Storage in Intermodal ISO Tank Containers
● Mounded Tanks – Bullets
● LPG Storage Spheres - Horton Spheres
● Underground LPG Storage Caverns

Butane Lighters
A butane lighter is arguably the smallest LPG storage vessel.
The classic disposable butane lighter contains only about 4 grams of fuel.
This will vary by the make and model of the lighter.
The fuel can be butane, isobutane or a mixture of the two.
Disposable Butane Cartridges

The 220g (≈ 8oz.) disposable butane cartridges are used in small camping
stoves and other appliances.
Many of these cartridges are now equipped with a Countersink Release Vent
(CRV).
The CRV is a safety feature that is designed into the cartridge.
It allows for the release of some gas in an over pressure situation, as would
occur when exposed to excess heat.
This helps to eliminate any risk of explosion.
Empty butane cartridges should be disposed of properly.
Community recycling centres are the best place to take any empties.
Small BBQ Bottles
LPG gas bottles for BBQ and camping come in two main
sizes: 9kg & 4kg.
There are also various smaller sizes.
There are also two common valve types:
● the standard BBQ valve in Australia is a POL valve.

● there is also a Camper valve fitted to 4kg camper cylinders. Camper valves
are for appliances designed for Camper valve use.
Other countires may have other valve types.
Forklift Gas Bottles - Cylinders

The gas for forklifts is stored in two different size cylinders.
They are also made from both steel and aluminium.
There are 15kg aluminium and 18kg steel forklift gas cylinders.
Large LPG Bottles – Cylinders
LPG 45kg gas bottles – also called 45kg gas cylinders – are the most popular
size gas bottles for homes and small businesses.
45kg gas bottles can be exchanged or refilled onsite via LPG tanker trucks.
A typical installation is comprised of two 45kg gas bottles.
This is so you can switch bottles while awaiting an exchange or refill of the
empty.
There are also 90kg, 190kg and 210kg size cylinders, for heavier use.
These larger cylinders are always filled via LPG tanker trucks, as they are too
larger to be exchanged in a practical manner.
Other countries use various similar sizes.
Large LPG Tanks – LPG Bullets

LPG gas bulk storage tank sizes for various application solutions.
These are sometimes called "LPG Bullets", “Propane Bullets” or just “Bullets”.
These LPG tanks are for commercial, industrial and agricultural applications.
Whilst vertical installation is possible, the vast majority of bullets are horizontal
installations.
They range in size from ½ tonne to 40 tonnes and larger.
Storage in Intermodal ISO Tank Containers

ISO tank containers are LPG
storage vessels mounted within a standardised framework.
The standardised framework is built to ISO (International Organisation for

Standardisation) standards, just like a standard (closed steel box) shipping
container.
Typical LPG ISO tank sizing is 6.05m (20ft) long, 2.4m wide and 2.55m high,
although other sizes also exist, including 12.2m (40ft) versions.
Capacity of the 6m ISO LPG tank is 24,000-25,000 litres or around 12 tonnes of

LPG.
A tank container is built to the ISO standards to be “intermodal”, making

it suitable for different modes of transportationand stackable.
These containers can be used for transport by ship, rail or truck, being
transferred between them without unloading/reloading the LPG cargo.
Mounded Tanks – Bullets

Placing large LPG tanks or bullets under mounded earth provides enhanced
fire safety.
The mounding provides protection from any nearby fires, vandalism and
sabotage.
The bullets are buried horizontally.
Some of the largest can be up to 7m in diameter and 70m or more in length.

Mounded bullets allow storage of huge quantities of LPG in a single location.
LPG Storage Spheres - Horton Spheres
A storage sphere is a very efficient and cost

effective way to store LPG.
Spheres require less steel than a cylinder to hold the same quantity of LPG.
Spheres are also a good shape for pressure vessels, as they distribute the
stress evenly.
Horton spheres also need less land to store the same quantity of LPG, versus
bullets.
In addition, they help minimise the cost of piping and foundations, as they hold
more in a single pressure vessel.
The Hortonsphere® is named after Horace Ebenezer Horton, builder of the first
spherical pressure vessels, back in 1923.
Underground LPG Storage Caverns
Why would we store LPG underground?
Underground storage is a cost efficient way to store very large quantities of

LPG.
Unlike above ground tanks, there is no need for refrigeration and there is no
finite life span for the project.
The above ground plant and equipment is uncomplicated, requiring minimal

maintenance.
The gas is typically held within the cavern by hydrostatic water pressure in the
surrounding stone.
These facilities can incorporate a dedicated docking system to load and unload
LPG ocean tankers.
These can be as large as VLGC class ships of up to 45,000 tonnes.
The docking system also loads smaller tankers for re-distribution to other
facilities.
The picture above was taken during the construction phase of the Elgas Cavern,
in Sydney.
Where Should You Store Gas Cylinders -

Bottles?
A good, safe place to store a gas cylinder is outdoors, with plenty of ventilation.
Remembering that LPG is heavier than air, it should also not be stored near a
pit or a drain.
They should not be stored near any ignition source, like a flame or electrical
devices.
It is important that the cylinder is always stored upright.
This allows the Pressure Relief Valve to work properly.
All bottles should be treated as if they were full, with the valve remaining closed
when disconnected.
Indoor Storage LPG-Propane Cylinders

We are frequently asked if you are allowed to store LPG indoors and, if so, how
much?
What are Gas Bottle-Cylinders Storage Regulations?
In summary:
● Storage regulations are primarily safety related and should be observed at all
times.
● Indoor storage should be avoided whenever possible and limits apply.
● Gas bottles should always be stored in a well-ventilated area away from any
flame, heat or other ignition source
● LPG (propane) gas bottles-cylinders must always be stored upright with

valves closed, when not in use.
● Gas bottles must be prevented from falling and protected from impact and
damage.
● Storage limits on quantity may apply and placarding may be required.
Final Thoughts
The flexible nature of LPG allows for storage in many ways.
The method of storage can be selected based on the quantities involved and
the logistical requirements.
Regardless of how it’s stored, LPG is there when people need it.
Clean, safe and reliable energy for everyone everywhere.

Propane - LPG Gas Smell: Ethyl
Mercaptan

LPG (propane) smells because an odourant - Ethyl

Mercaptan - is added to the gas to make it easier to detect a
leak.


In their natural state, LPG (Propane and Butane) and

Natural Gas (Methane) are all odourless gases.


The distinctive smell that people associate with these

gases is actually added to them as a safety measure.


Ethyl Mercaptan is the odourant added to give LPG

(propane) and natural gas their distinctive aroma.


This odourant is added to the gas as it leaves the main

storage terminals.


Most people describe the smell as either rotten eggs or

rotten cabbage.


There are certain end products that require odourant free
LPG, such as hair spray or deodorant that use LPG as a
propellant.


Some people cannot smell the odourant and must rely on

electronic leak sensors.

Let's look at some more of the details…
What Does Propane (LPG) Smell Like?
For many decades, the gaseous fuels industry has

added odourants to LPGand Natural Gas so that people can detect gas leaks
with nothing more than their noses.
Without the addition of an odourant, leaking gas could collect without being
detected.
This would create a dangerous condition that could lead to an explosion or fire.
The smell is often compared to rotten cabbage or rotten eggs.
The strength of the odourant has caused some people to refer to the process of
adding the odourant as “stenching”.
Which Gas is Mixed with LPG to Detect Smell?

Odour Additive
Ethyl Mercaptan is the odourant added to make LPG (propane) and
natural gas smell.
However, Ethyl Mercaptan is not a gas, it is a chemical oudourant.
Much research has gone into the science of odourants and Ethyl Mercaptan is
almost universally recognised as the best choice.
As a result, it is the most commonly used odourising agent.
How & When it Gets Added

In the case of LPG, the Ethyl Mercaptan is added to the gas as it leaves the
main storage terminals.
The amount added and the process are both carefully controlled.
The terminals themselves have gas detectors that can identify gas leaks
without any odourant having been added.
Ethyl Mercaptan Stability Over Time

Ethyl Mercaptan will maintain the chemical equilibrium across the liquid and
vapour space.
However, if the tank liquid level is low, and much of the tank surface inside is
exposed, then a small amount of odourant fade MIGHT occur, reducing the
overall concentration of the Ethyl Mercaptan in both liquid and vapour LPG.
Given the detectability of the odourant is much less than the dosing used in
Australia (we can detect parts per billion, and we dose in parts per million), the
small amount of fade should not be an issue.
How to Test for Leaks
Special Cases with No Odourant

There are certain applications where the odourant is not added.
Facilities that use odourless gas must have the same gas detection equipment
as the gas terminals.
For example, Butane is commonly used as an aerosol propellant.
Needless to say, we wouldn’t want things like hair spray and deodorant to smell
like rotten cabbage!
Why do LPG (Propane) Cylinders Smell More
When Near Empty?
The Ethyl Mercaptan odourant is slightly less volatile than the Propane in which
it is dissolved.
As the Propane vapour is used by the appliance, the odourant is also removed
in the process.
Due to its lower volatility, there is a slightly higher concentration of odourant as

the last of the Propane liquid is converted to vapour and used.
The odourant is noticeable at very low concentrations (by design), so this small
increase in concentration can be very apparent.
Some People Can't Smell The Odour

Some people cannot smell the odour added to LPG.
This can be due to illness or if they have been continuously exposed to the
smell.
If you know that you can’t smell gas, have problems with your sense of smell or
just want an extra layer of protection, you might consider installing a gas
detector.
Gas detectors emit an audio alarm when gas is detected, similar to a smoke
alarm.
Odourant Fade
Ethyl Mercaptan is not a perfect odourant.
No odourant can provide an absolute guarantee of no odourant fade.
Under some circumstances, it can fade away and be replaced by a gentler

smelling odour that might not be recognised as a gas leak.
Fade is caused by adsorption, absorption and oxidation.
Adsorption involves the odour ‘sticking’ to the inside steel walls of the gas
bottle.
Absorption refers to the odour being absorbed by another substance such as

water.
Oxidation occurs when the inside of a gas bottle is exposed to air, causing a
chemical reaction which can result in LPG losing its smell.
Odourant fade is rare but it can happen.

While very few instances of odourant fade have been recorded in Australia, it
has happened in other countries.
The presence of rust or moisture within an LPG tank could cause this fade.
To prevent this, new cylinders are filled with dry and inert nitrogen gas, to
prevent both rust and eliminate the presence of moisture.
Once filled with LPG, the risk is virtually eliminated.
What Suppliers do to Prevent Fade

♦ Suppliers make sure gas bottles and tanks are properly conditioned prior to
filling.
♦ Suppliers ensure the correct amount of odorant is added to LPG.
♦ Then they monitor the levels of odourant at all points of the supply chain.
♦ They make sure gas storage tanks and gas bottles are clean inside and out.
♦ Gas bottles and tanks are purged of air, water and other substances prior to
use.
What You Can Do

LPG users can also assist in avoiding odourant fade by making sure that all
disconnected gas cylinders have their valves closed, even when completely
empty, to stop air (oxygen) and moisture from getting inside the cylinder.
This helps prevent the possibility of internal rusting and fade by oxidation.
Rust and moisture are also one of the things that are looked for when gas
cylinders are periodically re-inspected.
The presence of either is cause for condemnation of the cylinder.
You can also follow the these tips:
Do not store your gas bottles indoors or in an enclosed space, in case of

a leak.


Do not use any gas bottle, regulator, hose or fitting that is damaged.


Only buy gas bottles, regulators, hoses and fittings from reputable
suppliers.
So, now you know why gas smells the way it does and why it is the ‘Smell of
Safety’.
Does LPG Gas Expire? Propane Go Bad?
How Long Does it Last?
LPG vs Diesel vs Petrol Shelf Life?
An emergency generator is not much good if the fuel for it has gone off
and it won't run.
To prevent the problem of bad fuel, you have to go through the effort
and expense of changing out the fuel supply on a regular basis.
But what do you do with the bad petrol or diesel fuel? You can't just
dump it.
Is there a better fuel?
Does LPG – Propane Go Bad or Have a Shelf

Life?
Gasoline (petrol) and diesel fuel degrade with time.
LPG – propane – just never goes bad.
Storing LPG for 10 to 30 years or more would not be an unreasonable

expectation, with the limiting factor being the container.
Assuming that the LPG cylinder and valve are in good shape, you shouldn't
have a problem.
This makes LPG the near perfect choice for emergency generators and similar
off-grid survival equipment.
It has an indefinite shelf life.
LPG – propane – does not degrade through any natural process.
The only limitation on using LPG is the durability of the container – gas bottles,
cylinders or tanks.
That and cobwebs!
LPG Expiry Date

When people talk about "LPG expiry date", they are actually talking about the
gas cylinder inspection date, not the LPG itself.
As previously mentioned, the LPG gas never goes bad or expires.
Gas cylinders must be inspected periodically.
The timing typically runs from 5 years to 15 years, with 10 years being the most
common time period.
This can vary by country, as well as type and size of the vessel.
Durability of LPG Gas Bottles – Propane Tanks

High quality galvanised LPG gas bottles or cylinders (propane tanks) can last
30 years or more.
There is no water or oxygen inside a full sealed gas bottle so they typically do
not rust from the inside.
If they are stored in a cool dry place, exterior rust would be slow to develop,
particularly with a galvanised cylinder or tank.
There are also aluminium and the newer composite cylinders that simply
cannot rust, as they do not contain steel.
Some composite cylinders are also translucent, meaning you can see the liquid
LPG and very easily check the fill level.
Cylinder re-inspection requirements typically apply to the refilling of the

cylinders but place no time restrictions on the use.
These regulations can vary by country so it is best to check if this is the case for
you, as well.
High quality valves and fittings are also a must.
Rubber hoses, that can perish, are best avoided in favour of copper tubing or
piping.
Petrol – Gasoline – Shelf Life

Petrol (gasoline) has a very limited shelf life.
Quality petrol should be good for six months, when stored properly.
However, petrol (gasoline) will break down slowly over time due to the
separation of the components, with gummy, sticky resin deposits and layers of
varnish.
“Stale fuel” can cause corrosion of system components.
Petrol should be stored in an airtight container that does not allow the petrol to
vent away the volatile components.
Petrol has many components with different properties.
When petrol is kept in an open container, eventually it will completely evaporate

but the components will evaporate at different rates, affecting performance.
Preventing water contamination and oxidation will extend the shelf life.
It also helps if the container is as full as possible, to decrease the exposure to

air (oxygen).
Petrol containing ethanol is even more problematic, as ethanol is hygroscopic –

attracting moisture from the atmosphere.
Ethanol is also harmful to rubber seals and components.
The addition of a fuel stabiliser can slow the oxidation process.
Fuel stabiliser can extend petrol shelf life to about 15 months.
The real problem is how do you dispose of the petrol after it goes off?
Diesel Fuel Shelf Life
Diesel fuel can also go off, forming gummy deposits, varnish, sediment,
microbial slime and sludge.
It also becomes dark and stratified (see above).
Exposure to water, air and heat are the three things that facilitate degradation.
This can block fuel filters, lead to carbon and soot deposits on injectors and
other combustion surfaces, and increase the frequency and cost of filter
changes.
Diesel that has gone off makes black smoke and may even prevent the engine
from starting.
Ironically, the newer low sulphur diesel fuels are actually more prone to
degradation problems.
Microbial growth – fungus, bacteria & algae – is part of the process that breaks
down diesel fuel.
Higher sulphur levels used to inhibit this growth, providing a much longer shelf
life.
The new lower sulphur products lacks this natural preservative effect.
Microbes can now multiply more quickly in the fuel, allowing the creation of
biomass formations and production of acids that degrade the fuel.
"Diesel fuel can be stored 6 months to 1 year without significant fuel

degradation if you keep it clean, cool and dry." according to Exxon.
BP says that under normal storage conditions diesel fuel can be expected to
stay in a useable condition for:
• 12 months or longer at an ambient of 20°C.
• 6-12 months at an ambient temperature higher than 30°C.
With the addition of fuel stabilisers – with antioxidant and biocide – diesel fuel
can last for 3 years or more.
Once again, the real problem is how do you dispose of the diesel after it goes
off?
Best Fuel for Emergency Generators & Off-Grid

Survival - LPG
With an indefinite shelf life, LPG – propane – is the perfect fuel for emergency
generators and survival in the events of catastrophic emergencies and other
unforeseen circumstances.
LPG can be used to power generators, but is can also be used directly for
cooking, heating, hot water, and most machinery that is powered by small
internal combustion engines.
There are LPG versions of water pumps, small tractors, and an assortment of
tools.
The list of LPG – propane – applications is almost endless.
A larger storage tank could also be used as autogas, if the vehicle has had a
gas conversion.
You could literally provide your entire energy needs with just LPG and, with
sufficient storage, you could do it for many years.
Nothing compares to LPG when it comes to shelf life of emergency fuel.

Is it Safe to Use a Full LPG Gas Cylinder Unused
for Many Years?
Assuming that the cylinder is in good shape, you should be fine to use an older
cylinder.
Be sure to check for leaks around the valve before and after connection.
Use the soapy water test to check.

Blue Flame vs Yellow Gas Flame
Flame Colour Temperature Chart
Blue gas stove flames are good.
Red/Yellow gas flames... not so much...
Gas flames are normally blue but sometimes they burn red or yellow.
Natural Gas Blue Flame and LPG Blue Flame -

What Temperature is it?
A natural gas blue flame and an LPG blue flame burn in a different colour
from other materials, like wood.
You get a blue gas flame with a hydrocarbon gas when you have
enough oxygen for complete combustion.
When you do have sufficient oxygen, the gas flame appears blue
because complete combustion creates enough energy to excite and
ionize the gas molecules in the flame.
With complete combustion, an LPG (Propane) blue flame burns at a
temperature of around 1,980°C.
For natural gas blue flame (Methane), the temperature is about
1,960°C.
Blue Flame vs Yellow Gas Flame Colour

So, a blue gas stove flame indicates complete combustion, meaning you aren't
wasting gas and money.
Red or yellow gas flames may be the sign of incomplete combustion, wasted
gas and a serious safety hazard.
With hydrocarbon flames, such as gas, the amount of oxygen supplied with the
gas determines the rate of combustion, flame colour and temperature.
In all but exceptional cases, like decorative gas fireplace flames, you always
want a blue flame from a gas appliance burner.
Flame Colour Temperature Chart - Blue & Yellow

Gas Flames
Flame Colour Temperature Chart
Gas Colour Temperature

LPG (Propane) Blue 1,980°C
Natural Gas (Methane) Blue 1,960°C
LPG or Natural Gas Yellow 1,000 °C
Temperatures are approximate.

Blue flame temperatures assume
complete combustion.
A blue LPG (Propane) flame burns at a temperature of around 1,980°C.
A natural gas (methane) blue flame burns at about 1,960°C.
A yellow gas flame is indicative of incomplete combustion and carbon

monoxide emissions.
Yellow gas flames only burn at around 1,000°C.
Gas Fireplace Flame Color
Gas fireplace flame color (colour)

is the exception to the rule, as fireplaces are frequently designed to burn
with a yellow flame colour for a more natural look.
Wood logs do not burn with a blue colour, so gas fireplaces are engineered
accordingly.
They are also flued so there are no indoor emissions issues, should they
produce some CO from the yellow flames.
Gas Stove Temperature

Gas stove temperature is not the same as the gas flame temperature, which
has a maximum of almost 2,000°C.
The actual gas stove temperature range is typically from about 90°C to no more
than 300°C.
And Why is it Important?

It does make a difference.
To understand all of this, we need to look at the background behind flames and
combustion.
The amount of oxygen supplied with the gas is the most important factor in
determining the colour of the flame.
Blue Flame = Complete Combustion
If you ever took a high school chemistry class and had a chance to use a
Bunsen burner, you know how adjusting the air (oxygen) supply affects the
colour and temperature of the flame.
When you adjusted the Bunsen burner to increase the air supply you got more
complete combustion, less soot, a higher temperature and a blue flame.
With complete combustion, an LPG (Propane) flame burns at a temperature of

around 1,980°C.
For Natural Gas (Methane), the temperature is about 1,960°C.
Complete Combustion:
Gas + Oxygen = Water + Carbon Dioxide + Heat
Red/Yellow Flame = Incomplete

Combustion
Again, remembering back to high school, if you starved the Bunsen burner of
air, the combustion process was incomplete and the flame burned sooty red or
yellow and at a cooler temperature.
The yellow colour is due to incandescence of very fine soot particles that are
produced in the flame.
This type of flame only burns at around 1,000 °C.
Depending on the lighting, you may have actually seen the soot rising from the
flame.
What you didn't see was that incomplete combustion was also producing
dangerous carbon monoxide.
When comparing different gases, you will discover that they required different
amounts of air for complete combustion.
To burn properly LPG (Propane) requires an air-to-gas volume ratio of about

24:1.
For Butane, it is about 31:1.
Natural gas (Methane) requires an air-to-gas volume ratio of about 10:1.
Incomplete combustion also results in hazardous carbon

monoxide:
Gas + Oxygen = Water + Carbon Dioxide + Carbon Monoxide + Heat
Why is a Blue Gas Flame Safer?
A key warning sign that you require gas appliance

servicing is a yellow or red flame or a flame with a yellow burning tip.
Other indicators include the accumulation of yellow/brown soot around the

appliance, pilot lights that frequently blow out or an acrid smell and eye
irritation.
The exceptions to this are gas fireplaces and gas log fires that are designed to
have yellow flames.
The above are all indications of incomplete combustion.
The result is that you could be wasting gas and/or generating dangerous
carbon monoxide.
The latter is a serious safety problem, if it occurs with an indoor appliance.
If you observe any of these warning signs, you should schedule a service as
soon as possible.
The burner should be cleaned and checked for proper operation.
Burners blocked with dirt can result in improper combustion, leading to soot
build up inside the appliance.
What Colour Should the Flame be in a Gas

Oven?
As with other gas appliances, the flame of a gas oven should burn blue.
The same applies to gas cooktops.
Why is There a Blue Flame in Burning LPG Gas

and a Yellow Flame on Burning Wood?
The LPG gas flame appears blue because complete combustion creates
enough energy to excite and ionize the gas molecules in the flame.
The burning wood has a yellow flame colour due to incandescence of very fine
soot particles that are produced in the flame.
Depending on the lighting, you may have actually seen the soot rising from the
flame.
Combustion and Carbon Monoxide (CO)

All gas appliances, domestic and industrial, produce water vapour, Carbon
Dioxide and heat, and usually very small amounts of Carbon Monoxide.
If installed and maintained correctly, the operation of the gas appliance

provides quick and efficient heating, cooking, hot water and more, and the
products of combustion do not create any hazardous situations.
If an appliance is not correctly installed and maintained or has been modified,

the products of combustion might change, and become hazardous to the
people around the appliance.
Something as simple as a ventilation change (getting fresh air to the appliance

to sustain complete combustion) may cause a gas appliance to malfunction,
and create a hazardous situation for the people around.
Sometimes it is obvious when a gas appliance malfunctions.
Sooty smoke, red or yellow flames or poor performance are indicators, but
sometimes no indicators are obvious.
If Carbon Monoxide (CO) is produced and escapes the appliance into the
surrounding air, it will not be obvious (no smell and no taste) but will be very
dangerous.
It is essential that gas appliances are correctly installed and serviced every two
years, to maintain good combustion and safe, efficient operation.
Carbon Monoxide
Properly functioning gas appliances are quite safe.
A blue flame is one indication of proper function and complete combustion.
As discussed, malfunctioning units may generate carbon monoxide, due to

incomplete combustion.
If you experience any signs of carbon monoxide poisoning while operating your
indoor gas appliance, you should stop using it until it is serviced by your gas
fitter.
How Does a Blue Flame Save You

Money?
A blue flame connotes complete combustion.
This indicates that the gas is being burned efficiently without any unburned and
wasted gas.
With complete combustion you get the maximum heat output from your gas and
use less gas to generate heat with whatever appliance you are using.
You also minimise or eliminate the creation of carbon monoxide.
Final Thoughts
So, now you know why a gas flame burns blue and why it’s a problem if it
doesn’t.
Keep an eye on your gas appliances and have them serviced, as needed, to
keep them operating properly and safely.
Also follow the manufacturers' recommendations for periodic routine servicing.
Your family will be safer and you’ll save money, too.

How Does LPG - Propane Turn from
Liquid to Gas?
LPG (Propane) Vaporisation

Did you know that every time you turn on one of your gas appliances,
the LPG in your gas bottles starts to boil?
If you could see though the steel, you would also notice that it looks
just like water boiling.
The big difference is that it happens at -42°C or -44°F.
This is vaporisation, which is how LPG – propane – goes from liquid to
vapour (gas).
LPG - Propane & Butane Turn from Liquid to Gas

LPG (propane and/or butane) turns from liquid to gas when it boils.
However, propane and butane boil at different temperatures.
Propane boils at a lower temperature than butane, making it more suitable for
cold climates.
On a cold winter day, outdoor butane cylinders may not reach their boiling
temperature, leaving the user with no gas.
Temperature - Propane & Butane Turn to Gas
LPG - Propane Turns

from Liquid or Gas?
LPG (1atm) Liquid Vapour (Gas)
< -42°C or ≥ -42°C or
Propane
< -43.6ºF ≥ -43.6ºF
< -0.4°C or ≥ -0.4°C or
Butane
< 31.28ºF ≥ 31.28ºF
How Liquid LPG Gets Converted to Gas - LPG

(Propane) Vaporisation
Liquid LPG boils and turns back into gas vapour when you release some of the
pressure in the gas bottle, by turning on your gas appliance.
The vapour pressure in the bottle also increases with temperature, as

explained below.
How LPG-Propane Boils

To boil, the liquid LPG draws heat from the steel walls of the gas bottle which, in
turn, get heat from the ambient air.
As with water, the more heat that is applied, the more rapidly it boils, vaporising
at a faster rate.
As the steel of the bottle draws heat from the ambient air heat, cold weather will
slow down the rate of vaporisation.
Vaporisation also makes the gas bottle feel colder than the ambient
temperature.
The gas bottle gets even colder when you are actually in the process of using
the gas.
LPG Boiling Point

In contrast, LPG (propane) boils at -42°C or -44°F, becoming gas vapour.
Unlike water, 1 kilogram of LPG does NOT equal 1 litre of liquid LPG.
LPG density or specific gravity is about half that of water, at 0.51.
Conversely, 1L of LPG weighs 0.51kg.
Vaporisation Must Match Consumption

The amount of gas that the appliance or appliances are drawing from the gas
bottles must be matched by the rate of vaporisation.
If a gas bottle ices up regularly, it simply means that the vessel is too small for
the vaporisation load placed on it.
Switching to a larger vessel can provide a higher rate of vaporisation.
Heat is absorbed through the vessel shell and into the liquid.
This is known as the “wetted area”.
The larger the tank or the fuller the tank, the more gas that can be vaporised at
a given temperature.
Vaporisation tables (as shown below) are used to match the required
vaporisation rates to the corresponding vessel size.
Vaporisation tables show the maximum continuous vaporisation rates, in MJ/hr,

at different ambient temperatures for each available vessel size.
In instances where a larger vessel is not an option, the only alternative is to

supply some artificial means of increasing vaporisation.
The units used are very appropriately call vapourisers.
Lower Fill Equals Less Vaporisation

Keeping in mind the concept of "wetted area", the maximum rate of vaporisation
drops as the fill level drops.
If there is less LPG in the vessel, there is less contact area between the liquid
LPG and the steel that provides the heat for vaporisation.
Depending on the consumption rate of the attached appliances, this may make
no difference at all, if the consumption rate is low.
However, if the consumption rate is high, the vaporisation rate may not keep
pace with the consumption.
Depending on the appliance, this starvation may cause the appliance to

function poorly or not at all.
LPG (Propane) Vaporisation Table

LPG Vaporisation Chart of Standard Size Vessels
Nominal Volume
LPG in Water Maximum Continuous Vapourisation Rates
Vessel Capacity for LPG (propane) at Indicated Ambient
Size Temperatures.
(in MJ/hr)
at 30% full
Weight Volume -18˚C -7˚C -1˚C 4˚C 10˚C 16˚C
45kg 108L 46 92 115 138 161 184
90kg 215L 70 140 175 211 246 281
190kg 499L 106 219 274 328 383 438
0.5t 1.35kL 235 469 587 704 821 939
1.0t 2.2kL 327 653 816 980 1143 1306
2.0t 4.3kL 545 1090 1363 1636 1908 2181
2.5t 6.7kL 826 1652 2065 2478 2891 3304
3.0t 7.5kL 921 1841 2302 2762 3222 3683
10t 23kL 1616 3231 4039 4847 5655 6463
13t 33kL 2214 4482 5603 6724 7844 8965
17t 43kL 2502 5003 6300 7505 8756 10006
21t 53kL 3492 6984 8730 10476 12222 13968
25t 62kL 3502 7004 8755 10507 12258 14009
33t 81kL 4503 9006 11257 13509 15760 18011
40t 100kL 5504 11007 13759 16511 19262 22014
© 2013-2017 Elgas Ltd.
Vaporisation Table Notes:
1. As a simple rule of thumb, when using vessels of say 2.75 or 5.1kL capacities,
simply extrapolate between the two nearest size vessels but biasing your
calculations on the conservative side. Always consult your supplier’s technical
representative for advice.
2. Always check with your supplier’s technical representative that the above
vapourisation rates are correct for the particular vessel you have designated.
3. For sites requiring a high vapourisation rate but it is not cost effective to
install larger and/or multiple vessels, consider using a vapouriser.
4. Vessels above 3 tonnes or over 7.5kL will be custom designed by supplier to

suit customer needs. Figures provided are only rough estimates, based on
previous designs.
Condensation Turns to Ice

Initially, condensation forms when the temperature of the gas bottle or regulator
drops below the dew point.
This is exactly the same as the condensation you get on a humid day with a
glass of ice water.
Under the right conditions, when you are using gas very rapidly, ice can even
form on the gas bottle!
LPG Vapour vs Gas

Let's also clarify the terminology.
The two terms, vapour and gas, are used interchangeably by most people in
reference to LPG.
Vapour (or vapor in American spelling) is the more technically correct term for
LPG, as it is in gaseous and liquid equilibrium at room temperature.
It can be turned back into a liquid by increasing the pressure on it without

reducing the temperature.
A gas has one defined state at room temperature.
So, vapours are gases however not all gases are vapours
Gas Bottles Contain Liquid and Gas

The LPG gas vapour is held in the top of the bottle and the
liquid LPG at the bottom, as shown in the accompanying image.
Almost all of the uses for LPG involve the use of the gas vapour, not the
liquefied gas.
LPG Pressure Varies with Temperature

As previously mentioned, when LPG is stored in a gas bottle, it is under
pressure.
Pressure is measured in kilopascals (kPa) or pounds per square inch (psi).
LPG pressure can vary greatly based on temperature, as shown in the chart.
The level of fill in the gas bottle comes into play when the LPG is being used, as
it affects the rate of vaporisation.
As LPG is a liquefied gas, the pressure inside the cylinder will remain the same
from full until the last of the liquid LPG is vaporised.
Then the pressure will fall quickly as the last of the LPG vapour is used, as well.
Final Thoughts
Understanding vaporisation helps explain how LPG turns from liquid to gas.
It is particularly important for larger commercial installations where the rates of

gas consumption are higher.
The technical staff matches the gas load to the appropriate vessel size and, if
required, a vapouriser.
How & Why Would an LPG (Propane)
Cylinder Explode?
It is extremely difficult to get an LPG cylinder to explode.
Even trying to do it intentionally is very challenging.
Now, you may be thinking that I am only saying this because I work for
an LPG company.
How can what I say be true when you see reports of “exploding gas
bottles” in the news with some frequency?
The issue lies with the erroneous reporting of the facts…
LPG Tank Explosion vs Gas Explosion

LPG tank explosion is actually very
rare. Reporters have a habit of calling any explosion that involves
bottled gas an "LPG tank explosion" or a “gas bottle explosion”.
However, what is usually taking place is an event that does not directly involve
the gas bottle(s).
The typical scenario is a gas leak from a gas appliance, connection or fitting.
Gas from the leak accumulates within a confined space and that is what
catches fire or explodes.
Because home LPG bottles are normally stored outside, the gas bottles
themselves are frequently untouched by the explosion or fire.
For example, there was a tragic accident a few years ago involving an
explosion and fire.
The newspaper headline read “Gas Bottle Explosion” but the accompanying
picture (see below) showed the gas bottles still standing there, next to the
gutted house.
Ironically, the gas bottles (green arrows) were just about the only thing left
intact.
Even the intense heat of the adjacent fire didn't make them explode.
LPG vs Natural Gas Explosion
Leaking gas in a house or other structure could be either natural gas or LPG.
Either scenario could result in an explosion and fire.
If there is a problem with an appliance or fitting, within the house, leaking gas
can accumulate.
Regardless of the type of gas, the results would be the same.
This is one reason why you should have regular maintenance on gas
appliances.
BBQ Gas Fire vs BBQ Gas Bottle Explosion

BBQ gas fires very rarely cause explosions.
Faulty barbecues can cause gas fires, as gas BBQ maintenance is often
overlooked.
This neglect results in hoses perishing, O-rings getting damaged or lost, old
regulators leaking or gas knob valves starting to leak.
Gas leaks from poor connections, faulty gas regulators and damaged hoses
are the most common causes.
Homeowners should regularly check for leaks with the soapy water leak test.
Preventing BBQ fires with good BBQ maintenance should be the focus.
The gas leak is rarely from the gas bottle itself and an actual gas bottle
explosion, resulting from a BBQ fire, would be very unusual.
The fire will self-extinguish when the gas bottle runs dry, as barbecues should
always be placed safely away from other flammable materials.
The gas bottle may have some scorch marks on it, but it is intact.
In my many years in the LPG industry, I have seen many BBQ fire investigation
reports and photos.
In all that time, I have not once seen a homeowner’s BBQ gas bottle that has
actually exploded.
Never.
How Do Gas Stoves Explode? What are Some

Precautions to Prevent it?
The important thing is to make sure the flame is lit, so that there is no
accumulation of gas.
There are built in safety devices, such as a flame failure device, which is
designed to stop gas going to the burner of a gas appliance if the flame is
extinguished.
This helps prevent a dangerous buildup of gas within the stove.
Some stoves also have auto re-ignition, that can relight the burner if it goes out.
There are also timers built into some of the starters, that cut-off the gas if it
doesn’t ignite within a very few seconds, preventing the accumulation of gas.
No gas accumulation = No gas explosion
Tradespeople Incidents with Other Gases

Explosions involving tradespeople, and welding in particular, are almost
certainly not LPG.
Acetylene gas used in oxy acetylene welding, which is very volatile, is

frequently the culprit.
Pictures of a completely destroyed plumber’s truck are almost assuredly

acetylene related.
Pictured above is the result of an acetylene explosion in a tradie's van.
However, the media just reports “gas bottle explosion” without specifying the
gas.
The result is that many people assume it was LPG.
The Media Just Loves to Report Exploding Gas

Bottles
Most of us have heard the news media expression: “If it bleeds, it leads!”
And it would not be an exaggeration to say that the media likes to

sensationalise the news.
After all, that’s one way they keep their audience interested.
So, it should come as no surprise that the media is fond of reporting “exploding
gas bottles”, even if it did not actually occur.
It just sounds so much more exciting and dramatic than “BBQ fire”.
Pressure Relief Valves Prevent Explosions

So, why are gas bottle explosions so rare?
Gas bottles have been around for about 100 years.
Over that time, the gas industry has had a lot of time to perfect the safety
features of gas bottles and valves.
Arguably, the single most important safety feature of a gas bottle is the
Pressure Relief Valve.
It’s actually a valve within a valve.
The Pressure Relief Valve is incorporated into the

main gas valve on the bottle, as shown in the accompanying picture.
If the pressure of the gas inside the bottle increases, as the result of a fire or
other heat source, the pressure relief valve releases some of the gas to relieve
the pressure.
The typical cylinder would probably only burst with pressures over 6895 kPa or
1,000 PSIG.
That's about 5x the normal pressure.
The typical pressure relief valve setting is 2585 kPa or 375 PSIG.
So, the cylinder would never actually go above this, as the valve would open
and lets some gas escape, limiting the pressure inside the cylinder.
Even at 54°C (130°F), the pressure would only be 1794 kPa (257 PSIG).
So, not only wouldn’t it approach bursting pressure (≈ 1,000 PSIG) but, under
normal circumstances, it would never even reach the 375 PSIG required to
trigger the pressure relief valve.
No pressure build up means no risk of an explosion.
Pressure Relief Valves Writ Large

All LPG vessels have pressure relief valves, even the very large ones.
A recent accident showed the wisdom of this inclusion.
A B-double LPG road tanker, full with 63,000 litres of LPG, was involved in a
crash with a car.
The car crossed the centre divider and hit the tanker head on.
This ruptured the diesel tanks of the truck resulting in a massive fire.
The prime mover (tractor) section of the truck was destroyed. It even melted the
tyres. See image above.
However, the tanker trailers remained intact, even though the exteriors were
scorched (they were originally white).
The contents were safely removed after the fire was extinguished.
This is a testimony to the design safety incorporated into all LPG vessels.
The Exception - Substandard Gas Cylinders

In some countries, there are problems with substandard gas cylinders that do
not meet the manufacturing and safety requirements.
The typical problem is an insufficient regulatory mechanism and/or a lack of

enforcement. For example, both India and Pakistan have struggled with this
issue in recent years.
Be sure to only buy gas cylinders from reputable suppliers. If the deal is too
good to be true, there is probably a reason. Steer clear of any cylinder that is
odd looking or non-standard in any way.
The problem can be even worse with CNG - Compressed Natural Gas. CNG
cylinders for vehicles have a much higher operating pressure so any cylinder
with substandard manufacturing is more likely to fail.
Final Thoughts
Whilst one should always take care when using gas, there is no reason for an
irrational fear of a gas bottle explosion.
Gas bottles, with their Pressure Relief Vales, are a very effective safety system.
The result is that gas bottle explosions are extremely uncommon in most
countries.
The real concern should be the proper maintenance of gas appliances and
fittings.
Is LPG-Propane Toxic? Can Propane
Fumes Kill You?
LPG (Propane) is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic gas.
It is flammable, so it needs to be treated with respect.
However, overall LPG has an excellent safety record.
LPG is an Extremely Flammable Gas

It may be stating the obvious, but LPG is an extremely flammable gas.
LPG will also add fuel to a fire.
When handling LPG gas, it is important to eliminate all ignition sources

including flames, sparks, mobile phones and smoking materials.
LPG is heavier than air and will accumulate in low lying areas.
It can move along floors, flow into gullies and trenches or enter into basements.
In addition to adding to the risk of fires and explosion, the accumulation in low
spots adds to the risk of asphyxiation.
LPG Limits of Flammability
The lower and upper limits of flammability are the percentages of LPG that must
be present in an LPG/air mixture.
This means that between 2.15% and 9.6% of the total LPG/air mixture must be
LPG in order for it to be combustible.
Autoignition Temperature for LPG

The autoignition temperature is the lowest temperature at which it will
spontaneously ignite in air without an external source of ignition, like a spark or
flame.
The autoignition temperature decreases as the pressure or oxygen

concentration increases.
The autoignition temperature of LPG – Propane – is 470 °C or 878°F.
The autoignition temperature of Butane is 405°C or 761°F.
Do LPG Cylinders Explode?

LPG cylinder explosions are extremely rare.
Arguably, the single most important safety feature of a gas bottle is the
Pressure Relief Valve.
The Pressure Relief Valve is incorporated into the main gas

valve on the bottle, as shown in the accompanying picture.
If the pressure of the gas inside the bottle increases, as the result of a fire or
other heat source, the pressure relief valve releases some of the gas to relieve
the pressure.
1,000 PSIG.
Even at 54°C (130°F), the pressure would only be 1794 kPa (257 PSIG).
No pressure build up means a very low risk of rupture or explosion.
Odourant is Added to LPG for Safety
In its natural state, LPG is an odourless gas.
The distinctive smell that people associate with LPG is actually added to it as a
safety measure.
Repeated exposure is hazardous because some people will become

insensitive to the odour of the gas.
Without the addition of an odourant, leaking gas could collect without being
detected.
How to Test for Leaks
Is LPG Toxic or Poisonous?

LPG (Propane) is considered non-toxic.
Contact with the skin is non-irritating unless it is evaporating liquid.
Skin contact with evaporating liquid can cause cold burns or frostbite, as it
evaporates at -42°C.
It is not classified as causing skin or respiratory sensitisation.
Repeated exposure does not have any effect on organs.
LPG (Propane) is not irritating to the eyes unless, once again, it is in its very
cold evaporative state.
LPG is not a carcinogen, mutagen or a reproductive toxin.
You may also wish to view the SDS (MSDS) for LPG.
Inhaling LPG
LPG is an asphyxiant gas.
This does NOT mean that LPG is a poisonous gas.
In other words, symptoms of exposure are directly related to displacement of

oxygen from air, not from any toxicity.
Low vapour concentrations may cause nausea, dizziness, headaches and

drowsiness.
High vapour concentrations will produce symptoms of oxygen deficiency which,

coupled with central nervous system depression, may lead to rapid loss of
consciousness, asphyxiation and fatal arrhythmia (heart failure).
LPG Ecological Information

LPG (Propane) is not toxic to flora, fauna or soil organisms.
It will not cause long term adverse effects in the environment and is not
dangerous to the ozone layer.
LPG is not persistent, does not bio-accumulate and unlikely to cause long term
adverse effects in the environment.
Spillages are unlikely to penetrate the soil. The product is likely to volatise
rapidly into the air.
LPG is unlikely to contaminate water or soil or cause long term effects in the
aquatic environment.
LPG is a low carbon fossil fuel.
LPG has lower CO2 emissions than some other energy sources, such as coal
fired electricity, making it a better choice for the environment.
POL Fitting, Valves, Cylinders &
Regulators
All LPG gas cylinders have some form of gas valve.
LPG users in Australia will see numerous references to POL valves
and POL cylinders but what exactly is a POL valve?
POL Fitting, Valves, Regulators, Cylinders: What

is POL? Propane-LPG
In summary:
• POL refers to a type of gas valve and to gas bottles that have a
POL valve fitted.
• "POL" is an acronym for the company that first made the valves
— Prest-O-Lite.
• POL is the most common type of valve & cylinder, in Australia,
for most LPG gas cylinders from 4kg to 210kg, including 45kg
LPG cylinders.
• The POL connection is notable for its reverse — left-handed —
thread.
• A pressure relief valve is incorporated within the POL valve for
safety.
There are a few more features of the POL valve of which you should
be aware...
POL Fitting
A POL fitting is an LPG gas connection fitting utilising a left-handed or reverse
thread.
The female POL fitting is incorporated into a POL valve, which are typically
used on LPG (propane) cylinders.
The male POL fitting is used on pigtail connectors, BBQ regulators and other
hose style connectors.
POL is the acronym for the company that first made the valves - Prest-O-Lite.
These are used on LPG - Propane cylinders.
At one time POL fittings were used in many countries, uncluding the USA, but
have faded in popularity.
Now Australia is the most notable POL valve user.
Gas Line Connection

The gas line pigtail or regulator screws into the large female threaded opening
on the side of the valve.
It is unique in that it has a left-handed or reverse thread. So, to tighten it, you
turn the connector anti-clockwise.
Tightening is achieved either with a wrench or by turning a hand wheel.
You should always do a soapy water leak test after every reconnection.
Gas Connection Seal
The POL valve was originally designed as a metal to metal compression seal.
However, some connectors are now manufactured with rubber O-rings to

further improve the seal.
The downside is that these can become damaged or deteriorate over time so
they should be checked regularly.
Gas Valve Hand Wheel

Located on the top of the POL valve, the gas valve hand wheel controls the flow
of gas, once the connection is secure.
Turning the hand wheel anti-clockwise starts the flow of gas but you should
avoid turning it hard to the open stop.
Opening the valve 2 or 3 turns is all you need.
You shut the gas off by turning the hand wheel clockwise, tightening firmly by
hand only.
CAUTION: Never open the valve when unattached
Bleed Screw
POL valves are equipped with a bleed screw for decant filling, such as when
having a BBQ bottle filled at a service station.
It is a small slotted screw on the side of the valve.
The filling technician opens the screw during filling to determine proper filling.
On the other hand, most large gas depots fill cylinders by weight, on digital
scales, so the bleed screw is not used.
CAUTION: Never open the bleed screw on your gas valve
Dip Tube
The valve has a tube that sticks down into the cylinder, called a 'dip tube'.
It extends down to the bottom of the ullage area.

This tube is connected to the bleed screw and let's the filling technician know
when the cylinder is filled up to the ullage zone.
Ullage is the 20% unfilled space at he top of the gas cylinder that allows for
expansion of the gas.
Pressure Relief Valve
The pressure relief valve is the single most critical safety feature on
an LPGcylinder.
It is incorporated within the POL valve and appears as the protrusion opposite
the main connection.
It usually incorporates some kind of plastic dust cover that should be left in
place.
Pressure relief valves are designed to relieve excess pressure that might result
from overfilling or exposure to excessive heat or fire.
The function of a pressure relief valve is to keep a cylinder from rupturing in the
unlikely event of excessive pressure build-up.
The pressure relief valves are held in the closed position by the force of a
powerful spring inside.
As long as the pressure is less than that of the spring, the valve will remain
closed.
Venting
Having the pressure relief valve releasing gas is a rare event.
Most people will never experience venting.
If the pressure rises beyond the force of the spring, the valve will open to vent
the excess pressure.
If this happens, you may hear a hissing sound and see cold gas vapour being
released.
Once sufficient pressure is released, the valve closes.
If this ever happens, just stay clear of the area and let the gas dissipate.
You should also call your LPG supplier, from a safe location, and advise them
that your gas cylinder is venting gas.
Do not use your mobile phone, any electrical devices or other ignition sources
near a venting gas cylinder.
BBQ Gas Fittings
BBQ gas fittings involve less components

than home installations, with typical BBQ gas fittings being a regulator
and hose.
The regulator and hose usually come as an assembly but hoses are also sold
alone.
Some outdoor appliances also require Piezo electric ignitors, various fitting
adapters, natural gas conversion kits,
BBQ Gas Leak Test

It is important to regularly leak test your BBQ gas bottle, regulator and
hose.
Leaks from these items are frequently the cause of BBQ gas fires.
How to Test
Put some soapy water in a spray bottle.
Turn on the gas bottle without turning on the BBQ.
Next, spray the entire valve, regulator and hose assembly with the soapy
water.
Bubbles will form if there is a gas leak and you may also smell the gas.
When done, rinse with clean water to remove the soap solution.
Removing Gas Cylinder from BBQ
"How To" and operating instructions for attaching, detaching or changing a BBQ gas bottle with a
POL valve & regulator.
How to Attach or Change Your BBQ

Gas Bottle
Changing a BBQ gas bottle is easy, once you know how.
If you are new to changing gas bottles, this page should get you going!
What's what?
LPG or Propane?
In Australia, LPG is Propane.
Same thing, so no worries.
Gas Bottle or Gas Cylinder?

Same thing again, so still no worries!
BBQ Gas Bottle Size should be either 8.5kg (9kg) or 3.7kg (4kg).
BBQ Valve
The standard BBQ valve in Australia is a POL Valve.
Other countries use other types of valves.
The valve includes the gas valve hand wheel and a female opening where the
POL regulator is screwed in.

Used to turn the gas bottle ON and OFF
Gas Regulator
Controls the pressure of the gas going from the bottle to the BBQ or patio
heater.
POL regulators are used in Australia and are usually supplied with the BBQ.
Please note that the regulator has a reverse or 'left handed' thread.
Gas Hose
Attached to the regulator on one end and the BBQ or heater on the other end.
These can become damaged or deteriorate with age.
You should replace it if it shows any signs of being faulty.
It is good practice to replace the entire regulator and hose assembly, if it is old
enough for the hose to have deteriorated, as regulators also wear with age.
CAUTION: Never open the valve on an unattached gas bottle even if you
think it is empty.
How to Remove Regulator from Gas Cylinder -

Removing Gas Cylinder from BBQ
How to remove regulator from gas cylinder & removing gas cylinder from
BBQ:
If your BBQ bottle is empty, just follow these simple steps to detach and remove
it:
1. Make sure the Gas Valve Hand Wheel is turned OFF (Clockwise)
2. Detach the regulator by turning the Regulator Hand Wheel clockwise
(reverse thread).
Be aware and careful, as a small amount of gas remaining in the regulator and
hose may be released when you detach the regulator.
3. Removing gas cylinder from BBQ by lifting the empty bottle off of the
mounting hook or out of its holder/shelf, depending of your BBQ.
4. Take the empty gas bottle to your nearest SWAP'n'GO location to

exchange for a full one.
NOTE: These How to Remove Regulator from Gas Cylinder instructions only apply to gas bottles
with POL valves
How to Attach Gas Cylinder to BBQ - Attaching

Your BBQ Gas Bottle
This is how to attach a gas cylinder to a BBQ, once you have a full replacement
gas bottle:
1. Position the BBQ gas bottle on the handle mounting hook or in its
holder/shelf, depending on your BBQ or heater.
The gas bottle should ALWAYS be kept upright.
Your gas bottle must NEVER hang by the gas hose.
2. Remove any dust cover or plug that may be inside or over the female valve
opening, where the regulator screws in.
Please note that, if it is a screwed-in plug, you must turn it clockwise to

remove it (reverse thread).
3. Inspect the regulator and hose for any damage.
Some regulators have rubber O-rings on the connector.
The O-ring should also be undamaged.
The connector should be clean and dirt free prior to insertion.
4. Screw the regulator into the valve opening by turning Regulator Hand
Wheel anti-clockwise (reverse thread).
Tighten well by hand only.
Make sure the gas hose is not kinked.

5. Without turning on the BBQ, open the Gas Valve Hand Wheel to turn on the
gas (anti-clockwise).
Spray the entire regulator, valve and gas hose with soapy water to check for
any possible leaks.
You will see bubbles or smell gas if there is a leak.
If you have a leak, you should immediately turn the gas off (clockwise) and fix or
replace the leaking component.
For more detailed instructions, please see BBQ Gas Leak Test
6. Assuming you have no leaks, you are ready to use your BBQ or patio
heater.
Turning the gas bottle ON a couple of turns is sufficient.
You should not turn it hard to the open stop.
7. Remember, when you are finished with your BBQ or patio heater, you
should always turn off the gas at the gas bottle first.
Close firmly by hand only.

NOTE: These instructions only apply to gas bottles with POL valves
Please also see our BBQ FAQs for more BBQ gas information
Inserting Regulator
Do not hang from hose
LPG Gas Bottle Location
Regulations
We are frequently asked about the proper clearance and placement of
the gas cylinders.
It is very important that cylinder positioning meets the applicable
Australian Standards.
LPG Gas Bottle Location Regulations -

Installation Guidelines
In summary:
1. Gas bottles must be placed safely away from ignition sources
— primarily electrical devices and flames — in the event of a
leak.
2. Gas bottles cannot be placed close to wall openings, including
windows, doors and vents, to preclude possible entry and
collection of gas in enclosed spaces.
3. Gas bottles must be a safe distance from openings to below
ground spaces, for instance drains and pits, to prevent any
possible build up of the heavier than air LPG.
4. Gas bottles must be placed in well ventilated locations,
avoiding alcoves and enclosures, to prevent possible
accumulations of gas.
5. Gas bottles must be placed on a solid base that is not subject
to the accumulation of water.
6. Line of sight must be maintained for in situ tanker deliveries.
Please read more for additional information and the required safe
distances for placement…
What are LPG Gas Bottle Installation

Regulations?
LPG gas bottle installation regulations specify location and clearances in the
placement of gas bottles.
Distances from ignition sources, wall openings and below ground spaces, such
as drains or pits, are all specified.
Gas bottles must be placed in well ventilated locations and on a solid base.
Why You Need to Know
In addition, homeowners need to understand the requirements if they install
other devices, such as air conditioners, after the gas installation is already
complete.
Tradesmen, other than gas fitters, would not necessarily understand the
required clearance and placement restrictions when they install other gear on
your home.
Adding LPG to your all-electric home? See How To Add LPG Gas to
Your Home
While your gas fitter will be well versed in proper gas cylinder placement, you
should also be knowledgeable regarding the requirements:
Wall Openings and Drains

In the unlikely event of a gas leak, you want to minimise the chance of gas
entering any enclosed area, so a safe distance must be maintained from all wall
openings.
Drains and pits are also an issue, as LPG is heavier than air and can collect in
low set places.
The graphic below shows the minimum distance clearance to be maintained

from various wall openings and drains:
Please note that all horizontal dimensions are measured from the centre line of
the cylinders.
Line-of-Sight to Tanker
You will also note the reference to tanker line-of-sight in the graphic above.
Tanker delivery requires that the driver has a clear line-of-sight between the
cylinders and the tanker while he is filling your cylinders.
Automatic tanker delivery eliminates the need to check gas bottles or order gas,
so it is wise to make sure your placement allows for this convenient delivery
option.
It is best to advise your gas fitter of your desire for tanker delivery, as he may
not necessarily consider this.
Tanker Hose Length for Tanker Filled

Installations
It is important to remember that the installation needs to be within the reach of
the tankers' hoses, if the cylinders or tanks are to be filled on-site by a tanker..
For example, most tankers have two hose reels.
The low flow hose, for cylinders, can be 40M to 60M.
The high flow hoses, for bulk tanks ('bullets') range from 15M to 40M in length.
Check with your local gas supplier, as they can advise what is available in your
area.
So, it depends on the customer installation type.
For example, residential installations typically have a hose length of 60M, as

they are filled with low flow hoses.
Please note that this is a fully stretched straight line measurement.
You should design the installation to be less in distance, for practical access.
Ignition Sources
Ignition sources must also be kept a minimum safe distance

clearance from the LPG gas cylinders.
This includes all electrical gear like electrical switches, power points, air
conditioners, compressors, pumps, lights, movement sensors, bug zappers,
etc.
Basically anything that can potentially spark.
Of course, it also includes your gas hot water heater, pool heater, barbecues,
patio heaters or anything else with a flame.
The distance also varies based on whether you have tanker delivery or gas
cylinder exchange.
On site filling does require a larger exclusion zone but it should be used, if
possible, so you can enjoy the advantages of automatic tanker delivery.
NBN (Internet) Connection Boxes
Regarding the National Broadband Network (NBN)

installation, the comms boxes used (see image) cannot be installed inside the
exclusion zone of an LPG cylinder, as per AS/NZS 1596.
While considered no, or very low voltage, the current standard - AS 60079 -
prohibits the installation inside the LPG cylinder exclusion zone.
Exclusion Zones for Exchange & Tanker Filling

The following two graphics show the requirements for exchange and tanker
filling.
If an 8.5 kg LPG cylinder is used to replace a larger LPG cylinder, maintain the
exclusion zone for the larger cylinder at all times.
Please note that all horizontal dimensions are measured from the centre line of
the cylinders.
For Exchange Only:

For Tanker Delivery:
Distance From Appliances

The installation will cost you less if you place the cylinders as close as possible
to the location of the gas appliances.
This is because you save on the cost of the extra piping.
Most gas fitters would routinely take this into consideration.
Well Ventilated Area

Gas cylinders should be situated in a well-ventilated area.
Avoid placement in alcoves or any enclosure.
Solid Base for Support

Gas cylinders need to be placed on a solid base, such as a concrete slab.
They should not be placed on grass or soil areas.
Gas Bottle Changeover Valves
While not actually a placement issue, you should

decide on what type of changeover valve you want before the installation,
assuming you go with exchange 45kg cylinder delivery.
Automatic changeover valves have the advantage automatically switching

between the two bottles and providing a coloured indicator when one is empty.
The only downside is if you forget to look at the indicator before the second
cylinder is also empty.
While manual changeover valves do require you to manually switch between

cylinders, you are provided with an unmistakable reminder to re-order your
gas.
You can also get an automatic Gas Check Alert™, by Text, on your mobile
telephone with either type of changeover valve.
What is a Gas Compliance Certificate, Plate or

Badge?
In summary:
 A gas compliance certificate is documentation that the gas installation

complies with the standards and regulations issued by the governing
body.
 It is issued by the gas fitter who performed the installation.
 The gas fitter is typically liable to correct any installation related defects.
 It may vary in form and can be a certificate, plate or badge.
 It let's gas suppliers know that the installation is safe to supply.
Different States call them different names but a gas compliance certificate,
plate or badge is very important documentation when you have gas at your
home or business.
What you need to know:
Gas Fitters Provide the Certificates

All gas installations in Australia must be performed by a licensed gas fitter.
After installing and commissioning a gas appliance at your home, the licensed
gas fitter must supply you with a copy of an installation certificate and/or fix a
compliance plate or badge to the installation.
The gas fitter is required to issue a compliance certificate to the owner for any
alteration or extension to an existing gas service or a new gas installation.
What Do They Mean?

Licensed gas fitters self-certify that their gas installation work complies with all
relevant regulations, standards and codes by issuing a compliance certificate to
you.
The compliance certificate contains a declaration, by the gas fitter, that your
installation complies with all standards and requirements.
Protection For You
This is actually protection for you, if any problems develop later.
If the problems are the result of faulty workmanship, the gas fitter will be
required to fix the defect.
Please see How To Add LPG Gas to Your Home for more details
No Gas Without One

Compliance certificates are also necessary for obtaining your gas supply, as
gas providers cannot supply an uncertified installation.
The certificate needs to be available before the gas is connected for the first
time.
In most States, the gas fitter will give you a copy to pass on to your gas supplier.
LPG Gas Pipe Safety Alert –
Open-Ended Gas Pipes
It is both dangerous and illegal to leave a gas pipe open and
un-capped or incorrectly capped.
This applies to all gas installations, including houses, caravans, boats,
commercial buildings, warehouses and factories.
All gas pipes must be either connected to an appliance or securely
capped.
This prevents any accidental or malicious gas leaks.
Gas Piping
When any building, caravan or boat has gas appliances fitted, the gas is
supplied to the appliances through pipes.
These gas pipes are typically hidden in walls and under floors.
In most gas installations, all the pipes contain pressurised gas at all times,
whether in use or not.
This allows the instant starting of the appliances, when required.
Caution dictates that we assume gas pipes not used or not connected to
appliances still contain gas under pressure.
The Problem – Disconnected Appliances

From time to time, there may be reasons to disconnect gas appliances.
This can be either temporary or permanent.

If this occurs and a gas pipe is left open for any reason, gas will leak into the
surrounding area.
This creates a very hazardous situation.
Ignition of leaked gas can cause a fire or explosion.
This could result in property damage, injury or even death.
Problematic & Dangerous Situations
Leaving a gas pipe end open is both illegal and dangerous.
An open appliance connection is also illegal and dangerous.

A gas valve alone is also not acceptable (illegal), as it could be easily opened
by accident.
Do not use quick connect couplings in caravans, boats or other marine craft.
Correct Closure of Open Ended Gas Pipes
Achieve a permanent seal using a soldered-in copper cap.
Cap open appliance connections, using the correct brass cap, to make a
gas-tight seal.
Install plugs in gas valves for a gas-tight seal, even if opened by accident.
Quick connect couplings are safe and approved for use in houses.
They seal themselves when the appliance is disconnected.
Final Thoughts
Never leave a gas pipe or gas connection open, even for a brief time.
Be prepared to seal any disconnected pipe as part of the planned work.
LPG (propane) Conversions: Gas kg,

Litres, MJ, kWh & m³
Also Pounds, Gallons, BTU, Therms & ft³
We are frequently asked about the various LPG (propane) conversion
values.
People ask the questions in many ways and the simplest way to
answer most of them is with an LPG Conversion Table (or two).
The first table shown below covers most of the common units of measure
and gas bottle-cylinder sizes for Australia, including kg, litres, MJ, kWh & m³.
LPG – Propane – Conversion Formulas (Metric):


LPG (propane) kg to litres: 1kg = 1.96L


LPG (propane) litres to kg: 1L = 0.51kg



*LPG (propane) kg to m³: 1kg = 0.53m³



^LPG (propane) m³ to kg: 1m³ = 1.89kg


*LPG (propane) litres to m³: 1L = 0.27m³


^LPG (propane) m³ to litres: 1m³ = 3.70L


LPG (propane) MJ to kWh: 1MJ = 0.278kWh


LPG (propane) kWh to MJ: 1kWh = 3.6 MJ



LPG (propane) litres to MJ: 1L = 25MJ



LPG (propane) MJ to litres: 1MJ = 0.042L



LPG (propane) kg to MJ: 1kg = 49MJ



LPG (propane) MJ to kg: 1MJ = 0.02kg



LPG (propane) litres to kWh: 1L = 6.9kWh


LPG (propane) kWh to litres: 1kWh = 0.145L


LPG (propane) kg to kWh: 1kg = 13.6kWh



LPG (propane) kWh to kg: 1kWh = 0.074kg


*Note that these are Liquid to Gas conversions

^Note that these are Gas to Liquid conversions
The second table covers most of the units of measure and gas bottle sizes for
the USA including Pounds, Gallons, BTU, Therms & ft³.
You can convert all combinations of Pounds, Gallons, BTU, Therms & ft³.
Background Information
LPG Specific Gravity - Density
Unlike water, 1kg of LPG does NOT equal 1L of LPG.
This is because the density or specific gravity of LPG is less than water.
Conversely, 1L of LPG weighs 0.51kg.
LPG Gas Consumption in Megajoules

Megajoules per Hour (MJ/hr) ratings on appliances actually indicate the gas
consumption of the appliance, not the output.
It is often expressed as just MJ. In the USA, they use BTU as the unit of
measure.
Appliance Output in kWh

Kilowatt Hour (kWh) is how appliance output is measured. 3.6 MJ of input
equals 1kWh of output at 100% efficiency.
However, no gas appliance is 100% efficient.
That is why we have Star Ratings, so we can compare relative efficiency

between models.
Appliance output is often expressed as just kW.
BTU to MJ Conversion
BTU, or British Thermal Unit, is another older measure of heat output based on
the Imperial System.
As previously mentioned, BTU is used in the USA instead of MJ.
One BTU is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of liquid
water by 1°F, at sea level.
1MJ equals 948BTU, so to get an equivalent number of Megajoules, just divide

the BTU rating by 948.
Propane BTU per Liter

Combining metric and imperial measures is not typical but it can be easily
calculated.
Propane BTU per liter = 23,700 BTU
1MJ equals 948BTU, so to get an equivalent number of BTU, just multiply the
MJ rating by 948.
1L = 25 MJ
So, 25 MJ x 948 = 23,700 BTU
LPG Liquid to Gas Volume Expansion

LPG (propane) expands about 270 times in volume when it goes from liquid to
gas.
So, 1L of liquid LPG equals 270L of gaseous LPG.
As there are 1000L in a cubic metre (m³), 1L of liquid LPG expands to 0.27m³.
LPG cubic meter to kg and LPG kg to cubic

meter (m³)
LPG cubic meter to kg: 1m³ = 1.8315kg (propane) at 25 °C (77 °F)
LPG kg to cubic meter: 1kg = 0.546 m³ (propane)
For butane LPG cubic meter to kg: 1kg = 0.4084 m³ at 25 °C (77 °F)
For butane LPG kg to cubic meter: 1m³ = 2.4486kg
LPG cubic meter to kg (m³ to kg) varies with temperature.
The same is true of kg to m³ conversion.
Gas Bottle Tare Weight

Tare weight is the empty weight of the gas bottle-cylinder.
Along with the gas bottle dimensions, they can vary greatly by manufacturer
and date of manufacture.
For example, older bottles tend to be heavier than more recent versions.
Measuring LPG by Pressure
When LPG (propane) is stored in a gas bottle, it is under pressure.
The pressure is measured in kilopascals (kPa).

“Bar” is yet another unit of measure for pressure. 1 Bar = 100 kPa, so it is
metric based but not an SI unit of measure.
LPG pressure can vary greatly based on temperature.
it affects the rate of vapourisation.
from full to empty (after the last of the liquid LPG is used), then the pressure will
fall quickly as the last of the LPG vapour is used.
The use of Pressure as a measurement in LPG use is very limited.
A steady Pressure only shows that liquid LPG is inside the cylinder, and not
how much liquid is left.
In the US, pressure is measured in pounds per square inch (psi).
Psi is defined as 1 pound of force applied per square inch. As a comparison, 1

psi = 6.89476 kPa.
LPG (Propane) Conversion Table: kg, Litres, MJ, kWh

& m³
Note that the m3 column refers to gaseous LPG
LPG Cylinder Capacity in Litres

LPG Cylinder Capacity in Litres
Size (in kg) Capacity in Litres
3.7 7.25
8.5 16.6
15 29
18 35
45 88
90 176
210 411
Volume of a cylinder in litres
This is for propane based on 1kg = 1.96L

Propane Conversions Table: Pounds, Gallons, BTU,
Therms & ft³
For our friends in the USA:
Propane conversion values in US gallons, pounds, BTUs, therms and cubic

feet.
The table below shown covers most of the common units of measure and gas
bottle-cylinder sizes for the USA.
Propane Conversion Formulas (US Units of

Measure):
Propane Gallons to Pounds: 1Gal = 4.23lbs
Propane Pounds to Gallons: 1lb = 0.24 Gallons
Propane Gallons to BTU: 1 Gal = 91,502 BTU
Propane Pounds to BTU: 1lb = 21,594 BTU


*Propane Gallons to ft3: 1 Gal = 36.38ft3
*Propane Pounds to ft3: 1lb = 8.59 ft3
BTU to Therms: 1 BTU = 0.000009993 Therms
Therms to BTU: 1 Therm = 100,067 BTU
*Note that these are Liquid to Gas conversions
Learn More About USA Units of Measure for Propane

Note that the ft3 column refers to gaseous propane
45 kg LPG Gas Bottles

45 kg gas cylinder sizes are the most common size for home use
This is the size used for our Home Gas Bottle Exchange Service
They are also used with our Automatic Tanker Delivery Service
A typical installation has two 45kg gas bottles
Capacity: 88 litres
Diameter: 375mm
Height: 1250mm
90 kg LPG Gas Cylinders
90 kg gas cylinder sizes are the second most common size for home use
This size is commonly used with our Automatic Tanker Delivery Service
A typical installation has one cylinder
90 kg is also used with our Underground LPG Gas Storage System
Capacity: 176 litres
Diameter: 510mm
Height: 1380mm
210 kg LPG Gas Cylinders
210 kg gas cylinder sizes are provided for high volume use
Larger storage vessels are also available, when needed
Filling is via our Automatic Tanker Delivery Service
Capacity: 411 litres
Diameter: 760mm
Height: 1450mm
Gas Regulator: LPG Regulator, Gas
Fittings & Connections
So, you’ve just moved into your first home that has LPG gas.
You go outside and look at the gas bottles, with all the valves,
connections and other gear, and you wonder:
“What is all of this stuff and how does it work?”
Find out here…
What is an LPG Gas Regulator - Propane

Regulator?
Gas regulators automatically

modulate high pressure gas to a maximum pre-determined limit.
LPG (propane) gas regulators reduce the LPG pressure delivered to the gas
appliances from the gas bottles.
The pressure within a gas bottle can be 800-900kPa vs the 2.75kPa typically
required.
LPG gas regulators are usually factory pre-set to the standard operating
pressure for the appliances.
This short video (8:29) explains all of the basics of LPG, gas regulators
and fittings...
What are LPG Gas Fittings?
The gas fittings include all the gas valves, piping and
connectors required to build a complete LPG gas system, connecting the gas
bottles to the appliances.
Changeover valves determine from which gas bottle the gas is being taken.
Licensed gas fitters are required for all gas related work, involving regulators
and fittings, on homes and businesses.
BBQ Gas Fittings
BBQ gas fittings involve less components

than home installations, with typical BBQ gas fittings being a regulator
and hose.
The regulator and hose usually come as an assembly but hoses are also sold
alone.
Some outdoor appliances also require Piezo electric ignitors, various fitting
adapters, natural gas conversion kits,
LPG is Stored Under Pressure

LPG is stored under pressure as a liquid in a gas bottle.
It turns back into a gas when you release some of the pressure in the gas bottle
by turning on your appliance.
The pressure within a gas bottle can be 800-900kPa.
This varies based on the ambient temperature, exposure to the radiant heat of
the sun and the amount of gas remaining in the gas bottle.
Bottle Pressure vs Appliance Pressure

However, the required appliance inlet pressure for Australian LPG gas
appliances is typically only 2.75kPa.
So, a regulator is required to reduce the pressure and ensure a consistent

2.75kPa is safely delivered from the gas bottle to your appliances.
LPG Regulators Control & Reduce the Pressure

Although the purpose of LPG regulators is the same, different applications may
require different types of regulators.
The gas demand of the appliances determines what type of regulator is

installed.
For example, if the combined megajoule (MJ) rating of your home’s appliances
is quite high, a regulator with a higher MJ rating would be required.
Commercial sized regulators are completely different and frequently comprised

of two separate units.
The regulator shown (right) includes an automatic changeover valve.
Also, please note that under no circumstances should a BBQ regulator ever be
used on a home installation.
LPG Gas Regulator Functionality - How They

Work
Gas regulators have a diaphragm, which is a flexible rubber disc that
responds to pressure changes and functions to regulate the flow of gas
to the proper pressure.
The diaphragm works in combination with springs and other parts within the
regulator.
It also works in conjunction with the regulator vent which allows the diaphragm
to move freely.
If the vent is obstructed, the diaphragm will not operate properly.
The vent should remain free of dirt and debris to ensure the regulator operates
correctly.
Gas Pigtails
The gas bottles are connected by tubing, known as “pigtails”, to a changeover

valve and the changeover valve is connected to the regulator.
Pigtails can be made of solid copper, rubber or braided metal over a rubber
interior.
Copper is generally considered the best choice, as rubber and braided pigtails
have a limited life span.
Also, pigtails can catch or trap debris over

time so they should be replaced any time the regulator is replaced.
Pigtails are "flexible" and will absorb the shock of sudden movement or jarring,
if the installation is accidentally bumped or moved out of place.
Without the flexible regulator connection, the piping would be rigid and more
susceptible to leaks caused by movement.
LPG Gas Changeover Valves
The changeover valve controls which gas bottle is in use, when two gas bottles
are installed.
Changeover valves come in two types, with manual (shown) and automatic
changeover versions.
As the names imply, manual changeover valves require manual intervention

while automatic changeover valves automatically switch between gas bottles
when the first bottle runs dry.
Gas Bayonet Connections

If you have a portable gas heater, it will be connected to your home LPG
suppplied using a bayonet connections.
Bayonet connectors can be floor or wall mounted.
The male connector, on the end of the heater hose, plugs into the female
connector which is, in turn, connected to the LPG service piping.
Please see:
How to Connect & Disconnect Gas Bayonet Fittings
Gas Service Piping
A gas line runs from the regulator to your appliances.
This gas line is the service piping. It generally consists of copper tubing or
flexible composite piping.
The service piping needs to be installed correctly and legally, in conjunction

with the gas bottles, for the entire installation to be safe and serviceable.
Licensed Gas Fitter is Required

Please remember that all gas installations must be carried out by a licensed
gas fitter.
You can find a licensed gas fitter in your area by using our TradeFinder™ map
tool.
How to Operate Gas Bottle Changeover Valves

In Australia, you would typically have two 45kg gas bottles.
These are connected by tubing to a changeover valve that determines which

gas bottle is currently in use.
Changeover valves can be automatic or manual.
Automatic Gas Changeover Valves
Automatic changeover valves automatically switch from one gas bottle to

another, when one is empty.
There are different manufacturers and models of the automatic valves but they
all have a visual indicator, which typically turns red when the first bottle is
empty.
This is when you need to order gas, before the second bottle runs dry.
Manual Gas Changeover Valves

With manual changeover valves, you need to manually reset the valve when
the first bottle is empty.
The changeover valve has a lever which must be set to point to the gas bottle in
use.
To use a manual changeover valve, you follow
these three steps:
1. Turn the empty gas bottle valve clockwise to CLOSE the valve.
2. Move the changeover valve lever to point towards the second gas bottle,
which will hopefully be full if the previous resident ordered gas when they
should have. If not, just give us a call.
3. OPEN the valve on the full gas bottle by turning it anti-clockwise.
Remember to Order Your Gas Bottle

Don’t forget to order a replacement gas bottle when you switch over between
bottles.
If you do it right after the first one runs out, you should never run out of gas.
How an LPG - Propane Cylinder
Works
LPG is stored under pressure, as a liquid, in a gas bottle.
LPG gases can all be compressed into liquid at relatively low pressures.
LPG liquid boils and turns back into gas vapour when you release some of the
pressure in the gas bottle by turning on your gas appliance.
The LPG gas vapour is held in the top of the bottle and the liquid LPG at the
bottom, as shown in the accompanying image.
LPG is generally stored, as a liquid, in steel vessels ranging from small BBQ
gas bottles to larger gas cylinders and storage tanks.
Almost all of the uses for LPG involve the use of the gas vapour, not the
liquefied gas…
How LPG Liquid Changes to Gas - Vaporisation

Did you know that every time you turn on one of your gas appliances, the LPG
in your gas bottles starts to boil?
If you could see though the steel, you would also notice that it looks just like
water boiling.
The big difference is that it happens at -42°C or -44°F.
This is vaporisation, which is how LPG – propane – goes from liquid to vapour
(gas).
LPG Boiling Point

In contrast, LPG boils at -42°C or -44°F, becoming gas vapour.
LPG (Propane) Vaporisation - How LPG Boils

To boil, the liquid LPG draws heat from the steel walls of the gas bottle which, in
turn, get heat from the ambient air.
LPG liquid boils and turns back into gas vapour when you release some of the
pressure in the gas bottle by turning on your gas appliance.
As with water, the more heat that is applied, the more rapidly it boils, vaporising
at a faster rate.
The vapour pressure in the bottle also increases with temperature, as

explained below.
So, as the steel of the bottle draws heat from the ambient air heat, cold weather
will slow down the rate of vaporisation.
Vaporisation also makes the gas bottle feel colder than the ambient
temperature.
The gas bottle gets even colder when you are actually using the gas.
Under the right conditions, when you are using gas very rapidly, ice can even
form on the gas bottle!
LPG Pressure Varies with Temperature

pressure.
Pressure is measured in kilopascals (kPa) or pounds per square inch (psi).
LPG pressure can vary greatly based on temperature, as shown in the chart.
it affects the rate of vaporisation.
from full until the last of the liquid LPG is vaporised.
How Much Pressure is in an LPG-Propane

Cylinder?
As an example, the pressure for LPG (propane) goes from 152 kPa (24 PSIG)
at 0°C to 1794 kPa (257 PSIG) at 54°C.
The pressure drops to zero at -43ºC (which is just below the boiling point) and
the pressure becomes greater at even higher temperatures.
Vaporisation Must Match Consumption

The amount of gas that the appliance or appliances are drawing from the gas
bottles must be matched by the rate of vaporisation.
Switching to a larger vessel can provide a higher rate of vaporisation.
Heat is absorbed through the vessel shell and into the liquid.
The larger the tank or the fuller the tank, the more gas that can be vaporised at
a given temperature.
Vaporisation tables are used to match the required vaporisation rates to the
corresponding vessel size.
Vaporisation tables show the maximum continuous vaporisation rates, in MJ/hr,

at different ambient temperatures for each available vessel size.
Cylinder Valves
All LPG gas cylinders have some form of gas valve.
“POL” is the most common type of LPG valve in Australia, for most LPG
cylinders from 4kg to 210kg.
The POL valve connection is notable for its reverse — left-handed — thread.
A pressure relief valve is incorporated within the POL valve, for safety.
Gas Line Connection
The gas line pigtail or regulator screws into the

large female threaded opening on the side of the valve.
It is unique in that it has a left-handed or reverse thread. So, to tighten it, you
turn the connector anti-clockwise.
Tightening is achieved either with a wrench or by turning a hand wheel.
You should always do a soapy water leak test after every reconnection.
Located on the top of the POL valve, the gas valve hand wheel
controls the flow of gas, once the connection is secure.
Turning the hand wheel anti-clockwise starts the flow of gas but you should
avoid turning it hard to the open stop.
Opening the valve 2 or 3 turns is all you need.
You shut the gas off by turning the hand wheel clockwise, tightening firmly by
hand only.
CAUTION: Never open the valve when unattached
Pressure Relief Valve
The pressure relief valve is the single most critical safety feature
on an LPG cylinder.
It is incorporated within the POL valve and appears as the protrusion opposite
the main connection.
It usually incorporates some kind of plastic dust cover that should be left in
place.
Pressure relief valves are designed to relieve excess pressure that might result
from overfilling or exposure to excessive heat or fire.
The function of a pressure relief valve is to keep a cylinder from rupturing in the
unlikely event of excessive pressure build-up.
The pressure relief valves are held in the closed position by the force of a
powerful spring inside.
As long as the pressure is less than that of the spring, the valve will remain
closed.
Venting of Gas
Having the pressure relief valve releasing gas is a rare event.
Most people will never experience venting.
If the pressure rises beyond the force of the spring, the valve will open to vent
the excess pressure.
If this happens, you may hear a hissing sound and see cold gas vapour being
released.
Once sufficient pressure is released, the valve closes.
If this ever happens, just stay clear of the area and let the gas dissipate.
You should also call your LPG supplier, from a safe location, and advise them
that your gas cylinder is venting gas.
Do not use your mobile phone, any electrical devices or other ignition sources
near a venting gas cylinder.
Is it Safe to Use an LPG Cylinder that's
Exposed to Fire?
Occasionally people experience a BBQ fire as the result of a faulty
cylinder, regulator or hose.
This is one reason why you should always leak test your BBQ
connection after replacing gas bottles.
However, fires can happen and the gas bottle may be exposed to the
flames.
There may also be other circumstances where the bottle is subjected
to fire, such as a building or bush fire.
If this happens, is it safe to keep using the gas bottle (propane tank)?
Possible Hidden Damage

The flames and heat can cause hidden damage, especially to the gas bottle
valve. Damage to the BBQ regulator might also be hidden.
There are components within the valve that could perish as a result of the heat.
The plastic dust cap on the Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) could melt and
flow back into the valve, causing it to malfunction.


A blocked PRV could contribute to an explosion in an overpressure

situation.


The soft rubber or plastic seals within the valve could fail, causing leaks
or preventing gas from flowing.


The spring in the pressure relief valve could be weakened by heat,

causing it to release gas unexpectedly at pressures below the pressure
release specification.


The rubber O-ring from the regulator could melt into the orifice of the
valve preventing it from closing and/or opening.


The rubber O-ring could also melt and get onto the threads, preventing
the regulator from making a gas-tight connection.
Fire Effects on Regulators

LPG (propane) gas regulators reduce the LPG pressure delivered to the gas
appliances from the gas bottles.
Regulators also have components within them that can be adversely affected
by heat.
Regulators have a diaphragm, which is a flexible rubber disc that responds to

pressure changes and functions to regulate the flow of gas to the proper
pressure.
This rubber disc could melt, causing the regulator to malfunction.
The diaphragm works in combination with springs and other parts within the
regulator.
These springs could also be weakened by heat.
The regulator vent, which allows the diaphragm to move freely, could become
obstructed by molten material, preventing the diaphragm from operating
properly.
A damaged regulator could prevent the flow of gas.
Worse still, it could allow gas to flow at too high a pressure, resulting in a
serious safety hazard
Condemnation of the Gas Bottle or Propane

Tank
Fire damaged cylinders are condemned - removed from service permanently -
when identified during re-inspection.
During a gas cylinder inspection, the external surface of the gas bottle is
inspected for defects, as defined by the applicable Standard, AS 2337.1-2004.
The Standards can vary by country but most are very similar.
The kind of things they look for are swelling of the cylinder walls, the depth and
diameter of any dents, the length and depth of any gouges, the depth and
intensity of any corrosion, the presence of any cracks, or any damage from
fire or heat.
Failure in any one category will see the cylinder condemned.
The gas bottle in the picture was condemned for fire damage.
If the heat intensity is great enough to affect the paint then there could easily be
other hidden damage, as previously discussed.
Final Thoughts
Safety should always come first.
Preventing BBQ fires, in the first instance, should constantly be the goal.
Always do a BBQ leak test every time you change BBQ gas bottles.
However, if a gas bottle or propane tank is exposed to fire, the best course of
action is to replace it.
The same applies to regulators and hoses.
In addition, always discard the gas bottle in a safe manner.

How Much Pressure in LPG Cylinder
(Propane) & in Which State is it?
One of the most common questions we hear is "How much pressure in
LPG cylinder?"
So, how much LPG cylinder pressure do you have and how much do
you need?
First, some background regarding how much pressure in LPG
cylinder:
• The pressure inside of an LPG cylinder, or larger vessel, is
dependent upon the temperature of the vessel.
• The higher the temperature, the higher the pressure of the LPG
within the cylinder.
• The pressure of LPG (propane) goes from 0 kPa (0 PSIG or 0 bar) at
-43ºC to 2482 kPa (360 PSIG or 24.8 bar) at 70ºC.
• The LPG – propane – exists as both liquid and vapour (gas) within
the cylinder.
• The term “pressure” refers to the average force per unit of area that
the gas exerts on the inside walls of the cylinder.
LPG (Propane) Cylinder Temperature - Pressure

Chart
How much pressure in LPG cylinder? It depends...
As temperature rises in an LPG cylinder, so does the pressure.
For example, the pressure is 0 kPa (0 PSIG or 0 bar) at -43ºC and goes up to
2482 kPa (360 PSIG or 24.8 bar) at 70ºC.
The LPG is both liquid and vapour (gas) inside the cylinder.
LPG (Propane) Cylinder Pressure

Chart
Temp Temp Pressure Pressure Pressure

ºC ºF kPa PSIG Bar
70 158 2482 360 24.8
60 140 2013 292 20.1
54 130 1794 257 17.9
43 110 1358 197 13.6
38 100 1186 172 11.9
32 90 1027 149 10.3
27 80 883 128 8.8
16 60 637 92 6.4
-1 30 356 51 3.6
-18 0 152 24 1.5
-29 -20 74 11 0.7
-43 -45 0 0 0
Note: Some numbers have been rounded.
How much pressure in LPG cylinder? See chart above.
Units of Measure for Pressure

There are 3 commonly used units of measure for pressure: PSIG, kPa & bar.
PSIG is pounds per square inch gauge. PSIA is pounds per square inch
absolute.
1 atm = 14.7 psia = 0 psig = 101.325 kPa
kPa, or kilopascal, is a metric unit of pressure and part of the International

System of Units (SI).
The bar is also a metric unit of pressure, but is a non-SI unit.
1 bar = 100 kPa = 0.987 atm = 14.5038 psia
Propane Tank PSI

Propane tank PSI (Pounds per Square Inch) all depends on the
temperature.
The higher the temperature, the higher the propane tank PSI.
A 20lb (9kg) propane tank has the same pressure as larger propane tanks, at a
given temperature.
At 100°F, a propane tank of any size, including a 20lb propane tank, has 172
PSIG of pressure.
At 130°F, a propane tank of any size has 257 PSIG of pressure.
PSIG (pounds per square inch gauge) is the gauge pressure relative to
atmospheric pressure.
There is also PSIA - pounds per square inch absolute - for pressure relative to a
vacuum rather than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
In what State is the LPG Inside the Cylinder?
LPG is liquid in a cylinder with an area at the top of the

cylinder where it turns into vapour.
The LPG gas vapour is held in the top of the bottle and the liquid LPG at the
bottom, as shown in the accompanying image.
LPG cylinders are typically filled to 80%, meaning 80% liquid and 20% vapour.
This percentage changes, with the liquid LPG decreasing as you consume the
gas.
LPG Pressure Relief Valve (Propane Pressure

Relief Valve)
LPG gas cylinder valves are equipped with LPG pressure relief valves.
This can also be known as a propane pressure relief valve.
The pressure relief valve is incorporated into the

main gas valve on the bottle, as shown in the accompanying picture.
If the cylinder is exposed to excessive heat, the LPG pressure relief valve
allows the gas to vent and keep the pressure within safe limits.
This eliminates the possibility that the cylinder will rupture or explode.
The worst thing that can happen is the venting gas ignites and you have a
plume of flame.
This will self-extinguish after the pressure drops to a safe level or when the
cylinder runs out of gas.
This is why you always want to use your BBQ outdoors and away from your
home or other flammable materials.
LPG Boiling Point

LPG (Propane) Vaporisation:
Did you know that every time you turn on one of your gas appliances, the LPG
in your gas bottles starts to boil?
If you could see though the steel, you would also notice that it looks just like
water boiling…
Water boils at 100°C, becoming a gas (steam).
In contrast, LPG boils at -42°C becoming gas vapour.
The process of going from liquid to vapour (gas) is called vaporisation.
For more info on LPG, see LPG Gas Physical Properties
LPG-Propane Cylinder Pressure Rating -

Operating Pressure
LPG cylinders and vessels are designed to handle much higher than normal
operating pressures.
1,000 PSIG.
This would vary by the manufacturer and the cylinder itself.
LPG cylinders have pressure relief valves incorporated into the main valve.
LPG cylinder pressure varies with temperature.
Even at 70ºC (158ºF), well beyond normal ambient temperatures, the pressure
would only be 2482 kPa (360 PSIG).
LPG Working Pressure in Appliances

The actual working pressure of LPG in gas appliances is much less than the
cylinder pressure, at 2.75 kPa.
LPG regulators are used to reduce and maintain this safe operating pressure.
It should also be noted that natural gas and LPG appliances operate at different
pressures, with 1.1 kPa and 2.75 kPa, respectively.
How Much Pressure in LPG Cylinder - LPG

Pressure Temperature Chart
So, we never fully answered "How much pressure in LPG cylinder?"

pressure.
The pressure is measured in kilopascals (kPa) or pounds per square inch
(PSIG).
LPG vapour pressure can vary greatly based on temperature.
it affects the rate of LPG vapourisation.
As LPG is a liquefied gas, the vapour pressure inside the cylinder will remain
the same from full until the last of the liquid LPG is vaporised.
The use of pressure as a measurement in LPG use is very limited.
A steady pressure only shows that liquid LPG is inside the cylinder, but not how
much liquid is left.
In the US, vapour pressure is measured in pounds per square inch (PSIG).
PSIG is defined as 1 pound of force applied per square inch as measured by a

gauge.
As a comparison, 1 psi = 6.89476 kPa.
What is the Pressure of a 20 lb Propane

Tank? A 9kg LPG Cylinder?
BBQ gas bottles, like a 20lb propane tank or a 9kg gas bottle, have the same
pressure as large gas bottles.
It all depends on the temperature.
At 100°F, a 20lb propane tank has 172 PSIG of pressure.
Similarly, a 9kg gas bottle has 1183kPa at 38°C.
Final Thoughts
How much pressure in LPG cylinder is dependent upon the temperature of the
contents.
This, in turn, is affected by the ambient temperature.
The cylinder is actually capable of handling about 5x the normal pressure.
That normal pressure is far more than what is required for the working pressure
of gas appliances.
To reduce the pressure, a gas regulator is used between the cylinder and the
appliances.
"Safe and Simple" is the best summary of how it all works.

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LPG Composition & the Properties of

LPG composition is primarily propane, butane, isobutane,

LPG - Propane Properties

 propane boiling point

We’ll review these most commonly referenced properties…

LPG (Propane) Properties Chart

Water boils at 100°C or 212°F, becoming a gas (steam).

In contrast, LPG (propane) boils at -42°C or -44°F, becoming gas vapour.

LPG stays liquid because it is under pressure in a gas cylinder.

As a liquid, it looks a lot like water.

It is colourless and odourless in its natural state.

LPG Composition: Which Gas is Present in LPG?

LPG – Liquefied Petroleum Gas – describes flammable hydrocarbon gases.

In different countries, the supply can be propane, butane or propane-butane

In Australia, LPG is just propane.

LPG - Propane Density and Specific Gravity

LPG Density - Specific Gravity of Liquid LPG -

LPG density or specific gravity is about half that of water, at 0.51.

In Australia, where LPG is propane, 1kg of LPG has a volume of 1.96L.

Conversely, 1L of LPG (propane) weighs 0.51kg.

1 gallon of liquid propane weighs 4.24 pounds.

Propane is 580.88 kg/m3 (at boiling point)

The specific gravity (SG) of liquid Butane is 0.601 (at 25°C)

Butane is 601.26 kg/m3 (at boiling point)

1 ft3 of propane weighs 0.1162 pounds.

Butane is 2.5436 kg/m3 (at 15°C and sea level)

So, LPG is heavier than air.

10 Important LPG - Propane Facts

2. LPG is a group of flammable hydrocarbon gases liquefied through

They are, in most cases, used as fuel.

3. LPG comes from natural gas processing and petroleum refining.

These include propane, butane and isobutane (i-butane), as well as

5. LPG gases are compressible into liquid at low pressures.

It is also utilised for refrigerants, aerosol propellants and petrochemical

9. An alternate reference for LPG (propane) is as a Natural Gas Liquid – NGL.

10. In nature, propane does not occur alone.

In Australia, LPG is propane.

LPG can be other gases in other countries.

Propane is a three carbon molecule with the formula C3H8.

The illustration shows a model of the molecule.

LPG Gas Temperature: Boiling Point, Flame,

LPG (propane) melting point/freezing point is at -188°C or -306.4°F.

LPG - Propane Pressure Varies with

(LPG Pressure-Temperature Chart shown)

Pressure measurement is in kilopascals (kPa) or pounds per square inch (psi).

“Bar” is yet another unit of measure for pressure.

1 Bar = 100 kPa, so it is metric based but not an SI unit of measure.

LPG pressure can vary based on temperature, as shown in the chart.

Avoid Direct Contact - Cold Burns

Energy Content of LPG - Propane

This also converts to 6.9kWh.

One gallon of propane contains 91,547 BTU (60°F).

Calorific Value of Water Gas

LPG Gaseous Expansion

So, 1L of liquid LPG (propane) equals 270L of gaseous LPG.

Formula Equation for Complete Combustion of LPG - Propane:

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + Heat

Incomplete combustion of LPG (propane) occurs when not enough oxygen is

Incomplete combustion results in the production of water, carbon monoxide,

What's the Equation for Incomplete Combustion

2 C3H8 + 9 O2 → 4 CO2 + 2 CO + 8 H2O + heat

LPG Gas Temperature: LPG - Propane Flame