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Kinetic Architecture
A THESIS
Of
Master of Science
In
Architectural Engineering
By
Architect
Soha Mohamed Abd El-Hady Fouad
B.Sc. of Architecture
Alexandria University
July 2012
ABSTRACT
Although immense changes occurred in the Egyptian built environment,
given products didn't consider occupants' changing needs and activities as well as
changing environmental conditions. The research aimed to present non-traditional
solutions in order to create environments able to respond, adapt and interact in
motional behaviors.
Upon the belief that the fundamental knowledge of Kinetic Architecture
can better assist architects to acquaint the need to enroll motion in the built
environment; the thesis first presents different definitions for the term Kinetic
Architecture. Next, it historically reviews the use of kineticism in the
architectural field since the old ages until present. Also, it describes different
trends to apply kineticism in the architectural environment accompanied with
explanatory examples.
The technological achievement in different divisions of engineering such as
structural, mechanical and materials engineering as well as information and
communication technologies has an enormous effect on kinetic design. As a
result, the second part of the thesis is dedicated to kinetic design process defining
its main elements from structural innovation and materials advancement to
embedded computation and at last adaptive architecture.
The research carries on an analytical study by highlighting fifteen
architectural project adapting kineticism. The study is based on the different
elements affecting the kinetic design process. The evaluating criteria include the
way and reason for involving kineticism as well as the effect it has upon the
indoor environment and the visual quality.
Finally, the thesis ends with concluding the effect of using kineticism in the
architectural field. And, it suggests some systems to be applied to the Egyptian
environment. Recommendations for further studies are represented to enrich
applying the theory.
VII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to express my deep recognition and sincere appreciation to
Prof. Dr. Hany M. Abd El Gawad Ayad for his generous patience, valuable
guidance, advice and precious time and effort throughout all stages of conducting
this thesis. Also, I would like to express my truthful gratitude and sincere
appreciation to Dr. Dina Sameh Taha for her endless patience, precious help,
comments and continues encouragement and support to accomplish this work.
I am very grateful to all my friends and colleagues for their support and
help. I am thankful to Federica Sabbadini for her help providing me with research
materials.
IX
Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... VII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................... IX
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. XI
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................XIII
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... XX
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ XXI
A. BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 1
A.1. Research Problem: ..................................................................................... 2
A.2. Research Hypothesis: ................................................................................ 3
B. RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................. 3
C. MOTIVATION AND RESEARCH IMPORTANCE ............................................... 3
D. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................... 4
E. RESEARCH STRUCTURE ...................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER ONE: WHAT IS KINETIC ARCHITECTURE?............................................................ 7
1. What is Kinetic Architecture? .................................................................................... 9
1.1. Kinetic Architecture Definition ................................................................................. 9
1.2. Historical Review..................................................................................................... 11
1.3. Kinetic Trends in Architectural Environments ........................................................ 22
1.3.1. Spatial Optimization Systems.................................................................. 22
1.3.2. Multi-Function Design ............................................................................ 23
1.3.3. Contextual Adaptability........................................................................... 25
1.3.4. Mobility ................................................................................................... 27
1.4. Summary .................................................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER TWO: KINETIC DESIGN KEY ELEMENTS ............................................................. 29
2. KINETIC DESIGN .................................................................................................. 31
2.1. Kinetic Design Key Elements .................................................................................. 31
2.1.1. Structural Innovation and Materials Advancement ................................. 31
2.1.2. Embedded Computation .......................................................................... 34
2.1.2.1. Trends in Embedded Computation ..................................................... 35
2.1.2.2. Level of Control Mechanisms ............................................................ 38
2.1.2.3. Ways and Means of Embedded Computation .................................... 39
2.1.2.4. Typologies of Controlling Change ..................................................... 40
2.1.3. Adaptable Architecture ............................................................................ 41
2.1.3.1. Living Environments .......................................................................... 42
2.1.3.2. Working Environments ...................................................................... 42
2.1.3.3. Entertainment Environments .............................................................. 42
2.1.3.4. Public Environments .......................................................................... 43
XI
Table of Contents
XII
List of Figures
LIST OF FIGURES
XIII
List of Figures
- Figure 14: The Solaleya Dome House, a house for a clean and sustainable future
(Solaleya, N/D).......................................................................................................... 21
- Figure 15: (a) The Suite Vollard, the first fully revolving high-rise apartment
building (Zeiler, 2011, P. 362). (b) A plan for the Suite Vollard showing the fixed
core and the rotating part (van Poucke, 2008c). ........................................................ 21
- Figure 16: (a) Interlocking Transformation, an interior diagram (Fox, 2009, P. 32).
(b) Interlocking Transformation, reconfigurable elements dividing sectors (Fox,
2009, P. 32). .............................................................................................................. 23
- Figure 17: The Bloomframe (HurksGeveltechniek, N/D). (a) In window state. (b) In
balcony state. ............................................................................................................. 24
- Figure 18: (a) A diagram shows different ring units connected to each other while in
use (Kapfinger, N/D). (b) A ring unit (Serrats, 2005, P. 380)................................... 24
- Figure 19: (a) An exterior view for the Wind Veil (Kahn, 2000). (b) A close view
for the aluminum panels of the Wind Veil (Kahn, 2000) .......................................... 25
- Figure 20: Convertible umbrellas for the courts of the Prophet's Holy Mosque in an
opened and closed state (SL-RASCH-GMPH, N/D). ............................................. 26
- Figure 21: The Bengt Sjostrom/Starlight Theater. Study model shows the building's
roof (mnartists.org, N/D) while: (a) opened and (b) closed. (d) An inner view for the
kinetic roof while opened (Galindo, 2005, P. 78). .................................................... 26
- Figure 22: Mobile Dwelling Unit, the container plan while sub-volumes pushed out
(fabprefab, N/D). ....................................................................................................... 27
- Figure 23: Mobile Dwelling Unit. (a) An exterior view while MDU in an opened
state (Gardiner, 2003, P. 132). (b) An exterior view while the MDU in a closed state
(Block, 2011). ............................................................................................................ 28
- Figure 24: Diagram shows kinetic structures typologies (Fox, N/D). ...................... 31
- Figure 25: (a) The Muscles Tower while activated (Detwiler, 2006). (b)The Carlos
Moseley Music Pavilion while being transported to its location and being assembled
(Mota, 2007). ............................................................................................................. 32
- Figure 26: (a) Two of the modular units of the Flare-façade system and their control
mechanism (WHITEvoid, N/D). (b) A paper model for the Flare-façade system
(WHITEvoid, N/D). .................................................................................................. 34
- Figure 27: The Kuwait Pavilion for Expo 92 while changing from closed state to
opened one (Hawarny, 2008, P. 30). ......................................................................... 34
- Figure 28: (a) An interior view for Taipei 101 tuned mass damper (TMD)
(Wikipedia, N/D). (b) A diagrame shows where the Tuned Mass Damper is located
in Taipei 101 Building (Wikipedia, N/D). ................................................................ 35
- Figure 29: The Implant Matrix (InteractiveArchitecture.org, 2006). ........................ 36
- Figure 30: The AMX Whole Home Automation touch panel (AMX, N/D). ............ 37
- Figure 31: The Stereoscope Project while playing an animation on Toronto City Hall
façade (AlternativeBerlin, 2010). .............................................................................. 38
- Figure 32: The Interactive Restaurant (RobotectureInteractiveArchitecture, N/D) .. 43
XIV
List of Figures
- Figure 33: An external view for Institut du Monde Arabe (WikiArquitectura, 2010).
................................................................................................................................... 48
- Figure 34: (a) The Mashrabiya diaphragm used at Institut du Monde Arabe (Osmers,
2007). (b) Mashrabiya unit sketch (Prisse d’Avennes, 2007, P. 137). (c)
Mashrabiya used in a Ottoman residential building near Khan El-Khalili, Cairo,
Egypt (a.allegretti, 2012)........................................................................................... 49
- Figure 35: An external view for the flat southern façade of Institut du Monde Arabe
shows the "Mashrabiya Diaphragms" that were used (IMA, 2001).......................... 49
- Figure 36: (a) A view for a group of the mashrabiya diaphragms while functioning
(eliinbar, 2011). (b) A detail of the medium sized diaphragm (moreAEdesign, 2010).
(c) A detail of small diaphragms (moreAEdesign, 2010). ....................................... 50
- Figure 37: A diagram showing reason for installing mashrabiya diaphragms on the
southern façade (Yucel, 1989, P. 92). ....................................................................... 51
- Figure 38: An external view for GucklHupf while being opened (de la Torre, N/D).
................................................................................................................................... 53
- Figure 39: The GucklHupf plans where the red colored rectangular is the main area
while the other parts are those being opened, slided or folded (de la Torre, N/D). .. 54
- Figure 40: The GucklHupf section where the red color indicates the accurate area
when the structure is closed. Also this section shows the four different levels inside
the structure (Ballard Bell, 2006, P. 125).................................................................. 54
- Figure 41: Transformation in GucklHupf starting from the closed state (Olson,
2009). ........................................................................................................................ 55
- Figure 42: An exterior view for the Floirac House (OrgoneDesign, N/D). .............. 57
- Figure 43: Plans for the Floirac House showing different ways to access levels
(Beck, N/D). The Blue color indicates the elevator platform, the red color indicates
the main staircase, the green color indicates the service staircase and the yellow
color indicates a staircase connecting two levels. ..................................................... 58
- Figure 44: Long section though the Floirac House, where the blue color indicates the
elevator platform (Beck, N/D). (a) The elevator platform reaches the second floor.
(b) The elevator platform is on the ground floor....................................................... 58
- Figure 45: An isometric section showing the elevator platform in red (Beck, N/D).59
- Figure 46: Different views for the elevator platform while functioning (OMA, N/D).
(a) The elevator platform when settled in the upper level. (b) The elevator platform
while moving between different levels. .................................................................... 59
- Figure 47: An external view for the Naked House (ShigeruBanArchitects, N/D).... 61
- Figure 48: (a) A 3D modeling for the Naked House showing the rectangular open
space, the permanent installations as well as the movable rooms (boxes) (Unité-de-
relogement, 2012). (b) An interior view for the half-height wall separating the
wardrobes as well as the bathroom from the rest of the open space (Jeska, 2008, P.
73). ............................................................................................................................ 62
XV
List of Figures
- Figure 49: Interior views of the Naked House (van Poucke, 2011). (a) A view for
mobile units when attached to each other. (b) A view for mobile units arranged
separately. .................................................................................................................. 62
- Figure 50: (a) A section through the main double height open space (Bradbury,
2005, P. 185). (b) An isometric for the Naked House showing different layer of the
building's skin as well as different components (Bradbury, 2005, P. 181). .............. 63
- Figure 51: (a) Different arrangements for the mobile room units (Guzowski, 2007,
P. 2). (b) A close view for the moveable units (Stang, 2005, P. 89). ........................ 64
- Figure 52: An external view for the Milwaukee Art Museum – Quadracci Pavilion
(Smith, 2007). ............................................................................................................ 65
- Figure 53: (a) A water color sketch featuring the Quadracci Pavilion
(CALATRAVA, N/D-a). (b) A water color sketch featuring the pedestrian bridge
(CALATRAVA, N/D-a)............................................................................................ 66
- Figure 54: The Burke Brise Soleil, the moveable wings of the museum ranging in
motion from totally closed to completely opened (CALATRAVA, N/D-a). ............ 67
- Figure 55: (a) An interior view of the structural frame of the parabolic-shaped
skylight in the Quadracci Pavilion (CALATRAVA, N/D-a). (b) The arched
promenade at the Quadracci Pavilion (CALATRAVA, N/D-a). (c) The unique
shapes of the arched support concrete structures (solaripedia, N/D-b). .................... 68
- Figure 56: An external view for the Gemini Haus (Salzburg.ORF.at, 2012)............ 69
- Figure 57: Center of the house were all exhaust, supply air and waste water are fed
into (PEGE, 2001). .................................................................................................... 70
- Figure 58: Panoramic views for the ground floor and the first floor (PEGE, 2001). 70
- Figure 59: (a) Utility lines that are transferred to the rotating house through the firm
basement (PEGE, 2001). (b) Glass and aluminum fixes (van Poucke, 2008a). (c)
Vertical solar panels attached to the house (Lenardic, N/D). .................................... 71
- Figure 60: (a) A detail for connection between dynamic solar panels and the
structure (PEGE, 2001). (b) A detail for the track on which the house moves (PEGE,
2001).......................................................................................................................... 72
- Figure 61: An external view for Dragspelhuset (24H<architecture, N/D). ............... 73
- Figure 62: (a) A view for the cabin while the retractable cantilever is pushed in
(Park, 2007, P. 60). (b) A view for the cabin while the retractable cantilever is
pushed out (Park, 2007, P. 60). ................................................................................. 74
- Figure 63: Dragspelhuset plan (Park, 2007, P. 67). (a) Plan drawing for the
extension where the orange color indicates the area of extension when the
retractable cantilever is pushed in. (b) Plan drawing for the extension where the red
color indicates the added area after pushing the retractable cantilever out. .............. 74
- Figure 64: A section showing the extension while the retractable cantilever is
pushed in creating a double skin (Park, 2007, P. 67). ............................................... 75
- Figure 65: A section showing the extension while the retractable cantilever is
pushed out over the stream (Park, 2007, P. 67)......................................................... 75
XVI
List of Figures
- Figure 66: The red cedar wood used for the exterior cladding (Zeisser, 2007, P. 12),
(Park, 2007, P. 59)..................................................................................................... 75
- Figure 67: The reindeer hides covering the interior of the retractable cantilever
(Park, 2007, P. 66)..................................................................................................... 76
- Figure 68: An exterior view for the Leaf Chapel glowing at night
(KleinDytham|architecture, N/D). ............................................................................. 77
- Figure 69: A plan drawing for the Leaf Chapel showing the components creating the
chapel which are the chapel great hall, corridor and storage (A. Pearson, 2005, P.
244). .......................................................................................................................... 78
- Figure 70: (a) The Leaf Chapel when in the closed state (KleinDytham|architecture,
N/D). (b) The Leaf Chapel when in the opened state by the end of the wedding
ceremony (KleinDytham|architecture, N/D). ............................................................ 78
- Figure 71: (a) An interior view showing the black granite used for flooring as well
as the black wooden pews with clear acrylic backrest (KleinDytham|architecture,
N/D). (b) A detail for the lace patterns on the movable leaf
(KleinDytham|architecture, N/D). ............................................................................. 79
- Figure 72: (a) A section drawing through the Leaf Chapel showing how the chapel
was tucked into the ground (Mr.Jacobsen, 2012). (b) An exterior view for the Leaf
Chapel featuring the sloping site where the chapel was located (Mr.Jacobsen, 2012).
................................................................................................................................... 80
- Figure 73: The Shanghai QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Centre (corus, 2006, P.
24,25). ....................................................................................................................... 81
- Figure 74: A view for the stadium while its roof petals are open presenting a flower
(TheTennisStory, 2011). ........................................................................................... 82
- Figure 75: A plan showing different components and seating area for QiZhong
Forest Sports City Tennis Centre (ShanghaiCulturalInformation, N/D). ................. 82
- Figure 76: (a) A drawing for the stadium roof while in a close state. (b) A drawing
for the stadium roof while in an open state. .............................................................. 83
- Figure 77: The QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Center dynamic roof (van
Poucke, 2008b). (a) A close view for the roof petals while they are closed. (b) A
close view for the roof petals while they are being opened. ..................................... 84
- Figure 78: An exterior view for the Kiefer Technic Showroom (Deisenberger, 2009,
P. 21). ........................................................................................................................ 85
- Figure 79: Kiefer Technic Showroom floor plans (ErnstGiselbrecht+PartnerZT-
GmbH, N/D). (a) The ground floor plan where the red color marks the kinetic
façade. (b) The upper floor plan where the red color marks the kinetic façade. ....... 86
- Figure 80: Different positions for the aluminum panels giving the façade a variety of
appearance (WorldBuildingsDirectoryOnlineDatabase, N/D).................................. 86
- Figure 81: A close view for the moveable aluminum panels showing the guide rails
they move on (WorldBuildingsDirectoryOnlineDatabase, N/D). ............................. 87
- Figure 82: A drawing shows different positions for the aluminum moveable panels
presenting the relation between solid and void where the grey color presents solid.88
XVII
List of Figures
- Figure 83: An exterior view for the Sliding House (dRMM, N/D)........................... 89
- Figure 84: An isometric showing the different parts creating the building (dRMM,
N/D). .......................................................................................................................... 90
- Figure 85: Plans for the sliding house while the red color presents the sliding part
once while closed and the other while completely open (Russell, 2010). (a) The
ground floor plan for the Sliding House. (b) The first floor plan floor the Sliding
House. ........................................................................................................................ 90
- Figure 86: An isometric drawing showing different positions for the moveable
(dRMM, N/D)............................................................................................................ 90
- Figure 87: (a) A view for the sliding exterior skin while creating an extra sunshade
for the terrace (Russell, 2010). (b) Different views for the sliding exterior skin
creating different enclosure between the three forms creating the house, and while
leaving the courtyard exposed to the sky (Waite, 2009). .......................................... 91
- Figure 88: (a) A detailed section drawing for the glass form while it is closed by the
moveable roof/wall structure and while it is opened to the surrounding by sliding the
moveable roof/wall structure away (dRMM, N/D). (b) Views for the sliding exterior
shell once when closed and the other when completely open (Russell, 2010). ........ 92
- Figure 89: Different exterior views for the house while the moveable structure in
different positions (Elite-Choice, 2009). ................................................................... 92
- Figure 90: An external view for the Olympic Tennis from north across the
Manzanares River Center (Riley, 2005, P. 118)........................................................ 93
- Figure 91: Perspective for the "Magic Box" showing the movable lids covering the
three courts while closed and opened (Riley, 2005, P. 120). .................................... 94
- Figure 92: A plan drawing showing the Olympic Tennis Center main components
(Riley, 2005, P. 116). ................................................................................................ 94
- Figure 93: A drawing to show the different 27 opening positions for the three lids
covering the courts (Jordana, 2012). ......................................................................... 95
- Figure 94: A close view for a hydraulic jack (van Poucke, 2010). ........................... 96
- Figure 95: An external view for the Cherokee Studios Lofts
(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D). ........................................................................... 97
- Figure 96: Different residential units that vary from loft flats to tri-level units and
tow-homes (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D). ......................................................... 98
- Figure 97: Different views for the operable aluminum panels
(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D). ........................................................................... 98
- Figure 98: A diagram showing reason for installing a kinetic skin
(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D). ........................................................................... 99
- Figure 99: (a) Close view of the perforated anodized aluminum
panels(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D). (b) Detailed view for the operable skin
(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D). ........................................................................... 99
- Figure 100: A study showing the relation between solid and void through different
stages starting from all panels are close till reaching the stage when all panels are
opened. .................................................................................................................... 100
XVIII
List of Figures
- Figure 101: A perspective for the exterior of The World Trade Center
Transportation Hub (WorldTradeCenter, N/D)....................................................... 101
- Figure 102: (a) A sketch for a child releasing a dove into the sky which is the
inspiration of the designed building (CALATRAVA, N/D-b). (b) An exterior
perspective for the WTC Transportation Hub appears as a flying bird
(CALATRAVA, N/D-b). ........................................................................................ 102
- Figure 103: A section for the WTC Transportation Hub (W. Dunlap, 2005). ........ 103
- Figure 104: Section drawing showing the steel ribs that were supposed to move as
well as the lightening system (Yee, 2007, P. 63). (b) Interior prespective views for
the main hall while the top is closed and opened
(LowerManhattanConstructionCommandCenter, N/D). ......................................... 103
- Figure 105: A perspective for the Dynamic Tower (DynamicArchitecture, N/D). 105
- Figure 106: (a) Drawing representing the installation of wind turbines and the way
they are involved in the design concept (DynamicArchitecture, N/D). (b) Drawing
representing the use of solar panels on top of each rotating floor
(DynamicArchitecture, N/D)................................................................................... 106
- Figure 107: Dynamic Tower floor plans (DynamicArchitecture, N/D). (a) Plan
drawing for the villas which are located on the top 10 floors. (b) Plan drawing for
the hotel unites which is located on the first lower 20 floors.................................. 107
- Figure 108: Drawing presenting the technical system will be used to construct the
tower (DynamicArchitecture, N/D). ....................................................................... 108
- Figure 109: Drawings representing natural ventilation as well as sunlight filtering
(DynamicArchitecture, N/D)................................................................................... 109
- Figure 110: Different views for the Dynamic Tower while in motion (Cherry, 2010,
P. 36). ...................................................................................................................... 109
- Figure 111: The world map where the studied projects are located in Europe, North-
America and Asia. ................................................................................................... 112
- Figure 112: Structure systems used for analyzed buildings. ................................... 112
- Figure 113: Share of materials used among the studied projects. ........................... 113
- Figure 114: Different architectural environments in which kinetics were used. .... 113
- Figure 115: Types of kineticism used in buildings under study, such as: (a) Institut
du Monde Arabe – 1987 (eliinbar, 2011). (b) The Naked House – 2000 (Stang,
2005, P. 89). (c) The Olympic Tennis Center – 2009
(DominiquePerraultArchitecture, N/D). (d) The Leaf Chapel – 2004 (Picasa, 2009).
(e) The Sliding House – 2009 (Meunier, 2012). (f) The Dynamic Tower
(DynamicArchitecture, N/D)................................................................................... 114
- Figure 116: Ways kinetics were installed in buildings. .......................................... 114
- Figure 117: Reasons for using kinetics, such as: (a) Institut du Monde Arabe – 1987
(Dumas, 2009). (b) GucklHupf – 1993 (Olson, 2009). (c) Maison à Bordeaux – 1998
(OMA, N/D). (d) The Naked House – 2000 (van Poucke, 2011). (e) Magnolia
Stadium – 2005 (TheChicagoAthenaeum, 2007). (f) The Leaf Chapel – 2004 (IaaC,
XIX
List of Figures
LIST OF TABLES
XX
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
A. BACKGROUND
Since early ages, architecture has been static. A building is as good as its
structure could last. Although the first former definition for the term Kinetic
Architecture was in 1970, there are many evidence that kinetics has also been
historically used in building components; such as opening shutters and movable
bridges since long time ago. However, it had to wait for further advanced
technology before evolving into a higher state. By the beginning of the twentieth
century many kinetic attempts in buildings began to appear. Kinetic designs were
not only used as means to regulate sunlight, maximize space or vary the view, but
also they were developed to articulate new artistic, political and philosophical
ideas. Many theorists such as expressionist and constructivist designed many
untraditional forms emphasizing experience and motion while articulating
symbolic meanings. Although these forms that intened to rotate were drawn and
described, none of these were built. Later, the use of kinetics in several projects
varied from the use of kinetic building components such as stages and turn-tables
for both theaters and restaurants, to buildings that revolved as a whole. The use of
buildings varied as well from entertainment, to residential and even health
facilities. Kinetic structures also were used in extreme or hazardous
environments, and in emergencies caused by natural disasters and human will.
The relation between architecture and mechinery reflected the faith in progress
through technology and movement representing dynamic, mobility and hope for
the future.
A progress in the architectural field can be achieved through addressing
kinetic structures as part of a whole rather than independently or singularly.
Kinetics in buildings may include pragmatic or humanistic purposes or even both.
While pragmatic purposes may range from solving problems, optimizing
solutions, and implying space efficiency, security … etc, humanistic purposes are
concerned with the physical and psychological effect of architectural
environments' changes upon their users and occupants.
Kinetic systems can be used in defferent trends. Kinetic systems can be
used in large open spaces that accommodate many different activities in order to
provide different configurations. They may range from interior re-organization to
complete structure transformation. The goal of using such kinetic systems is
creating spaces that are able to adopt, reconfigure and customize both by users
and changing surrounding conditions. Kinetic systems can be used to turn a single
space into a multi-function space that can occupy different activities by quickly
and spatially reconfigure itself to truly accommodate each particular function
when needed. As kinetic systems allow buildings to adopt and respond to changes
in the natural surrounding environment such as wind currents, tempreture and
light, they also allow buildings to respond and adapt to long-term changes such as
changes in the built environment and traffic patterns. By using kinetic systems,
buildings are able to respond and adapt to changes that occur beyond codes and
regulations. Kinetic systems can be used in designing mobile transformable
shelter and units ranging from entire buildings to small single person enclosures
that can be easily constructed, deconstructed, reassembled, stored and moved
from place to another.
1
Introduction
2
Introduction
3
Introduction
D. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The research is primarily about introducing an architectural theory, its
definitions, ways, means and design elements. The adopted methods to achieve
this purpose include a literature review as well as analysis of several buildings
prototypes. In addition, this research adopts a framework for qualitative analysis
based on different factors that includes theoretical design elements along with
other elements. It was taken into consideration when selecting architectural
projects for the analytical study that they present uses as well as kineticism.
E. RESEARCH STRUCTURE
The research consists of three main parts in addition to both an introduction
and a section for conclusions and recommendations as follows:
• Introduction:
This section includes the research background, its aims and objectives as
well as its motivation and importance which followed by the research
methodology to demonstrate the research premise.
• Chapter One: What is Kinetic Architecture?
This chapter is based on introducing definitions and reviewing the history of
involving kineticism in the architecture that help understanding what is behind the
term "Kinetic Architecture". Also, it is based on investigating how advanced
technologies and kinetics could be employed in architectural environments by
reviewing different kinetic trends.
• Chapter Two: Kinetic Design Key Elements:
The aim of this chapter is to cover the mechanical and technological
principals which are mentioned and explained in order to go through kinetic
design.
• Chapter Three: Kinetic Buildings' Analysis:
Based on the previous chapters, this one will analyze different kinetic
projects and explain how those projects achieved different mechanical and
technological principals.
• Conclusions & Recommendations:
In this section, the researcher attempts to correlate the concluded facts
aiming to improve and enhance the quality of the architectural product in seeking
the advancement of the Egyptian architectural field.
4
Introduction
Introduction
Chapter One
Fundamental
Knowledge
Definitions
Summary
Historical Review
Summary
Embedded Computation
Adaptable Architecture
GuchklHupf
Floirac House
Gemini Haus
Dragspelhuset Summary
Analysis
Magnolia Stadium
Sliding House
Dynamic Tower
5
CHAPTER ONE: WHAT IS KINETIC ARCHITECTURE?
What is Kinetic Architecture?
9
Chapter One
10
What is Kinetic Architecture?
(a) (b)
Figure 2: (a) The Colosseum represented the first kinetic retractable roof covering the seating area
around the arena (Pepe, 2001). (b) An intriguingly simple device invented by Thomas Jefferson for his
home to allow both doors to open simultaneously whenever any is opened. As the device was concealed
beneath the floor, its principle was not known until it was uncovered in 1953 (Zuk, 1970, P. 29).
The start of using movable bridges was earlier than the Middle Ages; as
there is evidence of using this type of structures in Egypt in the fourteenth century
B.C. as well as in Babylon. "According to Herodotus, Queen Nitocris of Babylon
built a form of retractile bridge, for protective purpose, across the Euphrates at
about 460 B.C" (Koglin, 2003). These ancient movable spans and bridges were
used for military purposes as well as water traffic.
11
Chapter One
(a) (b)
Figure 3: (a) A sketch showing how a drawbridge at medieval castle worked, typical of such structures
that were precursors of modern bascule bridges (Koglin, 2003, P. 4). (b) A view of the entrance door
and the drawbridge to Rocca Gradara – one of the best preserved medieval structures in Italy – which
was built in 12th to the 15th centuries (GeoSearch.Italia, N/D).
12
What is Kinetic Architecture?
Movable bridges may be classified into several types. Some are employed
occasionally such as: bobtailed swing spans, double rotating cantilever draws,
transporter bridges, and floating bridges (Figure 4 a). But the movable bridges
which are frequently used till today are: ordinary swing spans, trunnion bascule
bridges, rolling bascule bridges, and vertical-lift bridges (Figure 4 b and Figure 5
a,b).
(a) (b)
Figure 4: (a) A scketch shows how a typical drawbridge works (Hall, N/D). (b) A scketch shows how a
typical trunnion bascule bridge works (Ryall, 2000, P. 669).
(a) (b)
Figure 5: (a) A schematic of vertical lift bridge (S. Glover, 2007). (b) A rolling bascule bridge while
closed (Chase Hill, 1927, P. 467).
For a long time, kinetic architecture had never advanced beyond the using
of movable doors, windows, or temporary roof. However, few exceptions began
to appear in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. One of the dining rooms in
the Palace of Versailles in France was constructed with a floor part of it could be
lowered to another level where servants could set the banquet table and then
raised again to the room level.
Modern revolving stages took place at several theaters in Europe and the
United States at the beginning of the twentieth century (Figure 6 a). Ye Liberty
Playhouse was probably the first permanently revolving stage built in the United
States, in Oakland, California, in 1903. Harry Bishop, the manager who designed
the stage, had reportedly seen revolving Kabuki stages during a trip to Japan.
13
Chapter One
(a) (b)
Figure 6: (a) The construction of the Santa Barbara County bowl revolving stage in 1936 which was
destroyed by El-Nino floods during 1939 in the United States of America
(SantaBarbaraBowlFoundation, N/D). (b) Architect M. Engere Pettit and physician Lucien Pellegrine
"heliotropic house" 1903 (Randl, 2008, P. 57).
14
What is Kinetic Architecture?
Figure 7: A view for Saidman's revolving solarium, Aix Les-Bains, France (Petit, N/D).
The platform consisted of a monitoring and control room in the center and
four glass-fronted treatment cabins at each side. The cabin platform was situated
high in the air for better ventilation as well as trees clearance. A small changing
room could be found at the back of each cabin. Also, an adjustable bed could be
found in these cabins, with a motorized assembly of nickel oxide or cobalt glass
screens, which helps blocking specific wavelengths, as well as lenses and lamps
that could be moved into various positions above the patient, connected it.
Moreover, lens panel and bed could be configured to direct the sun's ray
depending upon the illness and its prescribed treatment. Likewise, the rotation
helped keeping all the cabins in sunlight throughout the day. At last, the solarium
was used to treat various forms of rheumatism, dermatosis, tuberculosis, rickets,
and cancer.
Rotating designs were developed to articulate new artistic, political, and
philosophical ideas, while inventors and thinkers saw their rotating designs as an
engineered, rational means to regulate sunlight, maximize space, or vary the view.
This trend took place in Europe during a time when revolutionary styles of
painting, graphic design, literature and architecture were sweeping over the
continent, in the first half of the twentieth century. Revolving designs signaled a
dramatic break with the past by overturning traditional assumptions about
buildings that were stable and static. As well, they announced an allegiance
between architecture and machinery and made explicit the modern faith in
progress through technology and movement, which reflected dynamic mobility
and hope for the future.
Expressionist architecture, which was originated during the first decades of
the twentieth century in Germany and other Central European countries,
encompassed a broad range of forms that shared a common tendency toward
plasticity and away traditional design. "Light-kinetic-principles" were
experimented by architects such as Bruno Taut, Erich Mendelsohn, and others to
demonstrate the triumph of time and mobility over space. Biomorphic motifs and
inspiration from geologic forms were featured and drawn in some designs.
Therefore, the ending results were often eclectic, highly individual exercises,
which emphasized emotion, sensation, experience, motion, and the articulation of
symbolic meaning (Randl, 2008).
15
Chapter One
Figure 8: Max Taut's Rotating House, Frublicht (Dawn), 1920 (Randl, 2008, P. 67).
16
What is Kinetic Architecture?
Figure 9: Tatlin's Monument to the Third International, designed in 1919 (Randl, 2008, P. 68).
17
Chapter One
developing full-size structures meant for year-round occupation, which rotated for
pragmatic reasons using applicable mechanisms, in Europe and the United States
(Randl, 2008).
Figure 10: Villa Girasole from the air, with the courtyard of the rotating section facing uphill,1935
(Randl, 2008, P. 77).
In the early 1935, Villa Girasole was created by an engineer from Genoa,
Angelo Invernizzi, along with a mechanical engineer Romolo Carapacchi, an
interior decorator Fausto Saccorotti, and an architect Ettore Fagiuoli (Figure 10).
As Girasole means sunflower, the villa traces the movement of the sun by
rotating so that its front will always face the sun. At the center of Villa Girasole, a
spiral staircase rises in the 42.35 meters tall tower topped by an elegant lantern, a
sort of conning tower or lighthouse, which the rotating movement hinges on. The
two storey (L) shaped villa rests on a 44 meter in diameter circular masonry base
where the track that it revolves on is located (Figure 11 a,b). Sewer and water
connections are made through pipes that lead down from the mobile core to
collection containers. These collection containers are hanged off the underside of
the house and are the architectural equivalent of colostomy bags. As the rotating
part of the house contains all the standard elements of a home, it is functionally
independent from the base (Mical, 2005).
(a) (b)
Figure 11: Villa Girasole: (a) lower floor plan where the villa can rotate 360 degrees over rail tracks
(Davies, 2006, P. 87). (b) structural frame showing the spiral staircase as well as the tracks (Randl,
2008, P. 78).
18
What is Kinetic Architecture?
"In the 1950s, when few people talked about ecology or conserving energy,
François Massau, a local coal merchant-turned-builder, built what was among the
earliest revolving homes". His first house of three (Figure 12) was built in 1958 in
Belgium for his sick wife so she can enjoy sunshine and warmth anytime of the
day and the year. All three revolving houses Massau built are still functioning
today. The house rotates on a steel track supported by a stationary circular brick-
and-cement foundation. A small electric motor is used to make the house turn a
full 360 degree in 90 minutes. A stationary concrete slab supported by columns
creates its roof. A steady supply of water and electricity is assured as well as the
removal of sewage wastes even while the structure moves by its tangle of plastic
pipe and electrical switches in the cellar. Massau revolving house consists of four
bedrooms, kitchen, and a large crescent-shaped living and dining room, creating a
130 square-meter (1,400 square-foot) of energy efficient space (Tagliabue, 2008).
Figure 12: The 1,400 square-foot revolving house built by Francois Massau in 1958 still turns, making
a complete circle in 90 minutes, admitting more sunlight into its rooms as needed (Tagliabue, 2008).
19
Chapter One
were located. In the lower head and revolving around the service core was a
turntable floor that carried the restaurant's tables, chairs and diners on a once-
every-hour circuit of view, what may have been the first revolving restaurant ever
built in a tower (Solaleya, N/D, HousesDesign, 2008).
20
What iss Kinetic Arrchitecture??
(a) (b)
Fiigure 15: (a) The
T Suite Voollard, the firrst fully revollving high-risse apartment building (Zeeiler, 2011, P..
3662). (b) A plan xed core and the rotating p
n for the Suitte Vollard showing the fix part (van Pou ucke, 2008c)..
21
Chapter One
22
What is Kinetic Architecture?
(a) (b)
Figure 16: (a) Interlocking Transformation, an interior diagram (Fox, 2009, P. 32). (b) Interlocking
Transformation, reconfigurable elements dividing sectors (Fox, 2009, P. 32).
23
Chapter One
frame and electronic control. The size, materials and color can be changed upon
request, although the maximum width is 3 meters. The façade element can be
produced in several transparent and opaque materials. This system can be
installed to new as well as existing facades. The Bloomframe can be
automatically operated and single control that can open it in just 15 seconds. To
achieve maximum safety and security requirements, the system includes
provisions to guarantee against collapse during opening and closing, the fully
open position is limited mechanically, and an optional infrared detection during
electrical movements is installed. The first models are for an apartment building
in Arnhem , The Netherlands (Brownell, 2008).
(a) (b)
Figure 17: The Bloomframe (HurksGeveltechniek, N/D). (a) In window state. (b) In balcony state.
The turn-on house, designed by the Austrian design studio Alles Wird Gut
in 2002, is an example of the multi-function design (Figure 18 a,b). This design is
tracking the idea of astronauts' capsules. The turn-on house is divided into
individual ring zones that could be connected to each other and that accommodate
different functions. By rotating these ring zones different needs could be achieved
according to the users' needs, for example, in a kitchen ring unit a stove could be
rotated up and out of the way when not used, or a sofa and a bed could be built
into the same ring unit also rotated according to what is needed (Kapfinger, N/D).
(a) (b)
Figure 18: (a) A diagram shows different ring units connected to each other while in use (Kapfinger,
N/D). (b) A ring unit (Serrats, 2005, P. 380).
24
What is Kinetic Architecture?
(a) (b)
Figure 19: (a) An exterior view for the Wind Veil (Kahn, 2000). (b) A close view for the aluminum
panels of the Wind Veil (Kahn, 2000)
The convertible umbrellas for the courts of the Prophet's Holy Mosque in
El-Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (K.S.A), are an example for the contextual
adaptability. These twelve 17x18 m umbrellas are used as a convertible shade
roof for the two large inner courts of the mosque. They are designed to blend in
harmoniously with the traditional stone architecture of the mosque. These
25
Chapter One
umbrellas created a translucent vault spanning between the columns and the
arcades surrounding the courts, thus making for clear and expansive spaces.
These convertible umbrellas are designed in consideration of the extreme seasonal
changes in climate so that the internal climate of the building could be radically
influenced and at mean time keeping the energy consumption to a minimum
(Figure 20 a,b). The opening and closing of these structures are controlled by
computer systems that recalculate different factors such as seasons, sun position,
external temperature, wind speed, and clouds (SL-RASCH-GMPH, N/D, Addis,
1997).
(a) (b)
Figure 20: Convertible umbrellas for the courts of the Prophet's Holy Mosque in an opened and
closed state (SL-RASCH-GMPH, N/D).
26
What is Kinetic Architecture?
1.3.4. Mobility
Since old days people used mobile buildings to move from place to another
to follow food or due to seasonal changes. Nowadays, such buildings are being
used for political as well as climatic reasons. Although mobile architecture is used
in wars for encampments and hospitals, it is also used for world expositions,
concerts, and street fairs where function is greatly needed. Mobile buildings are
characterized by their ability to be easily constructed, deconstructed, moved from
place to place, reassembled, and stored. Mobile architecture can take on a variety
of scales that range from entire buildings to small single person enclosures.
Lighting, thermal performance, acoustics as well as waterproofing are factors that
determine the mobile building life-cycle, and while considering such factors
unknowns in temporary locations could be easily and quickly adapted to. Mobile
architecture is also designed and implemented for a diverse range of life-cycles,
which has implications on everything from materials to connections and
ultimately the costs. Some projects are designed as an alternative to the financial
problems of fixed living such as high land prices. Others are designed as
emergency residence. Even hotels are being designed to be mobile with rooms
that can be taken or delivered to remote or urban locations such as campgrounds,
festivals, and the like (Urbanist, 2007).
The Mobile Dwelling Unit (MDU) (Figure 22 and Figure 23 a,b) is an
example of mobility. it was designed by LOT-EK in 2002. This mobile unit is a
container that acts as a space to live, work or even store. Cuts in the metal walls
of the container allow for extruded sub-volumes that contain different facilities.
When these sub-volumes are pushed out from the sides, they free up the inner
space creating a general living area. When they are pushed in, they fill the entire
container, interlocking with each other and leaving the container's outer skin
flush to allow worldwide standardized shipping. The MDUs were not only
designed as individual units but also as ever changing colonies when gathered
(LOT-EK, N/D, Kronenburg, 2008)
Figure 22: Mobile Dwelling Unit, the container plan while sub-volumes pushed out (fabprefab, N/D).
27
Chapter One
(a) (b)
Figure 23: Mobile Dwelling Unit. (a) An exterior view while MDU in an opened state (Gardiner, 2003,
P. 132). (b) An exterior view while the MDU in a closed state (Block, 2011).
1.4. Summary
From all definitions mentioned above, the term "Kinetic Architecture" can
be explained as buildings or building parts that act in response to surrounding
changes whether these changes are in/out doors as well as environmental/human.
Although the first formal definition for the term "Kinetic Architecture" was
in 1970, many kinetic solutions that varied from building components to building
as whole existed. The use of kinetics was for different reasons such as protective
(bridges), entertaining (stages and revolving restaurants), medical (sanatorium
and solarium), and residential.
Kinetic trends in architectural environments currently address pragmatic or
humanistic conditions or even both, and are divided into four categories:
i. Spatial optimization systems
ii. Multi-function design
iii. Contextual adaptability
iv. Mobility
28
CHAPTER TWO: KINETIC DESIGN KEY ELEMENTS
Kinetic Design Key Elements
2. KINETIC DESIGN
This chapter "Kinetic Design Key Elements" will cover the main three
principles in kinetic design which are structural innovation and materials
advancement, embedded computation, and at last adaptable architecture. Each of
these principles will be explained separately, listing its main points and
supporting it with examples.
Kinetic structures are classified into three main categories, which are
embedded, deployable, and dynamic kinetic structures (Figure 24).
31
Chapter Two
(a) (b)
Figure 25: (a) The Muscles Tower while activated (Detwiler, 2006). (b)The Carlos Moseley Music
Pavilion while being transported to its location and being assembled (Mota, 2007).
32
Kinetic Design Key Elements
"Dynamic kinetic structures exist within a larger architectural whole but act
independently with respect to control of the larger context" (Fox & Kemp 2009).
Dynamic systems are the most commonly used of the three listed categories. They
include small architectural elements as well as large ones, such as doors,
windows, movable partitions, furniture, and ceilings. As they act independently, it
is quite common to have dynamic kinetic systems within a building that has an
embedded kinetic system as well. They are becoming increasingly automated and
intelligent as a result of the technological innovation nowadays.
Dynamic kinetic systems are sub-categorized into:
i. Mobile systems: are those that could be physically moved within an
architectural space to different locations.
ii. Transformable systems: are those capable of changing shape to take on
a different spatial configuration and can be used for space-saving or
utilitarian needs.
iii. Incremental kinetic systems: are those that can be added to or
subtracted from a building like LEGO pieces (Fox & Kemp 2009).
33
Chapter Two
surface animation. Sensor systems inside and outside the building communicate
the buildings activity directly to the Flare-system which acts as the building
lateral line. Each of the units reflects the bright sky or sunlight when in vertical
standby position. On the other hand, when it is tilted downwards, its face is
shaded from the sky light and appears darker (Jiang, 2011).
(a) (b)
Figure 26: (a) Two of the modular units of the Flare-façade system and their control mechanism
(WHITEvoid, N/D). (b) A paper model for the Flare-façade system (WHITEvoid, N/D).
Figure 27: The Kuwait Pavilion for Expo 92 while changing from closed state to opened one (Hawarny,
2008, P. 30).
34
Kinetic Design Key Elements
(a) (b)
Figure 28: (a) An interior view for Taipei 101 tuned mass damper (TMD) (Wikipedia, N/D). (b) A
diagrame shows where the Tuned Mass Damper is located in Taipei 101 Building (Wikipedia, N/D).
35
Chapter Two
b. Adaptive control
c. Home Automation
36
Kineticc Design Keey Elementss
Fiigure 30: Thee AMX Wholle Home Autoomation touch panel (AM
MX, N/D).
d. Exteernal Comm
munication
n
37
Chapter Two
World Wide Web (WWW) and a live camera that allow the controller to view
manipulations. Although the technology and software of messages became more
sophisticated, logging in and playing rudimentary games with the building and
against each other became possible.
The Stereoscope (Figure 31) is the latest Blinkenlights project and an
example for an external communication system. In this project, Toronto City Hall
works as an interactive three dimensional computer display. Wireless
technologies are used to control the lights placed behind the 960 windows of City
Hall which allow for a large scale visual concert during the night. People can
interact with the building by playing classic computer games on the façade while
using a mobile phone. Also a simple animation tool and an open animation data
formats enable people to create simple movies for Stereoscope and then play
those on the façade (ProjectBlinkenlights, N/D).
Singly variable man control was the first category developed by man, which
was the extension of the tool which in turn was extension of the hand. This
category of machines was designed to perform a repetitive operation. Increasing
and decreasing speed as well as starting and stopping of these machines were
done by human control and in some machines even the motive power was
supplied by humans (Zuk, 1970).
38
Kinetic Design Key Elements
b. Multivariable-man control
This category of machines was more developed than the first one not only
by their complexity degree but also by their ability to perform several functions in
sequence or simultaneously, although they were still controlled by humans (Zuk,
1970).
c. Multivariable automatic control
Technology, computers, and the science of cybernetics that deals with man-
made systems performing functions like those of a human brain have become
more developed. As a result, creating computers and systems that are capable of
learning from their previous actions and experiences become more reasonable. In
this category, machines are not only multivariable and automatically controlled
but also coupled with heuristic and learning capability. This kind of machines is
well known as "Robot Machines". This type is developed to perform adaption,
ranging from machines that construct whole buildings automatically and
completely to those that repair and reproduce themselves automatically (Zuk,
1970).
39
Chapter Two
information hierarchy that governs the relationship between users and space must
be considered. Sensors technology is one of the most important means that are
used to actively control kinetic objects in the built environment in response to
change.
a. Sensors
Sensors are devices that gather information from the real physical
environments such as light, motion, temperature …etc. They have dramatically
developed from the most simple being an invisible infrared beam that is broken to
detect motion to more sophisticated ones that can detect color definition, motion
directionality, voice and facial characteristics, gain …etc. More detailed
information is provided when combining sensors with processing software to
track bodily movements, which will help providing information of individual
users' behaviors to the building. Web cams and other optical input devices as well
as conventional sound/text input devices are used as means of gathering
information.
a. Direct Control
40
Kinetic Design Key Elements
energy source for the actuation of movement for a singular object. This system
requires a governing hierarchical computational system to interpret information
from multiple sources and act accordingly.
d. Ubiquitous Responsive In-Direct Control
This system differs from responsive in-direct control and ubiquitous in-
direct control systems with its ability to learn through successful experiential
adaptation to optimize a system in an environment in response to change. The
computation that is embedded in a system can be written or programmed in a way
that can build upon the system's prior experiences. This is achieved by rewriting
previous methods of making decisions. An example could be a skylight system
that records the weather patterns and associates behavior patterns while being
operated. Such a system can use gathered information to respond accurately to
changing climate patterns while learning the most efficient response for
individual parts the system consists of. Connecting this system to other intelligent
systems in the building will achieve similar goals.
41
Chapter Two
42
Kinetic Design Key Elements
43
Chapter Two
2.2.Summary
From all mentioned above, it is important to mention and explain the
mechanical and technological principals to go through kinetic design. There are
three key elements that kinetic design is based upon. The table below briefly lists
these three key elements and the main points in each (Table 1).
44
CHAPTER THREE: KINETIC BUILDINGS' ANALYSIS
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
47
Chapter Three
Figure 33: An external view for Institut du Monde Arabe (WikiArquitectura, 2010).
48
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
e. Location:
In the Institut du Monde Arabe, Jean Nouvel used Mashrabiya units (Figure
34 a) to represent the Arabic culture. Mashrabiya is a type of a window cover that
consists of combinations of backdrop of cut wood and latticework patterns
(Figure 34 b). Mashrabiya characterized the Islamic architecture of the Middle
Ages and was popular in many Islamic countries such as Egypt (Figure 34 b) and
Iraq. The architect combined the need for sun shading with a "Mashrabiya"
pattern and the idea of a light controlling diaphragm in a camera lens (Figure 35).
This resulted in a gigantic Islamic pierced screen, which makes this modern high-
tech building a permanent reference to traditional Islamic architecture (Heylighen,
2004).
Figure 35: An external view for the flat southern façade of Institut du Monde Arabe shows the
"Mashrabiya Diaphragms" that were used (IMA, 2001).
49
Chapter Three
b. Building Components:
The usable floor area was estimated to cover 13000 m2 and the whole built-
up area 20000 m2, to be consisted of:
• The Museum of Arab Art and Civilization (permanent and temporary
exhibition space).
• The Library, Documentation Centre and Actualities Hall.
• The Auditorium and Conference Hall.
• The High Council Hall and related offices.
• Hall.
• Restaurant and Cafeteria.
• Public services.
• Other administrative, technical and service spaces including the
parking area.
a. Kinetic Elements:
50
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
10%-30% of Daylight
Daylight
Figure 37: A diagram showing reason for installing mashrabiya diaphragms on the southern façade
(Yucel, 1989, P. 92).
51
Chapter Three
c. Adaptive Architecture:
This building is used as a cultural center that aims to introduce the Arab
culture with all its rich historic and temporary dimensions, which creates an
entertainment environment. Kinetic elements were installed in the building's
southern façade in order to control light inside it. Those kinetic elements have the
shape of "mashrabiya" which is an architectural element used in traditional
Islamic architecture that are presented in a modern way that mixes history,
tradition with science and technology. Although the kinetic façade doesn't interact
with the building's users, it yet has an indirect educational benefit.
The stuff works in the building feels that transparent walls make privacy
impossible. They feel enclosed in a small space with very low ceiling. All of
them, librarians, museum keepers, and staff officers alike, feel they need more
room for their projects. Although it appears large in photography, in fact, the
building is small n size. Visitors and architects alike expect it to be larger than it
actually is.
High technology is what holds the IMA together. The volumns are simple,
giving forth a message of restraint, a restraint based on understated wealth. It is in
the rich quality of its materials and its finish that the building shines. Glass shines,
and the surfaces of aluminium shine. These shiny new qualities pervade the entire
building, projecting a cool and perfect exterior façade. The IMA building appears
to set a model for the Arab countries, not only in the technical field but also on
the level of ideas, or golas to be achieved. No easy pastiche of Islamic motifs and
designs is present in this building, no arches, no niches and no dames. The
mashrabiyas are used to explore geometric patterns, and are extraordinary
technological innovations. Even when Nouvel uses the essential Islamic
architectural idea of hiding a rich interior behind blank walls, he totally
transforms it. His exterior facades reflect the outside world, and bring them into
the interior spaces. It may be a message indicating the way for the future of the
Isalmic World.
52
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
3.1.2. GucklHupf
Figure 38: An external view for GucklHupf while being opened (de la Torre, N/D).
As the theme of "The Festival of the Regions" was "The Stranger", the
architect tried to create a relation between strangers and intimacy, relaxation and
exercise as well as living and traveling. As a result, the out coming building was a
structure that does not tend toward an absolutely final state but allows a
progressive deviation from its initial state of stereometric object. The building is
53
Chapter Three
used by its owners during the six week long summer opening as a contemplative
space, stage for small performances, music pieces and poetry readings with clear
reference to the Arcadian myth. It is also being used as a house on the lake or as a
temporary shelter during the rest of the year, while in winter it is transformed into
a storage place for boats "boat-house".
g. Building Components:
Figure 39: The GucklHupf plans where the red colored rectangular is the main area while the other
parts are those being opened, slided or folded (de la Torre, N/D).
Figure 40: The GucklHupf section where the red color indicates the accurate area when the structure
is closed. Also this section shows the four different levels inside the structure (Ballard Bell, 2006, P.
125).
54
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
a. Kinetic Elements:
The movable wood panels creating the GucklHupf can be rotated, pulled,
tilted and folded. These wooden panels act as a wrapping that can be peeled away
or pulled up to open and close the space according to its users desires.
b. Reason for Motion:
Figure 41: Transformation in GucklHupf starting from the closed state (Olson, 2009).
55
Chapter Three
When inside the structure, the user has the ability to edit and frame views of
the surrounding landscape. The user has a control over their relationship with the
surrounding landscape, while hiding within the protection of the small, contorting
structure.
The Guklhupf guides the eyes and the movements of its inhabitants as
everyone is free to choose a visual sequence and the number of openings,
generating an intimate or visually permeable space. Externally, the facade re-
creates the interior losing its role of wrapping skin. The structure creates a
continuous relationship with its surrounding landscape as well as its users. The
GucklHupf is in harmony with its surrounding even when not in use and close.
The structure when closed looks like a large wooden box that was erected in the
landscape. But once one begins to open the many wooden panels that can rotate in
different directions, pull, tilt and fold: There are ramps, doors, windows, terraces
and hatches (minimalspace, N/D).
56
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 42: An exterior view for the Floirac House (OrgoneDesign, N/D).
d. Introduction:
This house was built for a wealthy publisher and his family whose dream
was to have a simpler life. Dreams changed after a fatal car accident the husband
barely survived and resulted in being confined to a wheel chair. Years later, the
dream of having a new house was still there but this time with a new context.
Simplicity was no more wanted, this time the client sought complexity to define
his life. As a result, the Floirac House (Figure 42) was built as a monumental
accommodation to this fact (Vanstphout, 2005).
e. Location:
57
Chapter Three
ways to go across the various zones and levels (Figure 43). Three staircases
provoke the inhabitants to select their routes and an elevator platform located in
the middle of the house "A machine is its heart" (Figure 44). The movement of
the elevator platform continuously changes the architecture of the house. By
creating a relation between small, private, painful and sad fact of the husband and
the architecture of the house itself resulted in a beautiful place for living the
Floirac House "Maison à Bordeaux".
Figure 43: Plans for the Floirac House showing different ways to access levels (Beck, N/D). The Blue
color indicates the elevator platform, the red color indicates the main staircase, the green color
indicates the service staircase and the yellow color indicates a staircase connecting two levels.
(a) (b)
Figure 44: Long section though the Floirac House, where the blue color indicates the elevator platform
(Beck, N/D). (a) The elevator platform reaches the second floor. (b) The elevator platform is on the
ground floor.
g. Building Components:
The house consists of three floors. The lower level is a series of caverns
carved out from the hill, designed for the most intimate life of the family; the
ground floor on garden level is a glass room – half inside, half outside – for
living; and the upper floor is divided into a children's and a parents' area (OMA,
N/D).
58
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
a. Kinetic Elements:
The heart of the house is a 3x3.5m elevator platform (Figure 45) that moves
freely up and down alongside a tall book-stack connecting the three levels
together, while becoming part of the living space or kitchen or transforming itself
into an intimate office space.
Figure 45: An isometric section showing the elevator platform in red (Beck, N/D).
(a) (b)
Figure 46: Different views for the elevator platform while functioning (OMA, N/D). (a) The elevator
platform when settled in the upper level. (b) The elevator platform while moving between different
levels.
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Chapter Three
The door that leads to narrow west part of the house is an electrically
operated panel of metal opened by means of a large illuminated joystick alongside
the courtyard. An embedded complex system including rail switches controls the
movement of the large glass panels moving on floor-ceiling tracks, drapes,
tapestries, curtains, paintings, lamps, doors and even a cave for doves. Same as
other parts of the house, the elevator platform is controlled through a remote-
control device.
c. Adaptive Architecture:
The house appears to be living with its moving walls, lifting bedrooms,
automated windows and platform allowing its handicapped owner a free
accessibility to different levels (Gargiani, 2008). The narrow patio separating the
two bedroom units allow for natural lightening. Layering opaque and transparent
spaces provides for satisfying the needs for both community and privacy.
As the house takes place on the top of the hill, no colors were used that will
make it visible from the valley of Bordeaux adding extra privacy. The lowest part
of the house appears as a series of caverns carved out from the hill. Although the
house looks like a space station waiting to be launched into orbit, it reveals a great
connection with its surrounding landscape.
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 47: An external view for the Naked House (ShigeruBanArchitects, N/D).
The client didn't want the family to live separated each in his/her own room,
so Shigeru Ban was asked to create a communal space with the ability to find
privacy when needed.
e. Location:
The house is located in rural Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan. The house site is
surrounded by rice fields with greenhouses by the river Shingashi.
f. Concept:
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Chapter Three
g. Building Components:
(a) (b)
Figure 48: (a) A 3D modeling for the Naked House showing the rectangular open space, the permanent
installations as well as the movable rooms (boxes) (Unité-de-relogement, 2012). (b) An interior view for
the half-height wall separating the wardrobes as well as the bathroom from the rest of the open space
(Jeska, 2008, P. 73).
a. Kinetic Elements:
In the Naked House, the cubical room units can be moved about on wheels
to any location. The rooms can be moved around in different configurations. The
character of the home's space can be dramatically reconfigured in a moment by
moving the rooms around to create barriers or openings (Stang, 2005).
(a) (b)
Figure 49: Interior views of the Naked House (van Poucke, 2011). (a) A view for mobile units when
attached to each other. (b) A view for mobile units arranged separately.
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
(a) (b)
Figure 50: (a) A section through the main double height open space (Bradbury, 2005, P. 185). (b) An
isometric for the Naked House showing different layer of the building's skin as well as different
components (Bradbury, 2005, P. 181).
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Chapter Three
The mobile room unites were manually moved around the house or pushed
to the garden. No embedded computation systems were installed.
c. Adaptive Architecture:
Although the house itself is a living environment, the four mobile units
create portable living environments within the main space. Those mobile living
environments does not only may have different uses such as being a gathering
place, sleeping place, playing place or even a garden shed, but also they may
differ in size according to whether they are separately used or some/all of them
gathered together (Figure 51 a).
(a) (b)
Figure 51: (a) Different arrangements for the mobile room units (Guzowski, 2007, P. 2). (b) A close
view for the moveable units (Stang, 2005, P. 89).
The interior is lit by a soft, diffuse light filtering throw the translucent walls
adding a sense of spaciousness. Sliding doors provided on two sides of each unit
can be closed, left open or even totally removed (Figure 51 b)depending on the
level of privacy needed and level of visual connection with the surroundings
desired (Jeska, 2008).
The translucent walls for the naked house merge the indoor with the
greenery of the surroundings. Also, the lack of an opaque wall exposes occupants
throughout the house. As a result, any kind of movement inside is visible from the
exterior of the building providing limited privacy on the inside and from without
(Guzowski, 2007).
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 52: An external view for the Milwaukee Art Museum – Quadracci Pavilion (Smith, 2007).
The Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM) project features the new Santiago
Calatrava designed Quadracci pavilion (Figure 52), renovated and reinstalled
galleries in existing Museum buildings designed by Eero Saarinen (1957) and
David Kahler (1975), and an elegant network of gardens, hedges, plazas and
fountains designed by landscape architect Dan Kiley.
The Milwaukee Art Museum (MAM) commissioned Santiago Calatrava to
design a 58,000 square foot addition to the Museum in 1994. Since completion of
the first model in 1995 and as fundraising that exceeded expectations, the
Museum made a strategic decision to expand the scope of the project. Major
visitor amenities, such as the south terrace and a parking garage, were added to
the design, and space for the expansion was increased to 142,050 square feet to
accommodate the additions. The expansion provides a 30 percent increase in
overall gallery space, from 90,000 to 117,000 square feet.
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Chapter Three
e. Location:
(a) (b)
Figure 53: (a) A water color sketch featuring the Quadracci Pavilion (CALATRAVA, N/D-a). (b) A
water color sketch featuring the pedestrian bridge (CALATRAVA, N/D-a).
g. Building Components:
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
a. Kinetic Elements:
The Museum’s signature wings, the Burke Brise Soleil, form a moveable
sunscreen with a 217-foot wingspan. The brise soleil is made up of 72 steel fins,
ranging in length from 26 to 105 feet. The entire structure weighs 90 tons. It takes
3.5 minutes for the wings to open or close (CALATRAVA, N/D-a).
b. Reason for Motion:
The movable wings – the Burke Brise Soleil – are used to control the
temperature and light in the reception hall. But it is hard to deny that their primary
purpose is to endow the museum with a landmark presence it never had
underneath the war memorial.
Figure 54: The Burke Brise Soleil, the moveable wings of the museum ranging in motion from totally
closed to completely opened (CALATRAVA, N/D-a).
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Chapter Three
The fins of the Burke Brise Soleil are moved by hydraulic motors connected
to sensors located on those fins and are automatically controlled. Those sensors
continually monitor wind speed as well as direction. When the monitored wind
speed exceeds 23 mph for 3 seconds, the wings are automatically closed.
c. Adaptive Architecture:
The interior of the museum is a bright open space that continues the flowing
exterior design all the way to its underground parking lot. Also, the interior of the
main hall and the exhibit spaces have clean and distinct lines adding feels of
smoothness to the surfaces. Natural light is allowed in the interior of the pavilion
through the day and by night artificial illumination is provided by powerful light
set low around the concrete ring beam (solaripedia, N/D-b).
The building reflected the culture of the lake with its movable wings. Those
wings, the Burke Brise Soleil, response to the lake weather by opening and
closing as a huge bird over the lake trying to fly. Also, the entrance hall, the
Wind-hover Hall, appears like a ship prow with its floor-to-ceiling windows
viewing the Michigan Lake. As well, the cabled pedestrian bridge with its soaring
mast resembles a sailboat. Although natural light is washes the interiors of the
museum by day, at night the pavilion glows on the downtown lake front radiating
light in all directions.
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 56: An external view for the Gemini Haus (Salzburg.ORF.at, 2012).
The Gemini Haus behaves just like a planet and tracks the sun over the sky.
The house features 150 square meters of solar panels. The Gemini Haus is a one-
of-a-kind solar experience that creates an energy surplus. The unique, streamlined
design and energy efficient systems are complemented by integrated furniture that
create a clean, modern interior. During the energy exhibition, the living space
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Chapter Three
served as lecture hall and backdrop for guided tours that showcased the home’s
innovative energy strategy. In the Gemini Haus, minimalist design meets luxury
living. Included in the concept are elements like a whirlpool bath and central
vacuum that makes living around the sun even more of an adventure. All exhaust,
supply air and waste water are fed into the center of the rotating house (Figure
57). By this house the architect aims to find connections between technology and
nature as well as ecological construction and design.
g. Building Components:
The building consists of two floors. The living room is located in the
ground floor and served as a lecture hall during the exhibition. The first floor
includes two rooms in a semicircle form (Figure 58).
Figure 58: Panoramic views for the ground floor and the first floor (PEGE, 2001).
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
a. Kinetic Elements:
The house turns around and tracks the sun. And for more efficiency the
solar equipment can rotate independently from the house.
b. Reason for Motion:
The house can rotate 360 degrees maximizing the use of solar energy. The
energy radiation from the sun can be optimally used through the rotation of the
house. At night, all means of automatically controlled sliding glass panels are
hidden, so that the energy radiated at night can be as low as possible. Solar panels
installed on the exterior skin for the house moves around the sun providing better
efficiency, extreme thermal insulation, efficient design and heat recovery system.
The solar equipment attached to the exterior of the Gemini Haus can turn
independently allowing its users to control the indoor environment not only
through rotating the house.
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Chapter Three
Two gear-motors are used for turning the house although tests proved that
one would completely have been sufficient.
(a) (b)
Figure 60: (a) A detail for connection between dynamic solar panels and the structure (PEGE, 2001).
(b) A detail for the track on which the house moves (PEGE, 2001).
c. Adaptive Architecture:
Although the house was designed to meet low building site requirements,
minimum internal circulation area and small land availability, it offered its
residents all means of comfort and luxury as well as flexibility for home-office
activities.
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
3.1.7. Dragspelhuset:
This is an extension to a cabin that dates from late 1800's. Although the
Swedish building regulations doesn't allow building along the lake shore, an
exception is made for existing building's extension. Also, there are restrictions for
maximum floor area. As a stream forms part of the cabin site boundaries, another
restriction that states a distance of 4.5 m to the stream should be followed
(Zeisser, 2007).
e. Location:
The house (Figure 61) is located on the shore of the lake Övre Gla in the
nature reserve Glaskogen in Sweden.
f. Concept:
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Chapter Three
g. Building Components:
The extension contains a stove and a seating fitted into permanent slots in
the floor. The kitchen and the dining area are located in the permanent part of the
extension.
a. Kinetic Elements:
The added extension involves a movable cantilever that can be pushed out
over the stream.
(a) (b)
Figure 62: (a) A view for the cabin while the retractable cantilever is pushed in (Park, 2007, P. 60). (b)
A view for the cabin while the retractable cantilever is pushed out (Park, 2007, P. 60).
(a) (b)
Figure 63: Dragspelhuset plan (Park, 2007, P. 67). (a) Plan drawing for the extension where the orange
color indicates the area of extension when the retractable cantilever is pushed in. (b) Plan drawing for
the extension where the red color indicates the added area after pushing the retractable cantilever out.
74
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 64: A section showing the extension while the retractable cantilever is pushed in creating a
double skin (Park, 2007, P. 67).
Figure 65: A section showing the extension while the retractable cantilever is pushed out over the
stream (Park, 2007, P. 67).
Figure 66: The red cedar wood used for the exterior cladding (Zeisser, 2007, P. 12), (Park, 2007, P. 59).
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Chapter Three
Figure 67: The reindeer hides covering the interior of the retractable cantilever (Park, 2007, P. 66).
The extendible part can move in and out in a low-tech manner. A system of
ropes and pulleys are used.
c. Adaptive Architecture:
The cabin users can control their indoor environment according to changing
needs and weather. Covering the walls of the retractable extension in reindeer
hides works as an insulation treatment. Also, adding flexibility to the extension
design enhanced the indoor environment as the structure can be closed to itself in
winter or open to the outdoor in summer.
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 68: An exterior view for the Leaf Chapel glowing at night (KleinDytham|architecture, N/D).
Soaring naves, mysterious lighting, and bold murals have always played a
great role in church architecture. Klien-Dytham Architecture has taken this
strategy into the 21st century, using its own form of stagecraft to add drama to a
small wedding chapel in the Japanese Alps. The chapel needed to have its own
identity and at least the semblance of spirituality. But because people of many
different faiths would get married there, it needed an ecumenical design with no
iconography associated with any particular religion or sect.
e. Location:
The Leaf chapel (Figure 68) sits within the grounds of the Risonare hotel
resort in Kobuchizawa, a refreshingly green setting with beautiful views to the
southern Japanese Alps in Kobuchizawa, Japan.
f. Concept:
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Chapter Thhree
This notion waas translateed into a built form that climactic momment of eveery
wedding. When the ceremony reaches itts end and the groom m lifts the bride's veeil,
a curving wall slidess up and out o of the way. Arranged in a looping ivvy pattern set
s
1 ton movving wall, 4700 polyycarbonate lenses prooject light into a nylon
into the 11
scrim stretched 10 incches from thhe wall's insside surface.
g. Build
ding Compoonents:
The building consists of o the chaapel main space, a storage rooom and an
entrance coorridor for bride's
b entraance (Figuree 69).
Figure 69: A plan drawin ng for the Leeaf Chapel shhowing the co omponents crreating the ch
hapel which are
a
the chapel great
g hall, corrridor and stoorage (A. Peaarson, 2005, P.
P 244).
a. Kinettic Elementts:
Kineeticism wass installed in the chaapel to turn n one of its walls innto a moving
element. As
A the weddiing reaches its end, thee glass leaf is
i being liftted.
(a) (b)
Figure 70: (aa) The Leaf Chapel
C when in the closed
d state (KleinDytham|arch
hitecture, N/D
D). (b) The Leeaf
Chapel wheen in the opeened state byy the end off the wedding ceremony (KleinDythaam|architectu ure,
N/D).
78
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
(a) (b)
Figure 71: (a) An interior view showing the black granite used for flooring as well as the black wooden
pews with clear acrylic backrest (KleinDytham|architecture, N/D). (b) A detail for the lace patterns on
the movable leaf (KleinDytham|architecture, N/D).
Two hydraulic rams (one at each end) lift the steel veil as if it is a roll up
garage door.
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Chapter Three
c. Adaptive Architecture:
This chapel creates public environment. Kineticism was installed on its wall
to take place within the ceremony and declares the end of the event by
announcing the couple as married.
Although the design of the chapel isolates it from the surrounding, it opens
up to the landscape when the event reaches its end. Also, the patterns on the
movable wall help filtering light adding move spiritual effect to the hall.
The chapel was pushed 12 feet into the ground and was tucked into a
sloping site in order to minimize its visual impact on the garden when viewed
from the nearby hotel rooms.
(a) (b)
Figure 72: (a) A section drawing through the Leaf Chapel showing how the chapel was tucked into the
ground (Mr.Jacobsen, 2012). (b) An exterior view for the Leaf Chapel featuring the sloping site where
the chapel was located (Mr.Jacobsen, 2012).
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 73: The Shanghai QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Centre (corus, 2006, P. 24,25).
The architect was inspired by the national flower of Shanghai, the magnolia.
As magnolia blossoms are known with their ability to open and close their petals
in response to weather condition as well as season, the stadium was designed to
respond to weather conditions by acting like a flower allowing it to open and
close its roof (Figure 74). The roof enables the stadium to host both indoor and
outdoor tennis events.
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Chapter Three
Figure 74: A view for the stadium while its roof petals are open presenting a flower (TheTennisStory,
2011).
g. Building Components:
The tennis centre covers a total area of 338,836 square meters, of which
85,000 square meters are made up of structures. The Center has a parking with
capacity of 993 parking spaces. It has four floors, for a total height of 40 m above
ground level. The center has a 15,000-seat center court, a 6,000-seat court, and 20
indoor courts and 22 outdoor courts. There is also a tennis activity center, tennis
club, and a players’ lounge (ShanghaiMinhang, N/D). The stadium includes
journalist working area, organizer working area, foreign integration office, VIP
reception as well as different rest areas (Figure 75).
Figure 75: A plan showing different components and seating area for QiZhong Forest Sports City
Tennis Centre (ShanghaiCulturalInformation, N/D).
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
a. Kinetic Elements:
The Shanghai QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Centre has a dynamic
roof. The roof of the main stadium consists of eight moveable petals that can be
opened and closed (Figure 76 a,b).
(a) (b)
Figure 76: (a) A drawing for the stadium roof while in a close state. (b) A drawing for the stadium
roof while in an open state.
As the weather in Shanghai varies between much rains and strong sun, a
roof system for the stadium was necessary. The dynamic roof system is installed
in order to respond to changing weather conditions. When the weather is sunny,
the roof petals are opened providing sunshades all around the stadium. On the
other hand, when the weather is rainy, roof petals are set to close. Also, this
dynamic roof system is used to control the internal temperature of the stadium.
When the roof petals are opened, they help drawing cool air from the outside
down to the seating area. On the other hand, when the petals are closed, the
stadium is kept warm by re-circulating the warm air the rises and ducting it back
to under the seats (Starford, 2010).
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Chapter Three
(a) (b)
Figure 77: The QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Center dynamic roof (van Poucke, 2008b). (a) A
close view for the roof petals while they are closed. (b) A close view for the roof petals while they are
being opened.
c. Adaptive Architecture:
The design of the stadium added a sense of unity between players and
spectators. Also, the dynamic roof created a comfortable environment for both
players and spectators. Moreover, this dynamic roof makes it possible to host
different events and activities.
The kinetic roof petals of the QiZhong Forest Sports City Tennis Centre
don't only create a landmark for Shanghai, but they also create an efficient
building altogether. At night, when the tennis center is lighted up, it glows and
radiates light in all directions.
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 78: An exterior view for the Kiefer Technic Showroom (Deisenberger, 2009, P. 21).
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Chapter Three
g. Building Components:
The building consists of a ground floor and an upper floor that includes
office spaces and exhibition space (Figure 79 a,b).
(a) (b)
Figure 79: Kiefer Technic Showroom floor plans (ErnstGiselbrecht+PartnerZT-GmbH, N/D). (a) The
ground floor plan where the red color marks the kinetic façade. (b) The upper floor plan where the red
color marks the kinetic façade.
a. Kinetic Elements:
On the south side, a double skin façade is located. The façade consists of
two layers; a static one made of polygonal glass and a dynamic one located in
front of it. The dynamic layer (Figure 80) consists of 122 aluminum panels that
can be moved vertically into numerous positions (Deisenberger, 2009).
Figure 80: Different positions for the aluminum panels giving the façade a variety of appearance
(WorldBuildingsDirectoryOnlineDatabase, N/D).
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 81: A close view for the moveable aluminum panels showing the guide rails they move on
(WorldBuildingsDirectoryOnlineDatabase, N/D).
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Chapter Three
c. Adaptive Architecture:
Figure 82: A drawing shows different positions for the aluminum moveable panels presenting the
relation between solid and void where the grey color presents solid.
88
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 83: An exterior view for the Sliding House (dRMM, N/D).
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Chapter Three
g. Building Components:
(Figure 84). The main house and the annex consist of two levels each. The
main house ground floor includes a bedroom, TV room, dining room, kitchen,
toilet and storage, while the annex ground floor includes a bedroom, kitchen and a
toilet (Figure 85 a). The main house first floor includes the living room and the
master bedroom with its bathroom as well as dressing room, while the annex first
floor includes office and living space (Figure 85 b).
Figure 84: An isometric showing the different parts creating the building (dRMM, N/D).
(a) (b)
Figure 85: Plans for the sliding house while the red color presents the sliding part once while closed
and the other while completely open (Russell, 2010). (a) The ground floor plan for the Sliding House.
(b) The first floor plan floor the Sliding House.
a. Kinetic Elements:
Figure 86: An isometric drawing showing different positions for the moveable (dRMM, N/D).
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
(a) (b)
Figure 87: (a) A view for the sliding exterior skin while creating an extra sunshade for the terrace
(Russell, 2010). (b) Different views for the sliding exterior skin creating different enclosure between the
three forms creating the house, and while leaving the courtyard exposed to the sky (Waite, 2009).
The moveable skin is remote controlled. This skin moves on railway tracks
that can be extended in the future. The movement is powered by hidden electric
motors on wheels integrated into the wall thickness (Figure 88 a).
c. Adaptive Architecture:
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Chapter Three
(a) (b)
Figure 88: (a) A detailed section drawing for the glass form while it is closed by the moveable roof/wall
structure and while it is opened to the surrounding by sliding the moveable roof/wall structure away
(dRMM, N/D). (b) Views for the sliding exterior shell once when closed and the other when completely
open (Russell, 2010).
The sliding skin offers a variety of interior spaces, sun shading as well as
views by creating combinations of both enclosure and open-air living spaces.
By sliding the moveable structure over the house, it changes the different
facades of the house according to look and behavior (Figure 89).
Figure 89: Different exterior views for the house while the moveable structure in different positions
(Elite-Choice, 2009).
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 90: An external view for the Olympic Tennis from north across the Manzanares River Center
(Riley, 2005, P. 118).
This project is located alongside the Manzanares River and contains a small
lake. The Olympic Tennis Center "Magic Box" is located in a former slum
housing area in the middle of a busy motorway and train network in Madrid,
Spain.
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Chapter Three
f. Concept:
Figure 91: Perspective for the "Magic Box" showing the movable lids covering the three courts while
closed and opened (Riley, 2005, P. 120).
g. Building Components:
The project consists of the magic box that includes three indoor/outdoor
courts with covered area for 20,000 spectators, each with different seating
capacity. Also, the project includes 16 outdoor courts, five courts with a covered
area for 350 spectators each, six practice courts, an indoor swimming pool,
headquarters for the Madrid Tennis Federation, a tennis school, clubhouse, press
center, stadium boxes and VIP spaces and restaurants (Figure 92).
Figure 92: A plan drawing showing the Olympic Tennis Center main components (Riley, 2005, P. 116).
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
a. Kinetic Elements:
The three courts creating the Magic Box are covered with movable roofs.
Each kinetic roof acts as a lid for the stadium it covers. Together the three
movable lids provide a combination of 27 different opening positions (Figure 93).
The movable lid covering the central court can have a vertical opening that
reaches up to 20m, while the horizontal opening can slide as much as its width. In
addition, the other smaller lids covering the other two courts can vertically open
up to 25 degrees and can also horizontally slide leaving the inside of the stadiums
completely exposed to the sky.
Figure 93: A drawing to show the different 27 opening positions for the three lids covering the courts
(Jordana, 2012).
The movable lids covering the courts are designed to allow the building to
adapt to weather changes, to allow for passage of air and sunlight by being
opened or closed. Also, these lids allow controlling the environment where the
events are taking place varying from exposed to public or not depending on the
degree of the opening and how far. If the stadium is lidded, the even taking place
within remains quiet and unknown to the outside. On the other hand, if the lid is
open, audible traces of the activity will spill out the box.
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Chapter Three
The lids are mounted on hydraulic jacks that serve to partially or totally
open courts' roofs (Figure 94).
c. Adaptive Architecture:
The vibrant skin filters the sunlight and serves as a windbreak. The kinetic
roof for the Olympic Tennis Center makes it flexible to celebrate almost any kind
of sports events as well as others such as concerts, fashion shows and political
meetings.
The Olympic Tennis Center appears as a large box that is raised above the
water on a series of columns, making it appears as if hovering above the ground.
Also, raising the building turned the area beneath into a public space that can be
used by pedestrians day and night. Moreover, the metallic mesh on the exterior
makes the building appear as if shimmering in daylight. At night, the light
radiating from within signals the events taking place inside.
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 95: An external view for the Cherokee Studios Lofts (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D).
The Cherokee Lofts (Figure 95) is the first "green" Leadership in Energy
and Environmental Design (LEED) Certified mixed-use, market rated multi-
family building per the U.S. Green Building Council certification system in
Southern California, making it the most advanced as well as distinctive of its kind
in Los Angeles. The design of the mixed-use development did not only meet the
goals of a green building, but also enabled the building to be more
environmentally sensitive as well as aesthetically appealing.
e. Location:
The British artist Patrick Hughes painting series "Prospectivity" was the
inspiration for the Cherokee Lofts building as these painting appear to be ever
changing and physically moving while being viewed. The project is located in a
tight site that allows no space for storm-water infiltration and requires open space.
The storm water infiltrated under the public sidewalk on the right of the way
resulting in a design that captures rain-water from the city street creating an
opportunity to landscape the front of the building rather than having a barren
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Chapter Three
concrete sidewalk with a couple of street trees. The building's top designed to be a
green roof deck not only to meet the open space requirements, but also to reduce
the heating and cooling loads of the building, reduce the heat-island effect as well
as capturing and filtering storm-water. The Cherokee Lofts building has an
operable screen that makes it look as if living.
g. Building Components:
Figure 96: Different residential units that vary from loft flats to tri-level units and tow-homes
(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D).
a. Kinetic Elements:
Figure 97: Different views for the operable aluminum panels (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D).
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
The kinetic screen for the building aims to provide shade to cool the
building, reduce noise, enhance privacy and yet allows for marvelous views.
Also, the perforated screen helps controlling indoor daylight and maximizing the
natural ventilation efficiency even when closed (Figure 98).
Figure 98: A diagram showing reason for installing a kinetic skin (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D).
(a) (b)
Figure 99: (a) Close view of the perforated anodized aluminum panels(Brooks+ScarpArchitecture,
N/D). (b) Detailed view for the operable skin (Brooks+ScarpArchitecture, N/D).
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Chapter Three
The building's screen is operated manually; a hand push will turn the
operable panels from completely closed to fully opened (Figure 99 b).
c. Adaptive Architecture:
The location of the two-storey town home living space helped maximizing
city sky-line views and both daylight and energy efficiency. All interiors designed
to be eco-luxury with simple and modern lines while maintaining sustainability.
The green roof for the Cherokee Lofts was designed as a garden with two terraces
providing a pleasant place for its residents with breathtaking views. The
perforated aluminum panels used on the south facing wall adds an unexpected
depth while creating a sense of security for the residents by filtering the coming
direct sunlight.
Dividing the façade into small moving panels added motion to the building
by making it appear as if moving with pedestrians and cars (Figure 100).
Figure 100: A study showing the relation between solid and void through different stages starting from
all panels are close till reaching the stage when all panels are opened.
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Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 101: A perspective for the exterior of The World Trade Center Transportation Hub
(WorldTradeCenter, N/D).
The World Trade Center Transportation (WTC) Hub will not only add an
architectural beauty to downtown Manhattan, but it will also enhance the level of
services (Figure 101). The transportation hub is designed to accommodate 250000
pedestrians per day along with tourists and visitors of the World Trade Center and
Memorial. Through the hub pedestrians will be able to access different directions
as the hub is connected to 13 subway lines, Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH)
trains, Hudson River ferry terminals as well as a possible direct rail link to John
F. Kennedy (JFK) International Airport. The design of the hub was first revealed
to the public in 2004. Later in 2005 and 2008, the design was revised to meet
security, engineering and feasibility requirements.
e. Location:
The hub is located close to the northeast corner of the WTC site at Church
and Fulton Streets (between Towers 2 and 3).
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Chapter Three
f. Concept:
(a) (b)
Figure 102: (a) A sketch for a child releasing a dove into the sky which is the inspiration of the
designed building (CALATRAVA, N/D-b). (b) An exterior perspective for the WTC Transportation
Hub appears as a flying bird (CALATRAVA, N/D-b).
g. Building Components:
102
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Figure 103: A section for the WTC Transportation Hub (W. Dunlap, 2005).
a. Kinetic Elements:
In the original design, the steel ribs with glass panels between them creating
the ceiling of the hub were meant to open to 45 ft wide (Figure 104 a,b) before
being reduced to 30 ft wide and changing the ceiling design into fixed later in
2008.
(a) (b)
Figure 104: Section drawing showing the steel ribs that were supposed to move as well as the lightening
system (Yee, 2007, P. 63). (b) Interior prespective views for the main hall while the top is closed and
opened (LowerManhattanConstructionCommandCenter, N/D).
The retractable glass and steel roof was planned to cover the freestanding
grand pavilion which was going to open each year on the anniversary of the
September 11th attacks in which a hanging American flag recovered from the
ruins of the Twin Towers was going to be featured. Also, it was planned to be
used to maximize natural light inside the hub.
103
Chapter Three
The design of the World Trade Center Transportation Hub calls for a
soaring and a skeletal structure that is punctuated by white spires meant to
represent a bird in flight. Although the station appears transparent, it seems to be
protecting its users with the huge wings. The unusual style for the World Trade
Center Transportation Hub is not only enjoyable by its users or the moving by
pedestrians but also by the users of the towers above by looking down upon the
hub.
104
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
d. Introduction:
105
Chapter Three
longer even for thousands of years. With means of construction and materials
used in buildings today to achieve good quality, they result in expensive buildings
that are unaffordable by many, slow to build and difficult to maintain. These
buildings also are not capable to stand natural catastrophes such as earth quakes,
hurricanes, typhoons or even strong winds, also adding errors done by humans
such as malfunctioning of plumping, gas or electrical systems. David Fisher
searching for a mean to design and construct buildings based on logic and
engineering as well as being much safer, feasible and environment friendly
resulted in the "Dynamic Tower". The Dynamic Tower (Figure 105) is an
industrial production making it the easiest to design and build as all its floors look
the same although they may host different uses. What adds the fancy shape to the
building is motion making it not only a building but a living machine.
e. Location:
The architect aims to create a safer building that can last and resist for a
longer time by building the Dynamic Tower. The tower will be 420 m (1380 ft)
tall. It is designed to be self powered by sun and wind as well as being
industrialized making it sustainable and smart. There will be 79 wind turbine
systems installed horizontally in the gaps between each of the rotating floors
(Figure 106). Also, photovoltaic solar cells will be installed on the roof of each
floor to produce solar energy (Figure 106 b). With energy produced from 20% of
each of the 80 roofs exposed to sun and light next to the energy produced by wind
turbines, the tower will be able not only to fulfill its needs of energy but also to
supply 10 similar sized buildings with energy. As almost 90% of the tower will be
constructed in factory, the number of on-site workers will be reduces from almost
2000 to 90 (Fisher, 2010).
(a) (b)
Figure 106: (a) Drawing representing the installation of wind turbines and the way they are involved in
the design concept (DynamicArchitecture, N/D). (b) Drawing representing the use of solar panels on
top of each rotating floor (DynamicArchitecture, N/D)
106
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
g. Building Components:
(a) (b)
Figure 107: Dynamic Tower floor plans (DynamicArchitecture, N/D). (a) Plan drawing for the villas
which are located on the top 10 floors. (b) Plan drawing for the hotel unites which is located on the first
lower 20 floors.
a. Kinetic Elements:
The Dynamic Tower consists of 80 floors that rotate creating the first
kinetic element in the tower, while the second element is the 79 wind turbines
located between each of those floors.
b. Reason for Motion:
While the tower's wind turbines produce energy, the floors may rotate to
fulfill their users' desires of changing views or to follow sun and light to produce
energy.
107
Chapter Three
on-site is the tower central core. Each of the tower floors will
consist of 12 modules that will be fully built in factory before
arriving at the site. Those modules will be assembled around the
core base and then will be lifted up by cranes and cables (Figure
108).
a.4. Used Materials:
The tower's units are made of steel, aluminum, carbon fiber
and other high quality modern materials. Natural and recyclable
materials including stone, marble, glass and wood are intended
for the interior finishing.
Figure 108: Drawing presenting the technical system will be used to construct the tower
(DynamicArchitecture, N/D).
Although the tower hosts retail spaces, the Dynamic Tower is considered to
create living environment as the residential part (hotel, apartments and villas)
create 75% of the tower uses. Kineticism creates the tower itself because each of
its 80 floors separately revolves around the central core.
The tower residents will be able to rotate the floors according to their desire
whether to choose their favorite view, follow the sun or even set it to slowly
108
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
rotate to enjoy all possible views. Using smart, recyclable and natural materials as
well as advanced technologies offers all tower users sustainable, clean and safe
environments to live and/or work within (Figure 109). With such technologies it
is possible to control all systems installed just by voice (Cherry, 2010).
The tower will have a futuristic look. As the floor plans are triangular and
they separately move according to desire, the tower will continuously change its
form and shape in varies variety of configurations. According to the architect, the
Dynamic Tower will never look the same twice in its lifetime (Figure 110).
Figure 110: Different views for the Dynamic Tower while in motion (Cherry, 2010, P. 36).
109
Chapter Three
The table below briefly highlights the analytical criteria for each of the
fifteen evaluated buildings. Buildings are categorized according to type of indoor
environment.
Name
Constructio
General Information
Year
Rem Dynamic
Hans Peter Roland 24>H dRMM Brooks +
Koolhaas Shigeru Ban Architecture
Wörndl Mösl architecture Architcts Scarpa
(OMA) Group
Building
Elevator Moveable Expandable Sliding Aluminum
Building and solar Building
Elements
panels
Kineticism in the Building
Reinforced Reinforced
Structural
System
Remote
Remote Manual Remote
Automatic Automatic control
Mechanism
Living environment
re
110
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
To be
Year
Ernst
Architect
Dominique
Giselbrecht + Santiago Klein Dytham Santiago
Jean Nouvel Mitsuru Senda Perrault
Partner Calatrava Architecture Calatrava
Architecte
Architektur
Bad
Location
Aluminum Mashrabia
Steel wings Roof petals Roof lids Leaf wall Steel wings
Kineticism in the Building
Elements
panels diaphragms
Kinetic
Elevation Façade
Roof element Roof elements Roof elements Walls Roof elements
elements elements
Environmenta Environmenta
Reason for
Desing
l – light l – light l – light control and control and environmental
concept
control control control adating to adating to – light control
weather weather
Structural Innovation & Materials
Reinforced Reinforced
Structural
System
Glazed
Used Materials
Aluminum aluminum,
Kinetic Design Key Elements
panels, glass steel, glass Steel and Steel and Steel and
aluminum aluminum
and stainless and light wind sensors glass glass
steel sensitive
diaphragms
Control Mechanism
Working
Entertainment environment Public environment
environment
111
Chapter Three
3.2.Analysis:
3.2.1. Location:
The selected projects are located in three continents; Europe, North-
America and Asia (Figure 111). Eight projects are located in Europe where three
of them are located in Austria, two are located in France and one is located in
each of UK, Spain and Sweden. Three of the selected projects are located in
North-America where all are located in the USA. The last four projects are
located in Asia where two are located in Japan, one is located in China and one is
planned to be located in the Dubai, UAE.
Figure 111: The world map where the studied projects are located in Europe, North-America and
Asia.
40
30
20
10
0
Frame Structure 46% Concrete Structure 40% Tension Ring Structure Prefabricated Structure
7% 7%
112
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
100
80
60
40
20
0
Steel 60% Aluminum Glass 86% Wood 46% Paper 13% Smart Stainless Carbon
60% Materials Steel 13% Fiber 7%
33%
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Living Environments Work Environments Entertainment Public Environments
53% 7% Environments 27% 13%
113
Chapter Three
Institut du Monde Arabe The Naked House The Olympic Tennis Center
Kinetic Elevation Element Kinetic Interior Elements Kinetic Roof Elements
Figure 115: Types of kineticism used in buildings under study, such as: (a) Institut du Monde Arabe –
1987 (eliinbar, 2011). (b) The Naked House – 2000 (Stang, 2005, P. 89). (c) The Olympic Tennis Center
– 2009 (DominiquePerraultArchitecture, N/D). (d) The Leaf Chapel – 2004 (Picasa, 2009). (e) The
Sliding House – 2009 (Meunier, 2012). (f) The Dynamic Tower (DynamicArchitecture, N/D).
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Elevation Interior Roof Elements Walls 13% Structure Part Whole
Elements 26% Elements 13% 26% 13% Structure 13%
114
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
There are some reasons behind using kinetics in the sample studied. They
may vary from environmental reasons, design concepts, creating flexible spaces
and luxury (Figure 117). In some cases there are more than one reason for using
kinetics. The most common reason for using kinetics is controlling and filtering
the incoming light (Figure 118).
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Light Control Space People with Reduce Energy Respond to Design Natural Luxury 7%
67% Flexibility 27% Special Needs Consumption Weather Concept 20% Ventilation
Accessibility 27% Changes 27% 14%
7%
115
Chapter Three
10.00% Glass
Wood
8.00%
Paper
6.00%
Smart Materials
4.00%
Stainless Steel
2.00% Carbon Fiber
0.00%
Frame Structure Concrete Structure Tension Ring Prefabricated
Structure
116
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
20.00%
Elevation Elements
15.00%
Interior Elements
Walls
5.00%
Structure Part
0.00% Whole Structure
Living Work Entertainment Public
Environment Environment Environment Environment
Figure 121: Relation between the different architectural environments and ways kinetics are installed.
16.00%
14.00%
Light Control
12.00%
Space Felxibility
10.00%
Handicapped Accessibility
8.00% Reduce Energy Consumption
6.00% Respond to Weather Chnages
Figure 122: Relation between different architectural environments and the reason kinetics are used.
117
Chapter Three
Figure 125: Relation between different architectural environments and ways of controlling kineticism.
118
Kinetic Buildings' Analysis
Dragspelhuset
The Dynamic Tower QiZhong Forest Sports City The World Trade Center
Hide and Melt with the
Reflect Changeable Daily Tennis Center Transportation Hub
Natural Surrounding
Patterns Present Cultural Dimension Present Social Dimension
Environment
3.3.Summary:
Based on the analytical study for various architectural projects, the
following is proposed:
• Although the Middle-East is well known for its sunny and hot
weather and can greatly benefit for kinetic architecture, most of the
buildings understudy are located in Europe, while only one building
is planned to be located in the Middle-East.
• As kinetic systems are installed in/on different structural systems, it is
important to mention that frame structures present more flexible
solutions for interiors. Also, frame structures allow a wide range of
kinetic systems to be applied.
• While a wide range of kinetic materials varying from
fabricated/industrialized to natural materials, almost all used kinetic
materials are light weight.
• Kineticism is applied to different environments, but it is most
commonly used in living environments whether they are part of
multi-family housing, private houses or even residential sky-scrapers.
119
Chapter Three
120
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions & Recommendations
Conclusions
According to different definitions for the term "Kinetic Architecture" it can
be described as a building or building parts that act in response to surrounding
changes that occur indoor and/or outdoor whether they are caused by natural
and/or human factors. Based on the definition, kinetic design is based on three
main key elements: 1) structural innovation and materials advancement, 2)
embedded computation, and 3) adaptable architecture. The first key element in
kinetic design – structural innovation and materials advancement – represents the
building and building parts, while the second key element – embedded
computation – allows building to detect change and act according to it, thus
creating environments that are able to adapt and interact representing the third key
element which is adaptable architecture. Based on different parts of this research,
a building analyses was carried out in order to understand the different means and
ways in which kineticism could be applied to built environments. Selection of
buildings was based on different factors included completion year, building's use
and type of kineticism involved. The analysis criteria incorporated means and
reasons for including kineticism in the design as well as the effect of using such
kinetic solution on both the indoor environment quality and the building visual
quality. Based on this study the following is concluded:
123
Conclusions & Recommendations
• No matter how kinetic systems are being controlled and even how
they are installed to buildings, they allow the environments they
create to be flexible and adaptable to changes. Kineticism, when
installed to buildings, will allow users to reconfigure environments
they occupy. Kinetic systems will allow users to control the relation
with the surroundings by allowing for more privacy or transparency.
These systems will allow users to change how they are connected to
other parts of the building or even how they are open to the outdoors.
Kinetic buildings' users may be able to reconfigure space by changing
its size to bigger or smaller depending on their needs and desires.
124
Conclusions & Recommendations
• Energy Saving:
Despite the fact that Egypt is being characterized by its sunny weather
most of the day all year round, solar energy is still in its infancy. Kinetic
systems can be applied to the Egyptian architectural environment to
maximize the use of solar energy. These systems will include solar
panels/photovoltaic cells, sensors and/or detectors. They can be designed
not only to act as source for renewable energy but also as means of
thermal insulation and energy radiation controller. Such kinetic systems
can be suitable for different types of environments varying from living
environments to work, entertainment and public environments.
These systems can be designed to create kinetic skin for the whole
building. The kinetic system used for the Kiefer Technic Showroom
(Figure 127 a) is an example of such systems where it can be modified to
involve solar panels as well as perforated panels depending on the design
and need. Also, they can be designed whether to be attached to the static
exterior walls of the building while only solar panels are able to fold,
rotate or even slide, or allow the structure to revolve as a whole in order
to follow the sun. The kinetic system used at the Gemini Haus (Figure
127 b) is an example where movable solar panels are attached to the
exterior walls of the house. Systems such as the FLARE-façade system
(Figure 127 c) can be installed to existing building facades while the
FLARE units are modified to allow photovoltaic cells to be added on top
of them. Such addition will turn the building from its static form to a
dynamic one by adding motion to it, at the same time photovoltaic cells
will increase the energy efficiency for the building by utilizing the power
of solar energy.
125
Conclusions & Recommendations
• Space Efficiency:
Kinetic systems can be applied in the Egyptian environment in order to
improve space efficiency whether by allowing it to transform in size
and/or shape or by allowing its users to reconfigure it depending on their
126
Conclusions & Recommendations
needs and desires. Such systems can be efficiently used for temporary
buildings, multi- purpose buildings as well as residential and work
environments. Although it is better to involve kinetic systems into the
design since its early stages, some kinetic systems can be solution for
existing buildings. These systems can be used not only to improve space
efficiency but also to control the relation with different parts of the
building as well as the outdoor environment. The cost of such systems
can vary depending on the level of technology applied, materials used
and controlling systems used.
127
Conclusions & Recommendations
Recommendations:
Although architecture has an influence on the environment it creates, it is
affected by different factors that include technology, users and environment
whether natural or built. In order to improve the quality of the architectural
environment, kinetic architecture can be the solution to create environmental-
friendly, safe, organized, enjoyable and adaptable environments. To achieve
extremely useful results, architects should work in teams to improve research with
collaboration with specialists from different fields. These fields may range from
engineering such as information technology, communications, mechanical and
structural engineering to social as well as environmental science.
Involving researchers from different fields of engineering and science will
result in improving and developing locally designed kinetic systems. Locally
designed kinetic systems will act more efficiently in the Egyptian environment.
These systems will be designed using local materials and systems. They will also
be designed to meet different weather conditions such as high temperatures,
humidity, sandstorms (Khamasin winds) and rain. Also, designing local kinetic
systems will consider the different Egyptian cultural backgrounds for each region
they will be applied to.
Although Egypt is considered as a developing country, it has a lot of areas
including villages and rural developments that lack basic services such as
medical/health care and educational services. In order to fulfill these services, it is
of great importance to employ kinetic design in creating multi-functional units
that can transform to meet each function separately and efficiently. These
functions may vary from medical convoy units to general and specialized clinics
as well as one-day schools, literacy classes, units for technical schools and
applied faculties. Also, it is of great importance to involve kinetic systems in
designing portable multi-functional units that can be used in emergencies and
natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes.
Planners should work hard in order to look for means and ways to invent
and implement ideas at the rate requested for keeping up with the rest of the
world. It is of great importance to carry out researches in order to understand how
kinetic architecture will affect urban planning. Kinetic design will provide
planners with creative means for problem solving using technological
advancements that facilitate decision making and collaboration between different
interest groups during the process. Whether it is the continuing influence of
Internet or new ways of using clean energy, a wide range of technological
innovations will help shape cities of the future. If urban planners will consider
events, activities and changes rather than buildings and structures, they can
provide greater comfort and safety for all residents.
128
References
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من كم ا أن البح ث ف ي الب اب الثال ث مبن ي عل ى دراس ة تحليلي ة لع دد خمس ة عش ر مش روعا معماري ا تتض
اني أنظم ة حركي ة حي ث يتض ح تن وع وتع دد ط رق إض افة عنص ر الحرك ة ف ي تل ك المب اني .ك ان اختي ار المب
وع اعتم ادا عل ى مجموع ة م ن العناص ر تش مل س نة اإلنتھ اء م ن إنش ائھا والوظيف ة الت ي تتض منھا وأيض ا ن
ميم الحرك ة المس تخدم .كم ا ك ان تقي يم تل ك المب اني معتم دا عل ى عوام ل مختلف ة تتض من ت أثير أس س التص
الحركي وكذلك نوع وسبب الحركة وتأثيره على البيئة الداخلية للمبنى و قيمته البصرية.
ك ان ظھ ور عنص ر الحرك ة ف ي ص ورة عناص ر ف ي الواجھ ات أو األس طح أو ك أجزاء م ن المبن ى أو المبن ى
كك ل .ك ذلك يتض ح أن م ن أس باب اس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ھوتحقي ق أھ داف ق د تك ون بيئي ة أو تص ميمية
وق د يك ون ھن اك أكث ر م ن س بب واح د إلض افة عنص رالحركة ف ي المبن ى الواح د .أيض ا تنوع ت الألنظم ة
اإلنش ائية المس تخدمة و ك ذلك ط رق ال تحكم ف ي الحرك ة .وك ان لك ل عنص ر ت أثيره عل ى اآلخ ر .كم ا ت أثرت
القيم ة البص رية للمبن ى حي ث س اعد اس تخدام عنص ر الحرك ة عل ى دم ج المبن ى ف ي بيئت ه و ك ذلك ك ان
لعنص ر الحرك ة ت أثيره عل ى ج ودة البيئ ة الداخلي ة للمبن ى لتحكم ه ف ي عالق ة المبن ى بالبيئ ة الخرجي ة المحيط ة
مثل التحكم فاإلضاءة والتھوية الطبيعية.
و ينتھ ي البح ث بع رض الت أثير المتوق ع الس تخدام العم ارة المتحرك ة و خصوص ا ف ي البيئ ة المص رية .كم ا
وف رت األنظم ة الحركي ة حل ول غي ر تقليدي ة للمش اكل الت ي ق د يواجھھ ا المعم اري س واء ك ان نتيج ة لقي ود
تنظيمي ة وق وانين بن اء أو متطلب ات يج ب توفيرھ ا أو طبيع ة البيئ ة المحيط ة .البيئ ة المص رية غني ة ب الموارد
الطبيعي ة الت ي ق د تس اعد العم ارة المتحرك ة عل ى تحقي ق أقص ى إس تفادة منھ ا .كم ا ق د تس اعد العم ارة
المتحرك ة ف ي ت وفير حل ول جدي دة لإلس تفادة م ن الطاق ة الشمس ية كمص در متج دد للطاق ة وك ذلك تحقي ق
أھ داف اإلس تدامة س واء بت وفير أقص ى إس تفادة م ن المس احات واإلس تفادة م ن الموق ع والتوجي ه وت أثيره عل ى
ت وفير التھوي ة واإلض اءة الطبيعي ة .كم ا ت م اق راح البح ث مزي دا م ن الدراس ات الت ى س وف تس اعد ف ي تطبي ق
العمارة المتحركة في البيئة المصرية.
ملخص البحث
من ذ ق ديم األزل وتقي يم المب اني يعتم د عل ى ق درتھا عل ى البق اء ف ي مواجھ ة العوام ل والظ روف المختلف ة
ألط ول فت رة ممكن ة بغ ض النظ ر ع ن ق دتھا عل ى التكي ف م ع المتغي رات الحادث ة وك ذلك تلبي ة اإلحتياج ات
المتنوع ة .يھ دف البح ث إل ى ت وفير حل ول غي ر تقليدي ة لمواجھ ة المتطلب ات المختلف ة والمش اكل الت ي ق د
تواج ه المعم اريين ،وذل ك ع ن طري ق تق ديم دراس ة تحليلي ة للعم ارة المتحرك ة الق ادرة عل ى ت وفير بيئ ات
معماري ة ذات قابلي ة للتكي ف م ع المتغي رات المختلف ة .حي ث يق وم البح ث بع رض التعريف ات المتنوع ة
والتط ور الت اريخي إلس تخدام الحرك ة ف ي المج ال المعم اري وك ذلك الط رق الت ي ق د توج د بھ ا والعوام ل
الم ؤثرة ف ي العملي ة التص ميمية للعم ارة المتحرك ة .وينقس م البح ث إل ى ثالث ة أب واب رئيس ية باإلض افة إل ى
جزئي المقدمة والخاتمة.
يتن اول الب اب األول الع رض النظ ري للعم ارة المتحرك ة وذل ك ع ن طري ق الق اء الض وء عل ى التعريف ات
وتط ور ت اريخي .ف رغم ظھ ور دالئ ل عل ى إس تخدام األنظم ة الحركي ة ف ي العم ارة من ذ العص ور القديم ة إال
أن أول تعري ف لمص طلح العم ارة المتحرك ة ظھ ر ع ام .1970كم ا ك ان أول ظھ ور إلس تخدام تل ك األنظم ة
ف ي العم ارة ف ي ص ورة فتح ات م ن أب واب وش بابيك وك ذلك الكب ارى المتحرك ة .ولك ن حت ى تأخ ذ األنظم ة
المتحرك ة ش كال أكث ر تط ورا ك ان يج ب اإلنتظ ار حت ى تت وفر اإلمكاني ات التكنولوحي ة والميكانيكي ة الالزم ة
لتحقي ق ذل ك .م ع ب دايات الق رن العش رين ظھ رت مح اوالت ع دة إلس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ف ي العم ارة.
فل م يقتص ر إس تخدام تل ك األنظم ة لتحقي ق أقص ى إس تفادة م ن أش عة الش مس والمس احة المس تخدمة والمن اظر
المحيط ة فق ط ،ولك ن ت م إس تخدامھا لتحقي ق أھ داف فني ة وسياس ية وك ذلك فلس فية .ق ام العدي د م ن أتب اع
النظري ات المختلف ة بتص ميم العدي د م ن المب اني الق ادرة عل ى الحرك ة وش رحھا تفص يال وعل ى ال رغم م ن ذل ك
ل م ي تم بن اء أي ا منھ ا .الحق ا ت م إس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ف ي العدي د م ن المب اني س واء كان ت ف ي ص ورة
جزئي ة م ن المب اني أو ف ي المبن ى كك ل .وتع ددت إس تخدامات تل ك المب اني فتنوع ت م ن مب اني س كنية
وترفيھي ة وعالجي ة .كم ا اس تخدمت األنظم ة المتحرك ة كحل ول ف ي ح االت الط وارئ س واءا كان ت ك وارث
طبيعية أو حروب.
كم ا ع رض الب اب األول الط رق الت ي يمك ن بھ ا إس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ف ي العم ارة .فاألنظم ة
المتحرك ة يمك ن أن تس تخدم ف ي المب اني ذات الفراغ ات الكبي رة المفتوح ة ويش غلھا أنش طة متع ددة .ھ ذه
األنظم ة تمك ن م ن إع ادة ھيكل ة تل ك الفراغ ات بحي ث تك ون ق ادرة عل ى إس تيعاب ھ ذه األنش طة المختلف ة .وق د
يك ون ذل ك ع ن طري ق إع ادة توزي ع داخل ي أو ف ي المبن ى كك ل .والھ دف م ن إس تخدام مث ل تل ك األنظم ة
المتحرك ة ھ و تص ميم فراغ ات ق ادرة عل ى التكي ف م ع المتغي رات المختلف ة س واء كان ت ف ي البيئ ة المحيط ة
أو رغب ات الميتخ دمين .ك ذلك يمك ن إس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة لتمك ين ف راغ واح د م ن احت واء ع دد م ن
الوظ ائف المختلف ة ك ل عل ى ح دة وبكفائ ة عالي ة .األنظم ة المتحرك ة تمك ن المبن ى م ن التكي ف ل يس فق ط م ع
التغي رات الت ي تح دث ف ي البيئ ة الطبيعي ة المحيط ة م ن تغي ر ف ي درج ات الح رارة وحرك ة الري اح
واإلض اءة ،ولك ن أيض ا م ع التغي رات الت ي تح دث عل ى الم دى الطوي ل م ن تغي رات ف ي البيئ ة المبني ة وحرك ة
الم رور .ويمك ن اس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ف ي المب اني المتنقل ة والق ادرة عل ى التح ول والت ي ق د يت راوح
حجمھا من مباني يشغلھا فراغ لشخص واحد إلى تلك ضخمة الحجم.
أم ا الب اب الث اني فھ و ي درس العوام ل واألس س التكنولوجي ة والميكانيكي ة المختلف ة الت ي ت ؤثر ف ي التص ميم
الحرك ي .ف التطور الح ادث ف ي تكنولوجي ا الم واد ف ي المج االت المختلف ة وخصوص ا مج ال الطي ران
والمالح ة البحري ة س وف يمك ن م ن تص ميم أنظم ة متحرك ة أكث ر تط ورا وفاعلي ة وكف اءة .ق د تختل ف الم واد
المس تخدمة ف ي تص ميم األنظم ة المتحرك ة م ن تل ك الت ي تتمي ز بخف ة ال وزن أو ذات المرون ة العالي ة أو تل ك
ذات التكنولوجي ا المتط ورة .لتص ميم مب اني متحرك ة ف إن الھيك ل اإلنش ائي ق د يتك ون م ن أو يحت وي عل ى
أج زاء قابل ة للط ي أو الج ر أو التوس ع أو التح ول ف ي الش كل والحج م .وق د تش غل األنظم ة المتحرك ة المبن ى
كك ل ممكن ة إي اه م ن التفاع ل م ع التغي رات المختلف ة م ع ثابت ه ف ي مكان ه .وھن اك أنظم ة أخ رى ق د تمك ن م ن
س ھولة نق ل المبن ى م ن مك ان إل ى أخ ر .كم ا يوج د أنظم ة متحرك ة تك ون ج زء م ن الك ل ولكنھ ا ق ادرة عل ى
اإلس تجابة للمتغي رات باس تقاللية م ع احترامھ ا للھيك ل المعم اري ال ذي يحتويھ ا .أم ا التكنولوجي ا الت ي
يتض منھا المبن ى فھ ي تك ون بمثاي ة العق ل ل ه حي ث أنھ ا تمكن ه م ن التع رف عل ى التغي رات الحادث ة واإلس تجابة
والتفاع ل معھ ا .ھن اك ط رق ع دة الستكش اف والتع رف عل ى التغي رات منھ ا الك اميرات و أجھ زة اإلستش عار
) المجس ات( .تل ك التكنولوجي ا الت ي يتض منھا المبن ى تس اعد عل ى تحدي د ن وع التغي ر الح ادث س واءا ك ان ف ي
درج ات الح رارة أو اإلض اءة أو ف ي حرك ة الري اح وبن اء علي ه ي تم تحدي د طريق ة ون وع اإلس تجابة .أنظم ة
أخ رى تك ون ق ادرة عل ى ال تعلم وتحدي د طريق ة اإلس تجابة المثل ى لك ل حال ة .وتوج د أنظم ة تمك ن م ن ال تحكم
ف ي المبن ى ع ن بع د وذل ك باس تخدام تكنولوجي ا اإلتص االت الحديث ة م ن رس ائل نص ية قص يرة أو البري د
اإللكترون ي أو ش بكة المعلوم ات اإللكتروني ة .وين تج ع ن دم ج الھياك ل اإلنش ائية المتحرك ة والم واد
المس تخدمة م ع التكنولوجي ا المتض مة بيئ ات ق ادرة عل ى التكي ف س واء كان ت لإلعاش ة أو العم ل أو الترفي ه أو
فراغات عامة.
لجنة االشراف
مقدمة من
الماجستير
الھندسة المعمارية
رسالة علمية
مقدمة الى الدرسات العليا بكلية الھندسة – جامعه االسكندرية
استيفاء للدراسات المقررة للحصول على درجة
الماجستير
فى
الھندسة المعمارية
مقدمة من
م .سھا محمد عبد الھادي فؤاد
بكالوريوس عمارة
جامعة االسكندرية
يوليو 2012
References
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من كم ا أن البح ث ف ي الب اب الثال ث مبن ي عل ى دراس ة تحليلي ة لع دد خمس ة عش ر مش روعا معماري ا تتض
اني أنظم ة حركي ة حي ث يتض ح تن وع وتع دد ط رق إض افة عنص ر الحرك ة ف ي تل ك المب اني .ك ان اختي ار المب
وع اعتم ادا عل ى مجموع ة م ن العناص ر تش مل س نة اإلنتھ اء م ن إنش ائھا والوظيف ة الت ي تتض منھا وأيض ا ن
ميم الحرك ة المس تخدم .كم ا ك ان تقي يم تل ك المب اني معتم دا عل ى عوام ل مختلف ة تتض من ت أثير أس س التص
الحركي وكذلك نوع وسبب الحركة وتأثيره على البيئة الداخلية للمبنى و قيمته البصرية.
ك ان ظھ ور عنص ر الحرك ة ف ي ص ورة عناص ر ف ي الواجھ ات أو األس طح أو ك أجزاء م ن المبن ى أو المبن ى
كك ل .ك ذلك يتض ح أن م ن أس باب اس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ھوتحقي ق أھ داف ق د تك ون بيئي ة أو تص ميمية
وق د يك ون ھن اك أكث ر م ن س بب واح د إلض افة عنص رالحركة ف ي المبن ى الواح د .أيض ا تنوع ت الألنظم ة
اإلنش ائية المس تخدمة و ك ذلك ط رق ال تحكم ف ي الحرك ة .وك ان لك ل عنص ر ت أثيره عل ى اآلخ ر .كم ا ت أثرت
القيم ة البص رية للمبن ى حي ث س اعد اس تخدام عنص ر الحرك ة عل ى دم ج المبن ى ف ي بيئت ه و ك ذلك ك ان
لعنص ر الحرك ة ت أثيره عل ى ج ودة البيئ ة الداخلي ة للمبن ى لتحكم ه ف ي عالق ة المبن ى بالبيئ ة الخرجي ة المحيط ة
مثل التحكم فاإلضاءة والتھوية الطبيعية.
و ينتھ ي البح ث بع رض الت أثير المتوق ع الس تخدام العم ارة المتحرك ة و خصوص ا ف ي البيئ ة المص رية .كم ا
وف رت األنظم ة الحركي ة حل ول غي ر تقليدي ة للمش اكل الت ي ق د يواجھھ ا المعم اري س واء ك ان نتيج ة لقي ود
تنظيمي ة وق وانين بن اء أو متطلب ات يج ب توفيرھ ا أو طبيع ة البيئ ة المحيط ة .البيئ ة المص رية غني ة ب الموارد
الطبيعي ة الت ي ق د تس اعد العم ارة المتحرك ة عل ى تحقي ق أقص ى إس تفادة منھ ا .كم ا ق د تس اعد العم ارة
المتحرك ة ف ي ت وفير حل ول جدي دة لإلس تفادة م ن الطاق ة الشمس ية كمص در متج دد للطاق ة وك ذلك تحقي ق
أھ داف اإلس تدامة س واء بت وفير أقص ى إس تفادة م ن المس احات واإلس تفادة م ن الموق ع والتوجي ه وت أثيره عل ى
ت وفير التھوي ة واإلض اءة الطبيعي ة .كم ا ت م اق راح البح ث مزي دا م ن الدراس ات الت ى س وف تس اعد ف ي تطبي ق
العمارة المتحركة في البيئة المصرية.
ملخص البحث
من ذ ق ديم األزل وتقي يم المب اني يعتم د عل ى ق درتھا عل ى البق اء ف ي مواجھ ة العوام ل والظ روف المختلف ة
ألط ول فت رة ممكن ة بغ ض النظ ر ع ن ق دتھا عل ى التكي ف م ع المتغي رات الحادث ة وك ذلك تلبي ة اإلحتياج ات
المتنوع ة .يھ دف البح ث إل ى ت وفير حل ول غي ر تقليدي ة لمواجھ ة المتطلب ات المختلف ة والمش اكل الت ي ق د
تواج ه المعم اريين ،وذل ك ع ن طري ق تق ديم دراس ة تحليلي ة للعم ارة المتحرك ة الق ادرة عل ى ت وفير بيئ ات
معماري ة ذات قابلي ة للتكي ف م ع المتغي رات المختلف ة .حي ث يق وم البح ث بع رض التعريف ات المتنوع ة
والتط ور الت اريخي إلس تخدام الحرك ة ف ي المج ال المعم اري وك ذلك الط رق الت ي ق د توج د بھ ا والعوام ل
الم ؤثرة ف ي العملي ة التص ميمية للعم ارة المتحرك ة .وينقس م البح ث إل ى ثالث ة أب واب رئيس ية باإلض افة إل ى
جزئي المقدمة والخاتمة.
يتن اول الب اب األول الع رض النظ ري للعم ارة المتحرك ة وذل ك ع ن طري ق الق اء الض وء عل ى التعريف ات
وتط ور ت اريخي .ف رغم ظھ ور دالئ ل عل ى إس تخدام األنظم ة الحركي ة ف ي العم ارة من ذ العص ور القديم ة إال
أن أول تعري ف لمص طلح العم ارة المتحرك ة ظھ ر ع ام .1970كم ا ك ان أول ظھ ور إلس تخدام تل ك األنظم ة
ف ي العم ارة ف ي ص ورة فتح ات م ن أب واب وش بابيك وك ذلك الكب ارى المتحرك ة .ولك ن حت ى تأخ ذ األنظم ة
المتحرك ة ش كال أكث ر تط ورا ك ان يج ب اإلنتظ ار حت ى تت وفر اإلمكاني ات التكنولوحي ة والميكانيكي ة الالزم ة
لتحقي ق ذل ك .م ع ب دايات الق رن العش رين ظھ رت مح اوالت ع دة إلس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ف ي العم ارة.
فل م يقتص ر إس تخدام تل ك األنظم ة لتحقي ق أقص ى إس تفادة م ن أش عة الش مس والمس احة المس تخدمة والمن اظر
المحيط ة فق ط ،ولك ن ت م إس تخدامھا لتحقي ق أھ داف فني ة وسياس ية وك ذلك فلس فية .ق ام العدي د م ن أتب اع
النظري ات المختلف ة بتص ميم العدي د م ن المب اني الق ادرة عل ى الحرك ة وش رحھا تفص يال وعل ى ال رغم م ن ذل ك
ل م ي تم بن اء أي ا منھ ا .الحق ا ت م إس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ف ي العدي د م ن المب اني س واء كان ت ف ي ص ورة
جزئي ة م ن المب اني أو ف ي المبن ى كك ل .وتع ددت إس تخدامات تل ك المب اني فتنوع ت م ن مب اني س كنية
وترفيھي ة وعالجي ة .كم ا اس تخدمت األنظم ة المتحرك ة كحل ول ف ي ح االت الط وارئ س واءا كان ت ك وارث
طبيعية أو حروب.
كم ا ع رض الب اب األول الط رق الت ي يمك ن بھ ا إس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ف ي العم ارة .فاألنظم ة
المتحرك ة يمك ن أن تس تخدم ف ي المب اني ذات الفراغ ات الكبي رة المفتوح ة ويش غلھا أنش طة متع ددة .ھ ذه
األنظم ة تمك ن م ن إع ادة ھيكل ة تل ك الفراغ ات بحي ث تك ون ق ادرة عل ى إس تيعاب ھ ذه األنش طة المختلف ة .وق د
يك ون ذل ك ع ن طري ق إع ادة توزي ع داخل ي أو ف ي المبن ى كك ل .والھ دف م ن إس تخدام مث ل تل ك األنظم ة
المتحرك ة ھ و تص ميم فراغ ات ق ادرة عل ى التكي ف م ع المتغي رات المختلف ة س واء كان ت ف ي البيئ ة المحيط ة
أو رغب ات الميتخ دمين .ك ذلك يمك ن إس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة لتمك ين ف راغ واح د م ن احت واء ع دد م ن
الوظ ائف المختلف ة ك ل عل ى ح دة وبكفائ ة عالي ة .األنظم ة المتحرك ة تمك ن المبن ى م ن التكي ف ل يس فق ط م ع
التغي رات الت ي تح دث ف ي البيئ ة الطبيعي ة المحيط ة م ن تغي ر ف ي درج ات الح رارة وحرك ة الري اح
واإلض اءة ،ولك ن أيض ا م ع التغي رات الت ي تح دث عل ى الم دى الطوي ل م ن تغي رات ف ي البيئ ة المبني ة وحرك ة
الم رور .ويمك ن اس تخدام األنظم ة المتحرك ة ف ي المب اني المتنقل ة والق ادرة عل ى التح ول والت ي ق د يت راوح
حجمھا من مباني يشغلھا فراغ لشخص واحد إلى تلك ضخمة الحجم.
أم ا الب اب الث اني فھ و ي درس العوام ل واألس س التكنولوجي ة والميكانيكي ة المختلف ة الت ي ت ؤثر ف ي التص ميم
الحرك ي .ف التطور الح ادث ف ي تكنولوجي ا الم واد ف ي المج االت المختلف ة وخصوص ا مج ال الطي ران
والمالح ة البحري ة س وف يمك ن م ن تص ميم أنظم ة متحرك ة أكث ر تط ورا وفاعلي ة وكف اءة .ق د تختل ف الم واد
المس تخدمة ف ي تص ميم األنظم ة المتحرك ة م ن تل ك الت ي تتمي ز بخف ة ال وزن أو ذات المرون ة العالي ة أو تل ك
ذات التكنولوجي ا المتط ورة .لتص ميم مب اني متحرك ة ف إن الھيك ل اإلنش ائي ق د يتك ون م ن أو يحت وي عل ى
أج زاء قابل ة للط ي أو الج ر أو التوس ع أو التح ول ف ي الش كل والحج م .وق د تش غل األنظم ة المتحرك ة المبن ى
كك ل ممكن ة إي اه م ن التفاع ل م ع التغي رات المختلف ة م ع ثابت ه ف ي مكان ه .وھن اك أنظم ة أخ رى ق د تمك ن م ن
س ھولة نق ل المبن ى م ن مك ان إل ى أخ ر .كم ا يوج د أنظم ة متحرك ة تك ون ج زء م ن الك ل ولكنھ ا ق ادرة عل ى
اإلس تجابة للمتغي رات باس تقاللية م ع احترامھ ا للھيك ل المعم اري ال ذي يحتويھ ا .أم ا التكنولوجي ا الت ي
يتض منھا المبن ى فھ ي تك ون بمثاي ة العق ل ل ه حي ث أنھ ا تمكن ه م ن التع رف عل ى التغي رات الحادث ة واإلس تجابة
والتفاع ل معھ ا .ھن اك ط رق ع دة الستكش اف والتع رف عل ى التغي رات منھ ا الك اميرات و أجھ زة اإلستش عار
) المجس ات( .تل ك التكنولوجي ا الت ي يتض منھا المبن ى تس اعد عل ى تحدي د ن وع التغي ر الح ادث س واءا ك ان ف ي
درج ات الح رارة أو اإلض اءة أو ف ي حرك ة الري اح وبن اء علي ه ي تم تحدي د طريق ة ون وع اإلس تجابة .أنظم ة
أخ رى تك ون ق ادرة عل ى ال تعلم وتحدي د طريق ة اإلس تجابة المثل ى لك ل حال ة .وتوج د أنظم ة تمك ن م ن ال تحكم
ف ي المبن ى ع ن بع د وذل ك باس تخدام تكنولوجي ا اإلتص االت الحديث ة م ن رس ائل نص ية قص يرة أو البري د
اإللكترون ي أو ش بكة المعلوم ات اإللكتروني ة .وين تج ع ن دم ج الھياك ل اإلنش ائية المتحرك ة والم واد
المس تخدمة م ع التكنولوجي ا المتض مة بيئ ات ق ادرة عل ى التكي ف س واء كان ت لإلعاش ة أو العم ل أو الترفي ه أو
فراغات عامة.
منھجية التصميم :العمارة المتحركة
رسالة علمية
مقدمة الى الدرسات العليا بكلية الھندسة – جامعه االسكندرية
استيفاء للدراسات المقررة للحصول على درجة
الماجستير
فى
الھندسة المعمارية
مقدمة من
م .سھا محمد عبد الھادي فؤاد
بكالوريوس عمارة
جامعة االسكندرية
يوليو 2012