EFFECTS OF GUJARATI GARBA DANCE ON

FITNESS COMPONENTS OF YOUNG ADULT

FEMALE POPULATION
A research submitted by

ANKITA SOLANKI

PINKAL GABANI

SAKINA SADRIWALA

TO

VEER NARMAD SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY, SURAT

Towards partial fulfillment of

Internship in B.P.T

Under the Guidance of

DR.MITAL SHAH [PT]

[Assistant professor]

THE SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY RAMPURA, SURAT-

395003, GUJARAT.

2017-2018
 DECLARATION BY CANDIDATES

This is to certify that the EFEECTS OF GUJARATI GARBA DANCE ON

FITNESS COMPONENTS OF YOUNG ADULT FEMALE
POPULATION which was submitted by us in internship of Bachelor of Physiotherapy
program to the Sarvajanik College of Physiotherapy comprise only our original work and due
acknowledgement has been made in the text and to all other materials used.

Date:

Signature of students

Ankita Solanki

Pinkal Gabani

Sakina Sadriwala
 CERTIFICATE BY GUIDE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled EFFECTS OF GUJARATI GARBA

DANCE ON FITNESS COMPONENTS OF YOUNG ADULT FEMALE
POPULATION which is submitted by the students is a record of the candidate’s original
work carried out by them under my guidance. The matter embodied in this thesis is original
and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Signature of Guide

Dr. Mital Shah [PT]

Date:
 CERTIFICATE BY PRINCIPAL

This is to certify that the thesis entitled EFEECTS OF GUJARATI GARBA

DANCE ON FITNESS COMPONENTS OF YOUNG ADULT FEMALE
POPULATION which is submitted by the students is record of the candidate’s original
work carried out by them under the guidance of Dr.Mital Shah. The matter embodied in this
thesis is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Signature of principal

Dr.Sarvanan M. [PT]

Date:
 ACKOWLEDGEMENT
This study was accomplished with contribution and support of many people.
Thus, we would like to express our gratitude towards all those people who have been
providing their enduring support and assistance. We sincerely thank Dr.Sarvanan M.
Principal I/C for his support & guidance for this research work. We specially thank to
Dr.Thangamani Ramalingam for statistical analysis.

We thank Dr.Mital Shah from the core of our heart for her guidance. We thank
her for help extended in time and being a constant source of inspiration for us. Also we
express our sincere gratitude to all our teachers, who helped us in all possible manners.

Ankita Solanki

Pinkal Gabani

Sakina Sadriwala

i
Table of Contents
ACKOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... i
Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................. ii
List of Tables .....................................................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................... v
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................................................. 6
3. METHODOLOGY............................................................................................................................. 9
3.1 STUDY DESIGN .................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 SELECTION OF SUBJECTS .................................................................................................. 9
3.3 INCLUSION CRITERIA ......................................................................................................... 9
3.4 EXCLUSION CRITERIA ........................................................................................................ 9
3.5 PLACE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................ 9
3.6 STUDY DURATION .............................................................................................................. 9
3.7 SELECTION OF TESTS ....................................................................................................... 10
ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES ...................................................................................... 10
PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES ....................................................................................... 10
ENDURANCE ........................................................................................................................ 10
BORG’S RATING SCALE ......................................................................................................... 10
POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT SCALE ......................................................................... 10
3.8 TOOLS AND MATERIALS .................................................................................................. 11
3.9 PROCEDURE: ...................................................................................................................... 12
SEQUENCE OF TEST ............................................................................................................ 12
4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................. 21
5. DISSCUSION ................................................................................................................................. 36
Strengths & Limitations of the study ............................................................................................ 38
6. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 39
7. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 40
APPENDIX 1: RPE ............................................................................................................................. 41
APPENDIX 2: PANAS ........................................................................................................................ 42
APPENDIX 3: CONSENT FORM .......................................................................................................... 43

ii
 List of figures

Figure 1: Anthropometric measurement tools ...................................................................... 11

Figure 2: Height measurement............................................................................................. 13
Figure 3: Weight measurement ............................................................................................ 14
Figure 4: Skin fold measurement caliper ............................................................................. 16
Figure 5: Heart Rate Measurement ...................................................................................... 17
Figure 6: Blood Pressure Measurement ............................................................................... 17
Figure 7: Six minute walk test ............................................................................................. 18
Figure 8: Sit and Reach Box ................................................................................................. 19
Figure 9:Sit to stand test ...................................................................................................... 20
Figure 10: Mean of BMI at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals. ........................................ 22
Figure 11: Mean of Skin Thickness at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals ........................ 23
Figure 12: Mean of Sit and Reach at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals ........................... 24
Figure 13: Mean of Sit to Stand at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals .............................. 25
Figure 14: Mean of Positive Affect Score at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals. .............. 26
Figure 15: Mean of Negative Affect Score at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals. ............. 27
Figure 16: Mean of Heart Rate (rest) at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals. ..................... 28
Figure 17: Mean of Heart Rate (max) at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals. ................... 29
Figure 18: Mean of VO2max at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals. ................................. 30
Figure 19: Mean of Blood Pressure (rest) Systolic at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals. . 31
Figure 20: Mean of Blood Pressure (max) Systolic at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals. 32
Figure 21: Mean of Blood Pressure (rest) Diastolic at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals. 33
Figure 22: Mean of Blood Pressure (max) Diastolic at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals.
........................................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 23: Mean of RPE at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals ......................................... 35

iii
 List of Tables

Table 4.1: Demographic Data of Participants ................................................................................... 21

Table 4.2: Descriptive Statistics of BMI .......................................................................................... 22
Table 4.3: Descriptive Statistics of Sit and Reach Test ..................................................................... 24
Table 4.4: Descriptive Statistics of Sit to Stand ................................................................................ 25
Table 4.5: Descriptive Statistics of Positive Affect Score of PANAS Scale ...................................... 26
Table 4.6: Descriptive Statistics of Negative Affect Score of PANAS Scale..................................... 27
Table 4.7: Descriptive Statistics of Heart Rate (rest) ........................................................................ 28
Table 4.8: Descriptive Statistics of Heart Rate (max) ....................................................................... 29
Table 4.9: Descriptive Statistics of Vo2 max .................................................................................... 30
Table 4.10: Descriptive Statistics of Blood Pressure (rest) systolic ................................................... 31
Table 4.11: Descriptive Statistics of Blood Pressure (max) systolic .................................................. 32
Table 4.12: Descriptive Statistics of Blood Pressure (rest) diastolic.................................................. 33
Table 4.13: Descriptive Statistics of Blood Pressure (max) diastolic................................................. 34
Table 4.14: Descriptive Statistics of RPE ........................................................................................ 35

iv
 ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Physical fitness has been defined as the individuals’ ability to meet the
demands of a specific physical task. Physical fitness includes cardiorespiratory endurance,
skeletal muscular endurance, skeletal muscular strength, skeletal muscular power, and speed,
flexibility, agility, balance, reaction time, and body composition. Dance is recognized as a
mode of physical activity, which produces the same positive health effects as traditional
modes like sport and exercise, and may be more likely to be adopted as part of exercise
programs than other exercise modes. Garba is the folk dance of Gujarat and it requires speed,
co-ordination and full body movements with fast steps in sync with the rhythm.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To measure the effects of regular Garba dance on physical
and cardiovascular fitness in women. This study also measured the emotional effects of
dancing on individuals
.

METHOD: This observational study included 25 college girls aged 19-23 years. They
were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. All participants voluntarily
agreed to consent and extend full cooperation and availablity for Garba dance sessions.
Outcome measures flexibility, agility, BMI, skin thickness, VO2 and emotional status of
participants. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS20, Among, New York, software.

RESULTS: BMI, PANAS, Blood Pressure has no significant value. Other outcome
measures skin thickness, sit to stand, sit and reach has significant P value < 0.05.

v
CONCLUSION: Through this research it has been proved that Garba is effective in
improving certain components of physical and cardiovascular fitness.

KEY WORDS: Physical fitness, cardiovascular fitness, Garba, Dance, Flexibility, Agility,
BMI, VO2max, Skin thickness.

vi
 1. INTRODUCTION

Physical fitness may be defined as “the individuals’ ability to meet the demands of a specific
physical task” (1). Physical fitness includes cardiorespiratory endurance, skeletal muscular
endurance, skeletal muscle strength and power, speed, flexibility, agility, balance, reaction
time, and body composition. Dance fitness depends on the individual's ability to work under
aerobic and anaerobic conditions and on their capacity to develop high levels of muscle
tension. In dance, all the measurements depend upon age, gender and level of performance of
dancers (2).

Body composition is a health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the relative
amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital parts of the body. Body composition has been
estimated by measuring body height and weight and calculating body mass index (weight/
height2). For Dancers, the optimal body composition serves as the means for achieving both,
the physiological needs of a healthy body and the esthetic goal of thinness to obtain
maximum on-stage performance. Body composition is a frequently discussed component as
many dancers, particularly female dancers feel the pressure to be thin. Although appropriate
active mass and body fat are essential ingredients for optimizing physical performance (3).

Cardiovascular fitness relates to the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to
supply oxygen during sustained physical activity. The best criterion of cardio respiratory
fitness is maximal oxygen uptake or aerobic power (4). VO2max is measured in healthy
persons during large muscle, dynamic activity (e.g., walking, running, or cycling) and VO2
max is primarily limited by the oxygen transport capacity of the cardiovascular system. (2)

Flexibility is a health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the range of motion
available at a joint. Because it is specific to the joint being tested, no one measure provides a
satisfactory index of an individual’s overall flexibility (5). Field testing of flexibility
frequently has been limited to the sit-and-reach test, which is considered to be a measure of
lower back and hamstring flexibility. Flexibility training on a regular basis causes connective
tissue to loosen and elongate. Flexibility is essential for correct and efficient execution of the
art form (6).

1
Muscular endurance is a health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the
muscle's ability to continue to perform without fatigue (2). For true assessment of muscular
endurance, it would be necessary to test each major muscle group of the body (7). Muscular
endurance in dancers is equally important as low muscular endurance tends to cause injury in
dancers (8)

Strength is a health-related component of physical fitness that relates to the ability of the
muscle to exert force (2). Strength is non- specific in nature. For true assessment, it would be
necessary to test each major muscle group of the body (7). Strength is a motor ability that
largely determines the features of a move. In dance, repetitive and explosive strength is
required. The quality of dancer's technique and the artistic performance depends on their
motor abilities which include strength. (9)

Dance fitness depends on the individuals’ ability to work under aerobic and anaerobic
conditions, and on their capacity to develop high levels of muscle tension, i.e. muscle
strength. Joint mobility/muscle flexibility and body composition are also important parts of
dance fitness. However, no single fitness measurement can predict success in dance, as they
vary markedly depending on numerous parameters including age, sex and level of
performance. (1)

Dance is recognized as a mode of physical activity, which produces the same positive health
effects as traditional modes like sport and exercise, and may be more likely to be adopted as
part of exercise programs than other exercise modes (10). The American Dance Therapy
Association defines dance therapy as “the psychotherapeutic use of movement to further the
emotional, cognitive, physical, and social integration of the individual”. Dance therapy seems
to increase motivation and adherence to therapy, and can provide a real alternative to
conventional exercise. In Spain, few studies, have reported on the effectiveness of dance
therapy in improving balance and levels of physical activity among especially inactive
populations.

Folk dance is that dance which has developed among the peasantry and is maintained by
them in a fluid tradition without the aid of a professional dancer, teacher or artiste and is not,
at least in the particular form observed and practiced in towns, on the stage or in the ball
room. Folk-dance is for the sheer pleasure of the performers and not for the entertainment of
2
the public. Folk-dancing of the nation is the nation’s mirror; it bears and constitutes the
nation’s temperament, art, culture, simplicity, social and political status, functions and creed.
The indigenous folk-dances of India may be divided again into three classes; viz., (1) Martial
or Heroic, (2) Social, Semi-religious and connected with seasonal festivals, (3), Ritual. (11)

Raas, Raasda, Garba and Garbi are traditional dances of Gujarat. They are associated with the
festival of Navratri, but as such it is part of the folk-art of Gujarat. A pot with many holes in
which a lamp is lighted during Navratri festival is normally called as Garba and Garbi is
choric song of women. Another meaning of Garbi is a canopy under which an idol of
Goddess Amba and other deities are placed and women dance in that canopy. It is the folk art
of whole of Gujarat in general, but Saurashtra in particular has preserved the traditions to a
very large extent.

The Garaba circle moves in an anticlockwise direction. It is interpreted as an upward

ascending direction. In a concentric spiral movement the rising up (movement) is
anticlockwise, while the coming down or descent is clockwise. Garbas are played in various
intricate patterns of Tala or styles. The common ones are: Hinca, Double –Hinca, Dodhiyum,
One Tali Garabo, and Three tali garba

It is a pleasant sight to see the women moving round the pot. In many traditional Garba
dances, each woman takes such a pot with a lamp on her head and moves round. Garba dance
is in fact the prayer of Amba. The songs, voice and rhythm are important parts of a Garba.
The classical raagas like Mhad, Piloo, Kafi, Dhanashri, Kalingado and Saarang are mixed in
the song and the music. (10)

The beautiful, dance intoxicated, damsels move and revolve in the circle smartly and lithely,
faster and faster and reach the climax. They swing and roll, bend and bounce, stoop and
straighten, turn and twist, slip and fly with flexible resilience, yet never losing their delicate
balance. They dance with ease, grace and vigor, precisely keeping and co-coordinating time,
tempo, harmony and rhythm by their exact Tali strikes, feet thumping and physical
movements, actions and gestures. Garaba dancing is essentially feminine and mirrors the
dignified decency and excellence of dance. Garaba represents a challenge to the versatility
and stamina of the players. It is a dance of sentiment, Rasa, feeling, Bhava, love, faith and
devoition, Garaba is youth, feelings, beauty and art combined. (12)
3
Synchronization of Sama, Tali and speed, in and between rounds are marvelous. Clever
quick, sure and easy steps and agile elaborate balanced half turns and flexible movements
following the Tali, are really beautiful, when the hinca, double hinca or Dodhiym enters into
fast or double rhythmic time, and the tempo rises to its zenith. The girls and boys, gather
extra ordinary speed and seem to fly in the air. It is a magnificent and unforgettable display of
skill, strength, stamina, harmony and co-operation. (11)

We hypothesized that the body twirls, arm movements and fast footsteps in sync to a speedy
rhythm performed in Garba can provide a stimulus to the body which is comparable to
aerobic exercise. Based on this assumption we measured the physical fitness of the
participant through body composition and certain clinical field tests which included the 6-
minute walk test (6MWT), the 30-second sit-to-stand test (30sSTS), the fingertip-to-floor test
(FTF) (reflecting flexibility). Although the clinical field tests used by us are less accurate and
less specific than laboratory-based tests, they may be applicable for measuring the different
aspects of health-related physical fitness.

Significance of the study

No studies have been carried out on the effects of Garba dance on components of physical
fitness till date. Hence, the results of this study will add to the body of literature by providing
information on the effects of Garba folk dance on components of physical fitness.

Aims and Objectives

Ø To measure the effects of regular sessions of Garba dance on physical fitness
components of BMI, skin thickness, VO2max, flexibility and agility in sedentary
college going girls.

4
Hypothesis
Null hypothesis: Garba dance doesn’t have any effect on improving certain
components of physical fitness.

Alternative hypothesis: Garba dance has significant effect on improving certain

components of physical fitness

5
 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
1. Lucia cugusi, et al., conducted a study on a new type of physical activity from an
ancient tradition-the Sardinian folk dance “Ballu Sardu”. It is aimed that Ballu
Sardu can be described as a vigorous physical activity. It is an observational trial
conducted on young men and women (30-40 years age) who practice the Ballu
Sardu with intensity and continuity. This study found that quarter of an hour of
Ballu Sardu performance results in consumption of an average of 11 Kcal/min, 9.8
MET/min and 157 Kcals. Hence the Ballu Sardu activity performed at least 2-3
times per week can be considered an effective way to maintain and improve
cardiovascular health.

2. Ernesto Pacheco et al., conducted a feasibility study in Colombian Caribbean folk

dances to increase physical fitness and health related Quality of life in older
women. For that purpose, the intervention based on folk dances of the Colombian
Caribbean region was feasible to deliver in a community setting for older women. A
pilot study was conducted in a sample of 27 participants, 15 in the intervention
group and 12 in the comparison group. The 12 week intervention improved CRF,
upper and lower body flexibility, agility and dynamic balance and lower body
strength but had no observed effect on health- related quality of life.

3. Maria Serrano-Guzmain et al., conducted a study about “Effectiveness of a

Flamenco and Sevillanas program to enhance mobility, balance, physical activity,
blood pressure, body mass and quality of life in post menopausal women living in
the community in Spain: a randomized clinical trial.” In this, 52 sedentary post
menopausal women were randomly assigned for 2 months of dance therapy, 3
sessions weekly, based on Spanish folk dance. The control group was provided a
booklet containing physical activity recommendation. Statistical analysis was
performed using 2*2 analysis of variance. They concluded that Spanish dance
therapy may be effective to improve mobility, balance, and levels of physical
activity and fitness in sedentary post menopausal women.

6
4. Anne Therese Tvere et al., conducted a study on measuring health related physical
fitness in physiotherapy practice: Reliability, validity and feasibility of clinical field
tests and a patient reported measure. They have done a cross sectional study with a
test-retest design. In that 81 patients with musculoskeletal conditions were recruited
from outpatient physiotherapy clinics. Relative reliability was analyzed with intra-
class correlation co-efficient model 2*1 and absolute reliability with standard error
of measurement and smallest detectable change. Construct validity was assessed
with a priori hypotheses. According to study, 6 minute walk test, the hand grip test
and the physical fitness questionnaire can be recommended as a core set of reliable
and valid measures to assess health related physical fitness in patients with various
musculoskeletal conditions.

5. Daily physical activity and physical fitness from Adolescence to Adulthood; A

longitudinal study was conducted by Johan Lefevre et al.,. The stability of
physical fitness and physical activity in Flemish males from 18-40 years of age was
investigated. Stability was measured using Pearson autocorrelations and simplex
models. They found that there is increasing evidence that regular physical activity
contributes considerably to better physical fitness and good health.

6. Yiannis Koutedakis and Athanasios Jamurtas conducted study on “The dancer

as a performing Athlete”. They found that while aesthetic goals are of the utmost
importance, dancers remain subject to the same unyielding physical laws as
athletes. Even at the height of their professional careers, dancers muscular balance,
muscular strength, aerobic power and bone and joint integrity are the ‘Achilles
heels’ of the dance only selection and training system currently in use. In particular,
dance injuries have been linked to poor levels of physical fitness which often
resemble those found in sedentary individuals.

7. Mc.Cord et al., (1989) examined the effects of 12 week program of low impact
aerobic dance conditioning of VO2max, submaximal heart rate and body composition
of college aged women. The study reveals that there is significant increase in VO2
max. Submaximal heart rate decreases significantly. Body fat is decreased with no
post training change in body weight.

7
8. Radmik Kostic, Ratomir Duraskovic et al., did study on the effects of aerobic
dance on cardiovascular fitness and body composition of 48 women aged 22-25.
Study was extended for a period of 3 months with 60 minutes training sessions, 3
times a week. The study suggests that there is significant positive influence of
aerobic dance training on changes in the cardiovascular endurance and body
composition parameters in young adult women.

8
 3. METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is a systemic plan for conducting research. The purpose of the study is
to measure selected physical fitness components of non-regular dancers. In order to achieve
the purpose, design of the study, selection of subjects, selection of tests, tools used, procedure
and administration of tests are described in this chapter.

3.1 STUDY DESIGN

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational study that analyzes data collected
from a population at a specific point in time. Cross-sectional study design is to fulfill the
primary objective of this present study.

3.2 SELECTION OF SUBJECTS

25 non professional dancers were selected from Sarvajanik College of Physiotherapy in
Surat city. Researcher talked with the principal of the college and got the list of the students.
All the students were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria mentioned in
further sections. All students voluntarily agreed to give full cooperation and be available for
data collection when required.

3.3 INCLUSION CRITERIA

· Age 19-23
· only females
· non professional dancers

3.4 EXCLUSION CRITERIA

· males
· professional dancer
· musculoskeletal injury to upper limb (or) lower limb
· any neurological (or) medical problems
· any surgical problems

3.5 PLACE OF THE STUDY

· Sarvajanik College of Physiotherapy, Surat, Gujarat

3.6 STUDY DURATION

· 10 weeks

9
3.7 SELECTION OF TESTS
The study mainly focused on anthropometric characteristics and selected physical fitness
components based on the review, books, journals and according to viability of the data
collection, selection of reliable and valid tests for strength, flexibility, and physical fitness
components is done.

ANTHROPOMETRIC VARIABLES
· Stature (height in centimetres)
· body mass (weight in kilograms)
· body mass index (BMI)-body composition

PHYSICAL FITNESS VARIABLES

· skin thickness
· sit and reach test-flexibility
· sit to stand

ENDURANCE
· 6 min walk test
· heart rate (rest/max)
· blood pressure (rest/max)
· VO2max

BORG’S RATING SCALE

Perceived exertion was measured with the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (15-point scale,
ranging from 1 as very , very light and 10 as very, very hard).

POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE AFFECT SCALE

PANAS were evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis. Regression and correlation
analysis were used to determine the influence of demographic variables on PANAS scores as
well as the relationship between the PANAS with measures of depression and anxiety.

10
3.8 TOOLS AND MATERIALS
· informed consent form
· sample data recording sheet
· digital weight scale
· flexible measure tape
· sit and reach box
· wooden table
· measure tape
· cones
· stopwatch
· auto sphygmomanometer
· pulse oximeter
· skin fold caliper

Figure 1: Anthropometric measurement tools

11
3.9 PROCEDURE:
Researchers held meeting with the principal of the college and explained different
tests for the students. Researchers explained the purpose of the study, requirement and
schedule of the testing procedure to students. Informed consent for voluntary participation in
the study was mandatory prior to the initiation of study. Researchers selected (25) students
who fell under inclusion criteria. Instructions related to all tests were given prior to
administration with proper demonstration. Data on anthropometric and fitness parameters
were obtained using standard procedure as explained below.

SEQUENCE OF TEST
· height measurement
· weight measurement
· blood pressure at rest, heart rate at rest
· skin thickness
· 6 min walk after that blood pressure max, heart rate max
· RPE
· sit and reach
· sit to stand
· PANAS scale

12
Height Measurement:

Purpose: To measure the standing height of the students.

Equipment: measuring tape

Method: This measurement is recorded as the height from the floor to the vertex of the head.
The vertex is defined as the highest point on the skull when an imaginary line between the
lower margin of the eye socked and the upper margin of the zygotic bone is parallel to the
ground. The students were instructed to stand barefoot with feet together and the arms at the
side with palm facing thighs. The heels, buttocks, upper back, and head were in contact with
the wall. Prior to the measurement, the students were instructed to look ahead and take a deep
breath. Measuring tape was stuck on the wall and measuring the height.

Scoring: Height of the students was recorded in centimeters (cm).

Figure 2: Height measurement

13
Weight Measurement (body mass):

Purpose: To measure the body weight of the students.

Equipment: Digital weight scale

Method: The students were weighted in minimal clothing and without shoes. Before
recording weight, digital weighing was checked whether it was zero. Students were asked to
stand on the center of scale without support, evenly distributing weight on both feet and
looking straight forward.

Scoring: Number shown on scale was recorded as weight of students in kilograms.

Figure 3: Weight measurement

14
Body Mass Index (BMI):

Purpose: To measure the body composition.

Method: It is a simple measurement to help determine relationship of body height and

weight. It is moderately correlated (r=0.60-0.82) with %fat. Researcher had calculated BMI
with use of already obtained weight and height. Height was converted into meter for
calculation; it was calculated using following formula:

BMI = body weight (kilogram)/ height (meter) 2

Scoring: BMI was recorded in kg/m2 by researcher. BMI category was recorded as percentile
of height and weight on the basis of age and gender.

15
Skin Thickness:

Purpose: To measure the thickness of a fold of skin with its underlying layer of fat.

Equipment: Skin Thickness Caliper

Method: Right hand pulled out the fold of skin with the underlying layer of fat with left hand
held with the fingers, placed jaws of the caliper and recorded the reading. Researcher
measured at the waist area located just above the iliac crest, the protrusion of the hip bone, a
little towards the front from the side of the waist. The fold is taken approximately
horizontally.

Figure 4: Skin fold measurement caliper

Scoring: Measured the thickness of the skin in millimeter (mm).

16
Blood pressure and heart rate:

Purpose: To measure the resting or maximum blood pressure and heart rate for endurance.

Equipment: Chair, table, auto-sphygmomanometer, cones, measuring tape.

Figure 5: Heart Rate Measurement

Figure 6: Blood Pressure Measurement

Method: At rest without any work student’s blood pressure and heart rate was recorded by
using auto sphygmomanometer.

17
6 Minute Walk Test:

6MWT has been described as simple walking test that can be used as a predicator of aerobic
fitness. Test was conducted according to the American Thoracic Society guidelines.
Participants were instructed to walk as fast as possible back and forth between two cones(10
m) apart on a flat, hard surface for 6 minutes and walking distance was measured in meters.
After the test, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded with auto sphygmomanometer and
exertion was measured with Borg rating of exertion scale (15 point scale ranging from 6-20,
with 6 as very, very light and 20 as very, very hard.)

Scoring: Blood pressure measured in mmHg and heart rate measure in BPM.

VO2max was measured by this formula:

VO2max =15.3x (maximum HR-resting HR).

VO2 max is an important determinant of cardio respiratory fitness and aerobic performance.

Figure 7: Six minute walk test

18
Sit And Reach Test:

Purpose: To determine the flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscle.

Equipment: Custom made sit and reach box, ruler.

Method: The test involves sitting on the floor with legs stretched out straight ahead.
Participants have performed this test with bare foot. The soles of the feet were placed flat
against the box. Both knees were locked and pressured facing downwards and the hands on
the top of each other side, the participants reached forward along with the measuring line as
far as possible. The hands were at the same level, not one reaching further forward than the
other. After some practice reaches the subject reached out and held that position for at least
one-two seconds while the distance was recorded.

Scoring: The score is recorded to the nearest centimeter or half inch as distance reached by
the hand.

Figure 8: Sit and Reach Box

19
Sit To Stand Test:

Purpose: Measure the lower extremity strength, functional fitness.

Equipment: wooden table, stopwatch, wall space

Method: Participant was seated in the middle of the table, back straight, feet approximately
shoulder width apart and placed on the floor at an angle slightly back from the knees, hip
maintain the balance, participant was instructed completed as many full stands as possible
within 30 seconds .The participant was instructed fully sit between each stand and count the
repetition within 30 second.

Scoring: measure the repetitions within 30 second.

Figure 9: Sit to stand test

20
 3. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Characteristics Mean±SD
Age 20.76±0.92
Height(cm) 160.33±4.58
Weight(Kg) 54.70±10.21
BMI(Kg/m2) 21.28± 4.31
Gender Female
Table 4.1: Demographic Data of Participants

Table 4.1 represents the demographic data (Mean±SD) of the participants which includes age,
height, weight, BMI, gender.

Characteristics Mean±SD
Skin thickness(mm) 19.00±6.11
Sit and reach(inch) 46.12±7.84
Sit to stand 17.60±2.23
PAS score 32.44±5.25
NAS score 20.32±7.79
Heart rate(rest) 90.79±12.80
Heart rate(max) 123.56±16.50
VO2max 21.24±2.86
Blood pressure (rest) systolic 107.52±13.08
Blood pressure (max)systolic 127.92±13.94
Blood pressure (rest)diastolic 63.60±10.70
Blood pressure (max)diastolic 67.64±6.56
RPE 2.88±0.92
Table 4.2: Descriptive Statistics of Outcome Measures

Table 4.2 represents descriptive statistics (Mean±SD) of the outcome measures measured at
baseline (0 wk).

21
 Table 4.2: Descriptive Statistics of BMI

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
1. BMI 0 week 21.33±4.44
4 week 21.49±4.28
10 week 21.75±4.08 0.881 0.431 0.085

Table 4.3 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of BMI measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

BMI
P value= 0.431

21.75
21.49
21.33

0 week
4 week
10 week

Figure 10: Mean of BMI at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals.

22
 Table 4.3: Descriptive Statistics of Skin Thickness

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
2. Skin 0 week 18.43±6.35
thickness 4 week 17.19±4.44
10 week 16.57±4.29 3.40 0.054 0.264

Table 4.4 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Skin Thickness measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

Skin Thickness
18.43
P value= 0.054
17.19

16.57

0 week
4 week
10 week

Figure 11: Mean of Skin Thickness at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals
.

23
 Table 4.3: Descriptive Statistics of Sit and Reach Test

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
3. Sit and 0 week 46.02±7.91
reach 4 week 47.29±8.13
10 week 48.50±7.85 5.614 0.012 0.371

Table 4.5 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Sit and Reach Test measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

Sit and Reach P value=0.012

48.5

47.29

46.02

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 12: Mean of Sit and Reach at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals

24
 Table 4.4: Descriptive Statistics of Sit to Stand

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
4. Sit to 0 week 17.67±2.08
stand 4 week 18.09±2.66
10 week 19.14±3.58 4.816 0.020 0.336

Table 4.6 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Sit to Stand measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

Sit to Stand P value=0.020

19.14

18.09
17.67

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 13: Mean of Sit to Stand at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals

25
 Table 4.5: Descriptive Statistics of Positive Affect Score of PANAS Scale

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
5. Positive 0 week 31.90±5.15
Affect 4 week 33.19±5.02
Score of 10 week 34.66±4.67 3.114 0.068 0.247
PANAS
Scale

Table 4.7 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Positive Affect Score of PANAS scale measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10
weeks.

Positive Affect Score

P value=0.068

34.66

33.19

31.9

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 14: Mean of Positive Affect Score at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals.

26
 Table 4.6: Descriptive Statistics of Negative Affect Score of PANAS Scale

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
6. Negative 0 week 19.48±7.63
Affect 4 week 19.38±7.66
Score of 10 week 19.42±7.12 0.003 0.997 0.000
PANAS
Scale

Table 4.8 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Negative Affect Score of PANAS scale measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10
weeks.

Negative Affect Score

19.48 P value=0.997

19.42

19.38

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 15: Mean of Negative Affect Score at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals.
.

27
 Table 4.7: Descriptive Statistics of Heart Rate (rest)

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
7. Heart 0 week 90.25±12.61
rate(rest) 4 week 79.25±13.57
10 week 81.70±7.49 4.423 0.027 0.330

Table 4.9 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Heart Rate (rest) measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

Heart Rate (rest)

90.25 P value= 0.027

81.7
79.25

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 16: Mean of Heart Rate (rest) at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals.

28
 Table 4.8: Descriptive Statistics of Heart Rate (max)

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
8. Heart 0 week 124.29±16.68
rate(max) 4 week 104.42±15.13 14.855 0.000 0.610

10 week 102.42±15.41

Table 4.10 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Heart Rate (max) measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

Heart Rate (max)

P value=0.000
124.29

104.42 102.42

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 17: Mean of Heart Rate (max) at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals.

29
 Table 4.9: Descriptive Statistics of VO2max

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
9. VO2max 0 week 21.56±3.03
4 week 20.29±2.32 3.408 0.056 0.275

10 week 19.22±2.29

Table 4.11 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of VO2max measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

VO2max P value=0.056

21.56

20.29

19.22

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 18: Mean of VO2max at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals.

30
 Table 4.10: Descriptive Statistics of Blood Pressure (rest) systolic

Serial Outcome Measures Level of Mean±SD F Significance Partial

No. Measurements Value Eta
Squared
10. Blood 0 week 106.24±13.56
pressure(rest)systolic 4 week 115.61±7.31 6.878 0.006 0.420

10 week 115.95±7.80

Table 4.12 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Blood Pressure (rest) systolic measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

Blood Pressure (rest) Systolic P value=0.006

115.61 115.95

106.24

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 19: Mean of Blood Pressure (rest) Systolic at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals.

31
 Table 4.11: Descriptive Statistics of Blood Pressure (max) systolic

Serial Outcome Measures Level of Mean±SD F Significance Partial

No. Measurements Value Eta
Squared
11. Blood 0 week 127.48±14.80
pressure(max)systolic 4 week 127.04±10.95
10 week 127.57±9.39 0.030 0.971 0.003

Table 4.13 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Blood Pressure (max) systolic measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

Blood Pressure (max) Systolic P value=0.971

127.57
127.48

127.04

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 20: Mean of Blood Pressure (max) Systolic at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week
intervals.

32
 Table 4.12: Descriptive Statistics of Blood Pressure (rest) diastolic

Serial Outcome Measures Level of Mean±SD F Significance Partial

No. Measurements Value Eta
Squared
12. Blood 0 week 63.29±10.76
pressure(rest)diastolic 4 week 71.19±6.42
10 week 70.09±5.34 7.901 0.003 0.454

Table 4.14 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Blood Pressure (rest) diastolic measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

Blood Pressure (rest) Diastolic P value=0.003

71.19
70.09

63.29

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 21: Mean of Blood Pressure (rest) Diastolic at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week
intervals.

33
 Table 4.13: Descriptive Statistics of Blood Pressure (max) diastolic

Serial Outcome Measures Level of Mean±SD F Significance Partial Eta

No. Measurements Value Squared
13. Blood pressure(max) 0 week 67.62±6.71
diastolic 4 week 72.85±7.10 7.377 0.004 0.437

10 week 72.66±5.21

Table 4.15 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of Blood Pressure (max) diastolic measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks.

Blood Pressure (max) Diastolic P value=0.004

72.85 72.66

67.62

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 22: Mean of Blood Pressure (max) Diastolic at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week
intervals.

34
 Table 4.14: Descriptive Statistics of RPE

Serial Outcome Level of Mean±SD F Value Significance Partial

No. Measures Measurements Eta
Squared
14. RPE 0 week 3.00±0.894
4 week 2.61±0.86 4.878 0.020 0.339

10 week 2.47±0.74

Table 4.16 represents the descriptive statistics (Mean±SD, F Value, Significance, and Partial
Eta Squared) of RPE measured at 0 weeks, 4 weeks and 10 weeks using Borg’s Scale.

RPE P value=0.020
3

2.61 2.47

0 week 4 week 10 week

Figure 23: Mean of RPE at 0 week, 4 week & 10 week intervals

35
 5. DISSCUSION
The present study is aimed to measure the effect of Guajarati folk dance – Garba on fitness.
Descriptive statistics were done numerical variables as mean+/- SD for all the 25 participants.
Difference between the level of measurements (before Garba, after 4 weeks and 10th week)
for all the outcome measures were tested with the use of repeated measure analysis of
variance. The statistical analyses were performed using SPSS20, Among, New York,
software. The P-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

In our study, no significant improvements were found in BMI. This may be due to the short
implementation time of the Garba program and/or its application in isolation, because the
production of changes in body composition often requires the implementation of
multidisciplinary programs involving not only physical exercise, but also changes in lifestyle,
nutrition, and occasionally the application of cognitive-behavioral therapy with a
pharmacologic approach. Mosca L, Benjamin Ej, (13) at el also found the same result on BMI
in their study “Effectiveness Based Guidelines for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
in Women” Table 4.4 suggest that there is a significance difference in the skin fold
measurement taken at waist level after 10 weeks of Garba sessions which suggest that Garba
is effective in reducing abdominal visceral fat. A study by Mc cord et el.(1989) also supports
our findings that there was significant change in body fat but no difference in body weight
after applying low impact aerobic dance sessions.

Table 4.5 suggests that there is a significant difference in sit and reach test. It suggests that
Garba has significant effect on increasing lower limb and trunk flexibility. P value is 0.01 and
partial eta square is 0.37 which suggests moderate effect size.

Table 4.6 suggests that there is significant difference in sit to stand test after 10 weeks of
Garba sessions. It suggests that Garba has a significant effect on improving strength of lower
limbs.

Table 4.7 and 4.8 shows the effect of Garba on self rated PANAS (Watson and clark,
1988).The PANAS subscales are individually analyzed with ANOVA. It suggests that Garba
has no significant effect on either reducing or increasing stress level.

Table 4.9 and 4.10 shows that there is significant difference in heart rate at rest as well as
heart rate max respectively after 10 weeks of Garba sessions. It is suggestive of improving
cardiac capacity.

36
Table 4.11 shows the significant difference in values of VO2max.It suggest that the Garba has
very good effect on improving oxygen consumption capacity.

P. Nandhini (14) has also found the same result on the effect of aerobic dance training on
VO2max uptake of college women.

Table 4.12 and table 4.13 show the effect of Garba on systolic blood pressure at rest and after
maximum excursion respectively. Result suggests that there is a significant reduction in
resting systolic BP.

Table 4.14 and Table 4.15 show the effect of Garba on diastolic blood pressure at rest and at
maximal excursion respectively. The result suggests that Garba has significant effect on both
P value is <0.05. A systemic review and meta analysis was done by Conceicao LS (2016), on
hypertensive patients and the result supports the result of our study.

Table 4.16 shows the effect of Garba on Borg’s rating scale of perceived exertion, which is
significant. That suggests that the fatigue or strain in muscle, discomfort of breathing as well
as chest pain perception is reduced among the participants at the end of 10 weeks of Garba
sessions.

37
Strengths & Limitations of the study

The study presents some limitations. First, the small sample size could be affecting the
findings of the study with low statistical power. Moreover, a convenience sample was used,
and those who volunteered may have been different from those who did not or could not
participate. As an observational study of short duration, long-term effects were not assessed,
but results suggest promise, and future research is needed.
To build on the potential for public health benefits in the adult population, studies including
males and larger samples are needed to explore strategies to increase recruitment and
retention rates such as incorporating more components in the program.
In addition, it is important to test more rigorously the effects of regular participation in
cultural dance on physical fitness and health related quality of life and also adherence and
impact on other health outcomes related to morbidity and mortality. Additional exploration
might include increasing the duration of the intervention and/or adding cognitive components
The strength of the study is that, to our knowledge, this is one of the few studies exploring
the effects of folk dances of the Gujarat- Garba on physical fitness and cardio respiratory
function.

38
 6. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the intervention based on folk dances of Gujarat – Garba, is feasible to deliver
in a community setting for women. In addition, this study reports the effects of the
intervention on physical fitness among young women. The10-week intervention improved
CRF, lower body flexibility, and lower body strength, as well as exercise tolerance (exertion
rate) but had no observed effect on BMI and PANAS.

39
 7. REFERENCES

1. Koutedakis Y, AJ. The Dancer as a Performing Athlete. The Dancer as a Performing

Athlete,Physiological Considerations. .

2. DE S. Physical activity and health. Physical activity and health:A report of the surgeon general
executive summary. 1999.

3. M Y, KA, TN. Body composition in dancers. the bioelectrical impedance method. Medicine &
Science In Sports & Exercise. 1999.

4. MP R, MR. Functional Testing in Human Performance: Human Kinetics. 2009.

5. Harris ML. A Factor Analytic Study of Flexibility. American Association for Health, Physical
Education and Recreation. .

6. M S. Implementation of Fitness into Classical Dancers. Implementation of Fitness into Classical

Dancers – Effects on Dance Performance Fitness and Dance Performance 21. .

7. G W. Effects of School Aerobic Exercise Intervention on Children’s Health-Related Physical

Fitness. A Portuguese Middle School Case Study University of Minho. 2004.

8. Ambegaonkar , J P, Caswell. Upper-Body Muscular Endurance in Female University-Level Modern

Dancers. A Pilot Study. Journal of Dance Medicine & Science. 2012.

9. Adriana Lukić SBZZŠ. THE IMPORTANCE OF STRENGTH. SportLogia. 2011.

10. Keogh JWL, AK, PP, LA, DG. Physical Benefits of Dancing for Healthy Older Adults. Physical
Benefits of Dancing for Healthy Older Adults: A Review. .

11. Bannerji P. Art of Indian Dancing: Sterling Publishers; 1985.

12. K P. Cultural Heritage of Gujarat; 1996.

13. Mosca L, J. Benjamin Eea. Effectiveness-Based Guidelines for the Prevention of Cadiovsacular
Disease in Women. American Heart Association. 2011.

14. P.Nandhini. Effect Of Aerobic Dance Training On Maximal Oxygen Uptake(Vo2max) Of College
Women. International Journal of Innovative Research & Development. 2013.

15. Vyas R. The Glory of Gujarat.

40
APPENDIX 1: RPE

41
APPENDIX 2: PANAS

42
 APPENDIX 3: CONSENT FORM

I ……………………………………………………………………….. hereby agree to

provide my full consent and co-operation as a subject for the research work during Bachelor
of Physiotherapy internship of

Ms.Ankita Solanki

Ms.Sakina Sadriwala

Ms.Pinkal Gabani

Title: Effects of Gujarati Garba Dance on Fitness Components of Young Adult Female
Population.

I have received complete information about this study in my own understandable language.
All my questions have been answered to my satisfaction. I understand that there is no
predictable risk from participating in this study.

Place: …………………….

Date: …………………….

Signature: …………………..

43
44