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Anjum MED, UET, Taxila 1
ME‐5102
Research Methodology &
Design of Experiments
Lect. # 3
Introduction to Research ,
Deductive & Inductive Reasoning
Dr. Nazeer Ahmad Anjum
Mechanical Engineering Program
University of Engineering Taxila
Definition of Research 3
• Hunting for facts or truth about a subject.
• Search for knowledge.
• Organized scientific investigation to solve problems,
test hypotheses, develop or invent new products.
• A scientific and systematic search for related
information on a specific topic.
• An art of scientific investigation.
• A careful investigation or inquiry specially through
search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
• Research is an academic activity
• According to Redman and Mory “Systematized effort to
gain new knowledge.” 4/4/2019
Definition of Research Cont….. 4
According to Clifford Woody research comprises
Defining or Redefining problems;
Formulating hypothesis;
Suggested solutions;
Collecting, organizing and evaluating data;
Making deductions and reaching conclusions; and
at last
Carefully testing the conclusions to determine
whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
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Definition of Research Cont….. 5
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Motivation in Research 6
What makes people to undertake research? This is a
question of fundamental importance. The possible
motives for doing research may be either one or more
of the following:
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its
consequential benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the
unsolved problems, i.e., concern over practical
problems initiates research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some
creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.
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Why Research? 7
To get PhDs, Masters and Bachelors?
To provide solutions to complex problems
To investigate laws of nature
To make new discoveries
To develop new products
To save costs
To improve our life
Human desires
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Concept of Research 8
Deductive Reasoning
Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the
more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a "top‐
down" approach.
We might begin with thinking up a theory about our
topic of interest. We then narrow down into more
specific hypotheses that we can test.
We narrow down even further when we collect
observations to address the hypotheses. This ultimately
leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific
data ‐‐ a confirmation (or not) of our original theories
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Concept of Research 9
Deductive Reasoning
Hypothesis
Observation
Confirmation
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Concept of Research 10
Inductive Reasoning
Inductive reasoning works the other way, moving from
specific observations to broader generalizations and
theories. Informally, we sometimes call this a "bottom
up" approach.
In inductive reasoning, we begin with specific
observations and measures, begin to detect patterns
and regularities, formulate some tentative hypotheses
that we can explore, and finally end up developing some
general conclusions or theories
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Concept of Research 11
Inductive Reasoning
Theory Bottom up approach
Hypothesis
Pattern
Observation
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Bad Research 13
The opposites of what have been discussed.
Looking for something when it simply is not to be
found.
Plagiarizing other people’s work.
Fabricating data to prove a point.
Misrepresenting information and misleading
participants.
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Research General Systematic Characteristic 14
Problem Identification
Reviewing Information
Data Collection
Analysis
Drawing Conclusions
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Characteristic of Research Cycle 15
Generation of
Hypotheses
Casual
Observation Scientific Method
of Acquiring
Implications
Knowledge of
Existing of
Problem Solving
Structure of Hypotheses
Knowledge
Operationally
Specific Testing
Situations 4/4/2019
Where Do Research Start? 16
Asking the
Question
Asking new Identifying the
Questions important factors
Reconsidering Formulating
the theory a hypotheses
Testing the
hypotheses
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What is R & D? 17
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R & D Problems 18
Research seeks truth.
R&D is interdependent
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R & D Problems 19
Research results cannot be reproduced
Data collection is haphazard
Experiment methods are confused
Trial and error …
Lack of records
Reports are disorganized
Discuss all above mentioned in your first
assignment
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Assignment # 1 20
How Design for Analysis and Design for
components?
Final comprehensive
report generation Primary Identification of
Root Cause(s) Testing Sample:
• Microscopic Analysis
Clint feedback • Mechanical Testing
Yes
• Compositional Analysis etc
Refinement of procedure Results
No Conforming
Gathering more Compilation & Evaluation of
to
information about part, Test Results
Predicted
clarification & revision Causes
of predicted causes
Design for Analysis (Failure Examples)
Welding Analysis Fabrication Analysis
Hydroforming Machining/
Analysis Manufacturing Analysis