2000 Automatics Sprinklers PDF

Approval Standard
for
Automatic Sprinklers
for
Fire Protection
Class Series 2000
May 1998
©1998 Factory Mutual Research Corporation. All rights reserved.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Basis for Requirements ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Basis for FMRC Approval ................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.5 Basis for Continued Approval .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.6 Effective Date .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.7 System of Units ................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.8 Applicable Documents ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.9 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................................. 3
1.10 References ....................................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1 Product Information .......................................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Approval Application Requirements ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.3 Sample Requirements for an Approval Examination ....................................................................................................... 8
3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 9
3.1 Review of Documentation ................................................................................................................................................ 9
3.2 Physical or Structural Features ......................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Markings .......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.4 Manufacturer’s Installation and Operation Instructions ................................................................................................. 12
3.5 Calibration ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.0 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 13
4.1 Assembly Load/Frame Strength ..................................................................................................................................... 13
4.2 Strength of Heat Responsive Element ............................................................................................................................ 13
4.3 Leakage ............................................................................................................................................................................ 14
4.4 Hydrostatic Strength ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
4.5 30-Day Leakage .............................................................................................................................................................. 15
4.6 Water Hammer ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
4.7 Operating Temperature (Liquid Bath) ............................................................................................................................ 15
4.8 Hang-Up of Operating Parts ........................................................................................................................................... 16
4.9 Strength of Deflector ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.10 Vacuum .......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.11 High Ambient Temperature Exposure (90 Day Test) ................................................................................................... 17
4.12 Thermal Shock (Glass Bulb Sprinklers Only) ............................................................................................................. 19
4.13 Discharge Coefficient (K-Factor) ................................................................................................................................. 19
4.14 Moist Air ....................................................................................................................................................................... 20
4.15 Corrosion — Salt Spray ................................................................................................................................................ 20
4.16 Corrosion — Stress Cracking ....................................................................................................................................... 21
4.17 Corrosion — Carbon Dioxide-Sulfur Dioxide ............................................................................................................. 22
4.18 Corrosion — Hydrogen Sulfide .................................................................................................................................... 23
4.19 Vibration ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
4.20 Rough Use and Abuse ................................................................................................................................................... 24
4.21 High Temperature Exposure ......................................................................................................................................... 25
4.22 Freezing ......................................................................................................................................................................... 25
4.23 Minimum Operating Pressure ....................................................................................................................................... 26
4.24 Process Residue ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
4.25 Cycling (On-Off Type Only) ........................................................................................................................................ 26
4.26 Fail Safe (On-Off Type Only) ...................................................................................................................................... 27
4.27 Temperature Cycling Test (On-Off Type Only) ........................................................................................................... 27
4.28 Conductivity (C-Factor) ................................................................................................................................................ 28
4.29 Sensitivity – Response Time Index (RTI) .................................................................................................................... 29
4.30 Sensitivity (Recessed, Flush, and Concealed Types) ................................................................................................... 35
4.31 Sensitivity (Recessed, Flush, and Concealed – ECLH Types) ....................................................................................... 37
4.32 Sensitivity (Air Oven) ...................................................................................................................................................... 38
4.33 Distribution (Standard Coverage) .................................................................................................................................... 40
4.34 Distribution (ECLH Sprinklers) ....................................................................................................................................... 42
4.35 Impingement ..................................................................................................................................................................... 43
4.36 Fire (Standard Crib) ......................................................................................................................................................... 44
4.37 Fire (Full Scale, On-Off Type Only) ............................................................................................................................... 45
4.38 Fire (Extra Large Orifice, K = 11.2, Type Only) ........................................................................................................... 45
4.39 Fire (Very Extra Large Orifice, K = 14.0, Type Only) .................................................................................................. 46
4.40 Fire (Very Extra Large Orifice, K = 14.0, Extended Coverage Ordinary Hazard Type Only) ..................................... 48
4.41 Actual Delivered Density (ADD) and Prewetting Density (PWD), ECOH Only ......................................................... 49
4.42 Additional Tests ................................................................................................................................................................ 60
5.0 OPERATIONS REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... 61
5.1 Demonstrated Quality Control Program ............................................................................................................................ 61
5.2 Facilities and Procedures Audit (F&PA) ........................................................................................................................... 61
5.3 Manufacturing and Production Tests ................................................................................................................................. 62
APPENDIX A UNITS OF MEASUREMENT ..................................................................................................................... 63
APPENDIX B TOLERANCES .................................................................................................................................................. 64
APPENDIX C APPROVAL MARKS ........................................................................................................................................ 65
APPENDIX D TOLERANCE LIMIT CALCULATIONS ................................................................................................. 66
APPENDIX E FIGURES ............................................................................................................................................................. 67
May 1998 Series 2000
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
This standard states Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) Approval requirements for automatic sprin-
klers for fire protection service.
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 This standard sets performance requirements for automatic sprinklers in the following product categories
and class numbers:
Class Automatic Sprinkler Product Category

2001 Large Orifice
2002 Small Orifice
2005 Rack Storage
2006 Small Orifice — Flush, Recessed and Concealed
2009 Extra Large Orifice (ELO)
2012 Sidewall
2013 Dry
2015 Flush, Recessed and Concealed including Gasketed Concealed
Sprinklers for use in applications such as clean rooms (see note
below)
2016 Standard Upright
2017 Standard Pendent
2020 Quick Response
2022 Extended Coverage — Light Hazard and Ordinary Hazard
2023 K14 Control Mode Sprinklers
2024 K17 Control Mode Sprinklers
2042 Corrosion Resistant Sprinkler Assemblies
2043 Coated
2050 Plated
2051 Painted or Coated (Decorative)
2060 On-Off
Note: The evaluation of Class 2015 gasketed concealed sprinklers is to determine that such a gasket will not impede sprinkler
operation. It is not within the scope of this standard to test or certify that these gasketed concealed sprinklers will maintain
the integrity of the atmosphere of a room.
1.2.2 FMRC Standards are intended to verify that the product described will meet stated conditions of perfor-
mance, safety and quality useful to the ends of property conservation.
1.3 Basis for Requirements
1.3.1 The requirements of this Standard are based on experience, research and testing, and/or the standards of
other organizations. The advice of manufacturers, users, trade associations, jurisdictions and/or loss
control specialists was also considered.
1.3.2 The requirements of this Standard reflect tests and practices used to examine characteristics of automatic
sprinklers for the purpose of obtaining FMRC Approval. Automatic sprinklers having characteristics not
anticipated by this Standard may be Approved if performance equal, or superior, to that required by this
FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION 1

Series 2000 May 1998
Standard is demonstrated, or if the intent of the Standard is met. Alternatively, automatic sprinklers which
meet all of the requirements identified in this Standard may not be Approved if other conditions which
adversely affect performance exist or if the intent of this Standard is not met.
1.4 Basis for FMRC Approval
FMRC Approval is based upon satisfactory evaluation of the product and the manufacturer in the following
major areas:
1.4.1 Examination and tests on production samples shall be performed to evaluate:

• the suitability of the product;
• the performance of the product as specified by the manufacturer and required by FMRC; and, as far as
practical,
• the durability and reliability of the product.
1.4.2 An examination of the manufacturing facilities and audit of quality control procedures is made to evaluate
the manufacturer’s ability to consistently produce the product which is examined and tested, and the
marking procedures used to identify the product. These examinations may be repeated as part of FMRC’s
Approved Product Follow-Up Program.
1.5 Basis for Continued Approval
Continued Approval is based upon:

• production or availability of the product as currently Approved;
• the continued use of acceptable quality assurance procedures;
• satisfactory field experience;
• compliance with the terms stipulated in the Approval Agreement;
• satisfactory re-examination of production samples for continued conformity to requirements; and
• satisfactory Facilities and Procedures Audits (F&PAs) conducted as part of FMRC’s Approved product
follow-up program.
Also, as a condition of retaining Approval, manufacturers may not change a product or service without prior
authorization by FMRC.
1.6 Effective Date
The effective date of an Approval Standard mandates that all products tested for Approval after the effective date
shall satisfy the requirements of that Standard. Products Approved under a previous edition shall comply with
the new version by the effective date or forfeit Approval.
The effective date of this Standard is (November 30, 1999) for full compliance with all requirements.
2 FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

1.7 System of Units
Units of measurement used in this Standard are United States (U.S.) customary units. These are followed by their
arithmetic equivalents in International System (SI) units, enclosed in parentheses. The first value stated shall be
regarded as the requirement. The converted equivalent value may be approximate. Appendix A lists the selected
units and conversions to SI units for measures appearing in this standard. Conversion of U.S. customary units
is in accordance with the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) E 380, ‘‘Standard Practice for Use
of the International System of Units (SI).’’
1.8 Applicable Documents
The latest versions of the following standards, test methods, and practices are referenced in this Standard:
ANSI/ASME B1.20.1, American National Standards Institute ‘‘Standard for Pipe Threads’’
ANSI B16.3, ‘‘Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings’’
ANSI B16.4, ‘‘Cast Iron Threaded Fittings’’
ASTM B-117, ‘‘Method of Salt Spray (Fog) Testing’’
ASTM E-1, ‘‘Standard Specification for ASTM Thermometers’’
ASTM E-11, “Standard Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes”
ASTM E-28, ‘‘Test Method for Softening Point by Ring and Ball Apparatus’’
ASTM E-380, ‘‘Practice for use of the International System of Units (SI)’’, Volume 1402
Factory Mutual Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets
PPP-B640d (as amended) Class II Government Grade
Rail Classification Rule 41, Section 3
National Motor Freight Classification Rule 222
IATA & ATA shipment by air, both domestic and overseas
1.9 Glossary
For purposes of this Standard, the following terms apply:
Amplitude
The maximum displacement of sinusoidal motion from position of rest to one-half of the total displacement.
Angle of Protection
For rack storage sprinklers, the ‘‘angle of protection’’ is that angle measured between the plane of the water
shield and the line drawn from its outer edge to the lowest and outermost extremity of the actuator. For a
link and lever sprinkler this would be the lowermost edge of the link or lever, measured with the link and
lever assembly rotated 90° to the frame arm plane. For a center strut or glass bulb sprinkler, if a line drawn
to the edge of the lower seat of the actuator or bulb rather than to the extremity of the actuator or bulb
produces a larger angle, then that larger angle shall be the ‘‘angle of protection’’ for that sprinkler. See
Figure E-1 for reference.
Assembly Load
The force which is applied to the sprinkler frame due to assembly of the operating parts plus the equivalent
force resulting from the maximum rated inlet pressure.

Coated or Plated Sprinkler

A sprinkler which has a factory applied coating or plating for corrosion protection or decorative purposes.
Concealed Sprinkler
A sprinkler in which the entire body, including the operating mechanism, is above a concealing plate.
Conductivity Factor (C-Factor)

A measure of the conductance between the sprinkler’s heat responsive element and the other components
of the sprinkler expressed in units of (ft/s)½ or (m/s)½.
Decorative Sprinkler
A sprinkler which is factory-painted or coated to improve its aesthetics. The coating is not considered a
corrosion-resistant barrier.
Discharge Coefficient (K-Factor)

The coefficient of discharge as expressed in the equation:
Q
K = ½
P
where Q is the flow in gallons per minute (gal/min), and P is the pressure in pounds per square inch (psi).
Expressed in SI units: Q is the flow in cubic decimeters per minute (dm3/min) and P is the pressure in
kilopascals (kPa).
Dry-Type Sprinkler
A device consisting of a sprinkler permanently attached to an extension nipple which has a closure at the
inlet end to prevent system water from entering the nipple until the sprinkler operates.
Element Design Load

The load actually applied on the operating element (fusible element or bulb) at the maximum rated inlet
pressure.
Extended Coverage Sprinkler

An automatic sprinkler with an intended area of coverage of between 250 and 400 sq ft (23–37 sq m).
Extra Large Orifice (ELO) Sprinkler

A sprinkler with a nominal K-factor of 11.2 gal/min/(psi)½ [16.2 dm3/min/(kPa)½].
FMRC Standard Class II Test Commodity

The commodity consists of a 42-in. (1.1 m) cube, double tri-wall cardboard carton with a steel liner. The
two cartons have a combined nominal 1 in. (25.4 mm) thickness; the open-bottom liner measures 38 in. ×
38 in. × 36 in. high (1 m × 1 m × 0.9 m high). The vendor requirements for the carton are as follows:
1. ‘‘AAA’’ flute configuration;
2. PPP-B640d (as amended) Class II Government Grade;
3. 1100TW test;
4. RSC Style, triple wall;
5. Conforms with all the requirements of
a. Rail Classification Rule 41, Section 3;
b. National Motor Freight Classification Rule 222;
c. IATA & ATA shipment by air, both domestic and overseas;
6. Plain printed except certification; and,

7. Dimensions:
a. one each, 407⁄8 in. × 407⁄8 in. × 40 in. high (1.04 m × 1.04 m × 1.02 m high); and,
b. one each, 395⁄8 in. × 395⁄8 in. × 373⁄4 in. high (1.01 m × 1.01 m × 0.96 m high).
FMRC Standard Plastic Test Commodity

The commodity product, a cartoned Group A unexpanded plastic, consists of rigid crystalline polystyrene
jars (empty, 16-oz size) packaged in compartmented, single wall, cardboard cartons. Jars are arranged in
five layers, 25 per layer for a total of 125. Eight 21 in. (0.53 m) cube cartons, arranged 2×2×2, comprise
a pallet load.
Flush Sprinkler
A sprinkler in which essentially all of the body, with the exception of the heat responsive assembly, is
mounted above the lower plane of the ceiling.
Fusible Element Sprinkler

A sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by the melting of a component.
Glass Bulb Sprinkler

A sprinkler that opens under the influence of heat by bursting of a glass bulb through pressure resulting from
expansion of the enclosed fluid.
Hang-Up (Lodgement)
A malfunction in the operation of a sprinkler which, when operated under a typical system water pressure,
experiences the lodging of an operating part (cap, gasket, lever, etc.) on or between the frame, deflector
and/or compression screw, adversely affecting the water distribution for a period in excess of 60 seconds.
A momentary hesitation of an operating part to clear itself from temporary contact with the frame, deflector
and/or compression screw does not constitute a hang-up.
K-16.8 Sprinkler
A sprinkler with a nominal K-factor of 16.8 gal/min/(psi)½ [24.2 dm3/min/(kPa)½]
Large Orifice (LO) Sprinkler

Leak Point
The pressure at which leakage of water in excess of one drop per minute occurs.
Light Hazard
An occupancy where the quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and fires with relatively low rates
of heat release are expected. Light Hazard Occupancies include occupancies having conditions similar to:
apartments, churches, clubs, eaves and overhangs (if combustible construction with no combustibles
beneath), educational facilities, hospitals, institutional facilities, libraries (except large stack rooms), muse-
ums, nursing or convalescent homes, office (including data processing), residential facilities, restaurant
seating areas, theaters and auditoriums (excluding stages and prosceniums), and unused attics.
On-Off Sprinkler
A sprinkler combining the performance characteristics of a standard sprinkler with the additional feature of
closing automatically after cooling to a predetermined temperature or other criterion. Sprinklers intended
to be replaced after a fire may have some leakage when closed after operation. Sprinklers designed to
continue in service after a fire will not leak when closed.
Operating Temperature
The temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C) at which the heat responsive element of a
sprinkler operates when subjected to a controlled rate-of-temperature-rise liquid bath.

Ordinary Hazard
An occupancy where quantity and combustibility of contents is greater than that of a Light Hazard
Occupancy, refer to Factory Mutual Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets.
Orientation, Best Case

The orientation which results in the lowest Response Time Index (RTI) if the sprinkler were a pendent
sprinkler. Typically, this orientation is one in which the sprinkler is situated such that the air flow is
perpendicular to both the waterway axis and the plane of the frame arms and, in the case of non-symmetric
elements, the heat responsive element is upstream of the frame arms.
Orientation, Worst Case

For use in this Standard, the worst case orientation is the given angular offset from the orientation which
results in the highest RTI. For standard response sprinklers the angular offset is 15°. The angular offset for
quick response sprinklers is 25°.
Orifice
The opening in a sprinkler body through which the water is discharged.
Pendent Sprinkler
A sprinkler so designed that the water leaving the orifice is directed downwards against the deflector.
Pintel
A metal rod extension 3⁄8 to 3⁄4 in. (9.5 to 19.1 mm) long and having a diameter 1⁄8 to 1⁄4 in. (3.2 to 6.4 mm)
attached to a sprinkler deflector to designate an orifice size other than standard.
Quick Response Sprinkler

A sprinkler having an RTI equal to or less than 90 (ft·s)½ [50 (m·s)½] and a C-factor equal to or less than
1.8 (ft/s)½[1.0 (m/s)½]. For recessed, flush and concealed sprinklers, the criteria outlined in Sections 4.30
or 4.31 must be met, as appropriate.
Rack Storage Sprinkler

A sprinkler intended for use in racks or beneath open gratings, which is equipped with a shield mounted
above the thermo-sensitive element to protect it from water discharge from nearby sprinklers at higher
elevations.
Recessed Sprinkler
A sprinkler in which part or most of the body of the sprinkler, other than the part which connects to the
piping, is mounted within a recessed housing with the plane of the orifice above the plane of the ceiling,
or behind the plane of the wall on which the sprinkler is mounted.
Response Time Index (RTI)

A measure of sprinkler sensitivity expressed as RTI = τ (u)½ where τ is the time constant of the heat
responsive element in units of seconds, and u is the gas velocity expressed in feet per second (meters per
second). The quantity τ relates the properties of the heat responsive element and the heated gas flow. RTI
can be used to predict the response of a sprinkler in fire environments defined in terms of gas temperature
and velocity versus time. RTI is expressed in units of (ft·s)½ or (m·s)½.
Service Pressure
The maximum rated working pressure of a sprinkler, typically 175 psi (1205 kPa).
Sidewall Sprinkler
A sprinkler intended for installation near a wall and ceiling interface and designed to discharge water
outward and onto adjacent walls.
Small Orifice Sprinkler


Standard Orifice Sprinkler

Standard Response Sprinkler

A sprinkler having an RTI and C-factor combination which fall into the indicated area on the graph in Figure
E-2. Recessed, flush and concealed sprinklers shall meet the criteria outlined in Sections 4.30 or 4.31, as
appropriate.
Upright Sprinkler
A sprinkler so designed that the water leaving the orifice is directed upwards against the deflector.
Very Extra Large Orifice (VELO) Sprinkler

Weep Point
The pressure at which any visual leakage of water is detected.
1.10 References
1) Heskestad, G. and Smith, H. F. Investigation of a New Sprinkler Sensitivity Approval Test, Factory Mutual
Research Corporation, December 1976.
2) Heskestad, G. and Smith, H. F., Plunge Test for Determination of Sprinkler Sensitivity, Factory Mutual
Research Corporation, December 1980.
3) Heskestad, G. and Bill, R. G. Jr., Conduction Heat Loss Effects on Thermal Response of Automatic Sprin-
klers, Factory Mutual Research Corporation, September 1987.
4) Heskestad, G and Bill, R. G. Jr., Plunge Test Procedures for Recessed, Flush and Concealed Sprinklers,
Factory Mutual Research Corporation, February 1995.
5) Bill, R. G. Jr., and Hill, E. E., Extended Coverage Sprinklers in Light Hazard Occupancies. Factory Mutual
Research Corporation, September 1993.

2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION
2.1 Product Information
2.1.1 An automatic sprinkler is a thermo-sensitive device designed to react at a predetermined temperature by

releasing a stream of water and distributing it in a specified pattern and density over a designated area
when installed on the appropriate sprinkler piping.
2.1.2 In order to meet the intent of this Standard, sprinklers must be examined on a model-by-model, type-by-
type, manufacturer-by-manufacturer, and plant-by-plant basis. This is predicated on the basis that the
manufacturing of sprinklers requires sufficient skill in its execution that identical designs, fabricated in
identical materials by different manufacturers or, even by different plants of the same manufacturer, have
been seen to perform differently in testing. Sample sprinklers, selected in conformance to this criterion,
shall satisfy all of the requirements of this Standard.
2.2 Approval Application Requirements
To apply for an Approval examination, the manufacturer, or its authorized representative, shall submit a letter
of request to FMRC Hydraulics Laboratory, 743A Reynolds Road, West Glocester, RI 02814. The manufacturer
shall provide the following preliminary information with any request for Approval consideration:
• A complete list of all models, types, sizes, and options for the automatic sprinklers being submitted for
Approval consideration;
• A complete set of manufacturing drawings, materials list, assembly load calculations, anticipated marking
format, brochures, sales literature, specification sheets, installation, operation, and maintenance procedures;
and
• Number and location of facilities manufacturing the specified product.
2.3 Sample Requirements for an Approval Examination
Following set-up and authorization of an Approval examination, the manufacturer shall submit samples for
examination and testing. Sample requirements are to be determined by FMRC following review of the prelimi-
nary information. Sample requirements may vary depending on design features, results of prior or similar testing,
and results of the foregoing tests. It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to submit samples representative of
production. Any decision to use data generated utilizing prototypes is at the discretion of FMRC. The manu-
facturer shall provide any special test fixtures, such as those which may be required to evaluate the strength of
heat responsive elements, requested by FMRC.

3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1 Review of Documentation
During the initial investigation and prior to physical testing, the manufacturer’s specifications, technical data
sheets, and design details shall be reviewed to assess the ease and practicality of installation and use. The product
shall be capable of being used within the limits of the Approval investigation.
3.2 Physical or Structural Features
3.2.1 Stampings shall show no cracking or splitting and be free of burrs.
3.2.2 Deflectors of sprinklers shall be securely attached.
3.2.3 Sprinklers shall be designed and manufactured such that adjustment of the assembly load or replacement
of operating parts shall not be possible without visible permanent damage to the device.
3.2.4 All connections shall be suitable for use with fittings having tapered pipe threads which conform to a
nationally recognized standard. Sprinklers which are to be sold in the United States shall be threaded to
suit fittings manufactured in accordance with ANSI/ASME B1.20.1, ANSI Standard for Pipe Threads. For
sprinklers intended for sale outside the United States, threads in compliance with other national or
international standards are permitted at the discretion of FMRC.
Table 3.2.4. Threaded Connections

Nominal K-Factor U.S. Nominal Thread Size,
gal/min/(psi)½ in. Pintle Requirement
2.8 1/2 Yes
3/4 Yes
5.6 1/2 No
3/4 Yes
8.0 1/2 Yes
3/4 No
11.2 1/2 Yes
3/4 Yes
14.0 3/4 Yes
16.8 3/4 Yes
3.2.5 Connections incorporating thread sizes larger than those stated in Section 3.2.4 are permitted for special
purpose sprinklers such as dry, flush and adjustable types. A pintle shall be securely mounted to the
sprinkler and visible above (or below, for pendent sprinklers) the deflector, for all sprinklers requiring a
pintle as detailed in Section 3.2.4.
3.2.6 Automatic sprinklers having water passageways with cross-sectional dimensions less than 3⁄8 in.
(9.5 mm) may necessitate the use of individual or system strainers per appropriate installation standards.
At the sole discretion of FMRC, sprinklers incorporating such passages shall require a statement in
various publications (i.e. manufacturer’s literature, Approval Reports, Approval Guides, etc.) referring to
the size of the openings and indicating their need for use with appropriate strainers.
3.2.7 A special wrench, facilitating installation, shall be available from the manufacturer and provided to
FMRC for evaluation. If installation using a common wrench is permitted, such wrench shall not easily
damage the sprinkler. If a common wrench is to be used for installation, the possibility of wrench slippage

exists with possible subsequent damage to the sprinkler and the possibility of hidden damage so as to
render the sprinkler inoperative. For this reason, the minimum length of the wrench flats shall be equal
to the distance between the flats of the sprinkler.
3.2.8 All operating parts shall have ample clearance with near zero possibility of binding or wedging. An
analysis of the design drawings may be conducted to evaluate the worse combination of tolerances in
parts so as to assess the possibility of such malfunction.
3.2.9 Plated or coated automatic sprinklers shall be subjected to additional evaluation and testing to verify the
integrity of their mechanical and operational properties and marking clarity. Factory plating or coating
of automatic sprinklers shall not change the mechanical or operational properties of the sprinkler beyond
acceptable limits stated in this standard.
3.2.10 Ornamental finishes such as plating, decorative painting, or coating shall not be applied to sprinklers by
anyone other than the sprinkler manufacturer, or vendor, at the time of manufacture. Examination of
automatic sprinklers with such finishes or coatings is required. Such sprinklers shall meet all require-
ments for the respective classes of automatic sprinkler.
3.2.11 Ornamental sprinklers such as concealed types may have factory-painted cover plates, if the painted
plates have been tested as part of the sprinkler evaluation.
3.2.12 Inlet protrusion into the fitting shall not adversely affect the flow of water through the fitting.
3.3 Markings
3.3.1 The following shall be displayed on a non-operating part of the sprinkler:

• manufacturer’s name or identifying symbol (logo);
• model designation (see Section 3.3.2 below);
• nominal K-factor per Table 4.13.1 (in English units: gal/min/(psi)½);
• the word ‘‘PENDENT’’ (or the letters ‘‘SSP’’), the word ‘‘UPRIGHT’’ (or the letters ‘‘SSU’’), or other
designation to indicate type or orientation, as appropriate;
• nominal temperature rating;
• year of manufacture (see Section 3.3.4);
• the FMRC Approval Mark (see Appendix C).
3.3.2 The model and/or type identification shall correspond with the manufacturer’s catalog designation and
shall uniquely identify the sprinkler as Approved. The manufacturer shall not place this identification mark
on any other product.
3.3.3 For fusible type sprinklers, the operating temperature shall also appear on a visible area of the fusible
element or an associated operating component.
3.3.4 For fusible type sprinklers, the year of manufacture shall appear on a visible area of the fusible element
or an associated operating component. Sprinklers manufactured in the first 6 months or last 3 months of
a calendar year may be marked with the previous or following year respectively, as the year of manu-
facture.
3.3.5 If a manufacturer produces automatic sprinklers with the same model designation at more than one facility,
each sprinkler shall bear a distinctive marking on a non-operating part to identify it as the product of a
particular location.

3.3.6 All automatic sprinklers, with the exception of glass bulb type sprinklers, shall be color coded in accor-
dance with Table 3.3.6. Paint of the correct color code must be applied to at least 50 percent of each frame
arm surface. This application of paint shall be visible on the sprinkler from all directions. The color
identification for coated, plated and recessed sprinklers may be a dot on the top of the deflector, the color
of the coating material or colored frame area. This dot shall be visible from a distance of 3 feet (0.9 m).
Table 3.3.6. Temperature Ratings, Classifications, and Color Codes

Maximum
Ambient
Nominal Temperature1 Temperature at Sprinkler
Rating Range Sprinkler Level Temperature Frame Color
°F (°C) °F (°C) Classification Code
135 to 170 ( 57 to 77) 100 (30) Ordinary None
175 to 225 ( 79 to 107) 150 (66) Intermediate White
250 to 300 (121 to 149) 225 (107) High Blue
325 to 375 (163 to 191) 300 (149) Extra High Red
400 to 475 (204 to 246) 365 (185) Very Extra High Green
500 to 575 (260 to 302) 465 (241) Ultra High Orange
650 (343) 465 (241) Orange/Tag
1
Note: Approved sprinklers shall have a specific temperature rating within the range.
3.3.7 Bulb type sprinklers, including decorative factory-painted or coated sprinklers, shall comply with the
bulb color designation shown in Table 3.3.7. The bulb fluid color shall be considered a suitable method
of temperature identification in addition to permanent marking elsewhere on the sprinkler.
Table 3.3.7. Temperature Ratings and Bulb Color Codes

Nominal Temperature Rating
°F (°C) Bulb Color Code
135 (57) Orange
155 (68) Red
175 (79) Yellow
200, 225 (93, 107) Green
250, 286 (121, 141) Blue
325, 360 (162, 182) Mauve
400 to 650 (204 to 343) Black
3.3.8 Flush sprinklers shall be color coded. Such color identification may be a dot suitably located and visible
on the link, arms, or other component as appropriate. Such location shall be evaluated on a case-by-case
basis.
3.3.9 For all concealed sprinklers, the cover plate shall be marked with the words ‘‘Do Not Paint’’ in characters
at least 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) in height.
3.3.10 Horizontal sidewall sprinklers shall include the word ‘‘Top’’ on the deflector to indicate orientation.
3.3.11 Vertical sidewall sprinklers shall bear an arrow indicating the direction of flow and the word “flow”.
3.3.12 Factory plated sprinklers shall be identified as such with a distinctive marking so as to distinguish the
product from unauthorized field plating.

3.3.13 For factory decorative-painted (coated) sprinklers, some portion of the sprinkler shall remain unpainted
and readily visible from a minimum of 1 foot (0.3 m). This would allow a means to determine if the
sprinkler were repainted in the field. Field painting is prohibited.
3.3.14 For bulb-type automatic sprinklers, the manufacturer shall place a distinctive mark on a non-operating
part of the sprinkler to denote the bulb manufacturer if more than one source is used in a given design.
3.3.15 All markings must remain visible through any factory-applied plating or decorative coating.
3.3.16 With the exception of wax-coated sprinklers, all markings shall be permanent and visible from a distance
of 3 feet (0.9 m).
3.3.17 All quick response sprinklers must be marked with the words “Quick Response” or the initials “QR”.
3.4 Manufacturer’s Installation and Operation Instructions
The manufacturer shall provide the user with adequate instructions for proper installation with each shipment.
Automatic sprinklers shall be installed and maintained in accordance with applicable installation rules. Field
modification, such as replacing a component on a sprinkler, field plating, or painting, is prohibited.
3.5 Calibration
All examinations and tests shall use calibrated measuring instruments traceable and certified to national stan-
dards.

4.0 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
Test Pressures
All test pressures are based on the maximum rated working pressure of 175 psi (1205 kPa). Other pressures will
be considered at the discretion of FMRC.
4.1 Assembly Load/Frame Strength
4.1.1 Requirements
The frame of an automatic sprinkler shall be capable of withstanding twice the assembly load without
sustaining permanent elongation or deformation in excess of 0.2 percent of the distance between the load
bearing parts of the sprinkler.
4.1.2 Test/Verification
A. Fifteen previously untested sprinklers shall be individually tested to determine the assembly load. With
the threaded portion of the sprinkler restrained from movement, the heat responsive element of the test
sample shall be removed and the negative axial deflection of the frame, due to the release of the
assembly, recorded. A force necessary to return the deflection of the frame to the original zero position
shall be reapplied and the value of the force recorded.
B. Each of these sprinklers shall then be subjected momentarily (1 to 5 seconds) to twice the sum of the
force recorded in Section 4.1.2(A) plus the force applied to the sprinkler as a result of the maximum
rated working pressure [typically 175 psi (1205 kPa)]. The amount of permanent set after the load
application shall be determined.
4.2 Strength of Heat Responsive Element
4.2.1 Requirements
A. A heat responsive element of the fusible type shall be (1) capable of sustaining a load 15 times its
maximum design load for a period of 100 hours or (2) demonstrate the ability to sustain the maximum
element design load when tested in accordance with Section 4.2.2.
B. The lower tolerance limit for bulb strength shall be greater than two times the upper tolerance limit for
sprinkler assembly load based on calculations with a degree of confidence of 0.99. Calculations shall
be based on the Normal or Gaussian Distribution except where another distribution can be shown to
be more applicable due to manufacturing or design factors. The method for calculating the upper and
lower tolerance limits is shown in Appendix D.
4.2.2 Tests/Verification
A. Heat Responsive Element of the Fusible Type
1) Fifteen samples shall be loaded with a weight representing the equivalent of 15 times the design
load. If all samples remain undamaged after 100 hours, the results shall be deemed acceptable.
2) Fusible type heat responsive elements which cannot pass the test described in 4.2.2(A-1) shall meet
the following requirements. Sample fusible type heat-responsive elements shall be subjected to
loads in excess of the design load which will produce failure within and after 1000 hours. The test
samples shall be maintained at an environmental temperature of 70 ±5°F (21 ±2.6°C). At least 15
samples are to be loaded at different values to establish a basis of time as a function of load.

Failures which are not related to the solder bond shall be disregarded. A least square, full loga-
rithmic regression curve shall be plotted from which the load for failure at 1 hour (Lo) and the load
for failure at 1000 hours (Lm) shall be determined. The design load (Ld) shall be less than or equal
to the value determined in the expression:
2
Lm
Ld ≤ 1.02
Lo
where:
Ld = Maximum design load for the responsible element
Lm = Load resulting in failure at 1000 hours
Lo = Load resulting at failure in 1 hour
3) Where physical limitations of the fusible element prevent the application of the loads described in
Section 4.2.2(A), alternate methods of determining the adequacy of the design shall be developed
to ensure that such elements should not fail during the anticipated life span.
B. Heat Responsive Element of the Bulb Type
The results of Section 4.1.2(A) shall form the basis for the upper tolerance limit for the sprinkler
assembly load calculations. The lower tolerance limit for bulb strength shall be determined using the
results obtained from subjecting a minimum of 20 sample bulbs to an increasing load until the bulbs
fail. Each test shall be conducted with the bulb mounted in hardened steel inserts with seating surfaces
or dimensions which conform to the actual mating components of the sprinkler. The inserts shall have
a hardness within the range Rockwell C 38-50 (see Figure E-24). They shall be provided by the
manufacturer each time the test is specified. The load shall be applied at a rate of compression not
exceeding 0.05 in./min (1.27 mm/min). The results obtained from the two sets of data shall be utilized
for the tolerance limit calculations as described in Appendix D, Tolerance Limit Calculations.
4.3 Leakage
4.3.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall not weep or leak at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa) hydrostatic pressure and shall
not leak at 30 psi (205 kPa) pneumatic pressure.
4.3.2 Tests/Verification
A. Hydrostatic - 10 previously untested sprinklers shall be individually subjected to a slowly rising
hydrostatic pressure. The pressure shall be increased from 0 to 500 psi (0 to 3445 kPa), at a rate not
to exceed 300 psi (2070 kPa) per minute, and maintained at 500 psi (3455 kPa) for 1 minute.
B. Pneumatic - 4 previously untested sprinklers shall be individually conditioned at −20°F ±10
(−29 °C ±6) for 24 hours. Each sample shall be pneumatically pressurized to 30 psi (205 kPa) and
emersed in glycol liquid conditioned to −20°F (−29°C), and observed for 5 minutes.
4.4 Hydrostatic Strength
4.4.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall be capable of withstanding, without rupture, an internal hydrostatic pressure of
700 psi (4825 kPa) for a period of 1 minute.

If all samples comply with the requirements of Section 4.3.2(A), each sample shall be further subjected
to a gradually increasing hydrostatic pressure to 700 psi (4825 kPa) at a rate not to exceed
300 psi (2070 kPa) per minute. The test pressure shall be maintained for 1 minute. If leakage at the orifice
prevents testing, a modified method to seal the orifice, as determined by FMRC, shall be employed to
facilitate testing.
4.5 30-Day Leakage
4.5.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall not weep or leak when subjected to an internal hydrostatic pressure of
300 psi (2070 kPa) for a continuous period of 30 days. Following completion of this test period, the
samples shall not weep or leak at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa) when tested in accordance with Section
4.3 (Leakage). The samples shall also show no evidence of distortion or physical damage.
Five previously untested automatic sprinklers shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no
weep or leak points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). They shall then be installed on a water-filled test
apparatus which is to be maintained at ambient temperature and at a constant pressure of
300 psi (2070 kPa) for 30 days. The samples shall be examined weekly during the test period for evidence
of leakage of water at the seal.
Following this test, the samples shall be subjected to the post-tests detailed above.
4.6 Water Hammer
4.6.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall be capable of withstanding 100,000 applications of a pressure surge of approxi-
mately 50 to 500 psi (345 to 3445 kPa) without leakage, distortion, or physical damage. Following
satisfactory completion of this test, the samples shall not weep or leak at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa)
when tested in accordance with Section 4.3 (Leakage) and shall meet the requirements of Section 4.32
(Sensitivity-Air Oven). The samples shall also show no evidence of distortion or physical damage.
Five previously untested samples shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or leak
points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). They shall then be installed on a water-filled manifold and
subjected to changes in pressure from approximately 50 to 500 psi (345 to 3445 kPa). The cycle period
shall be between 1 and 10 seconds. Observations shall be made for evidence of leakage at least twice a
day during the test period.
4.7 Operating Temperature (Liquid Bath)
4.7.1 Requirements
The operating temperature of a group of at least 10 sprinklers shall fall within the specified range of the
nominal operating temperature. The operating temperature for all samples shall be within ±3.5 percent of
the marked nominal temperature rating.

Ten previously untested sprinklers shall be immersed in a vessel containing water or, for nominal tem-
perature ratings in excess of 200°F (93°C), vegetable oil.
The sprinklers shall be placed on a grate suspended above the bottom of the vessel. The liquid level shall
not exceed 1 in. (25.4 mm) above the sprinkler. The vessel shall be provided with a source for heating the
liquid, a means to agitate the liquid, and a device to measure the temperature of the liquid bath. The device
used to measure the temperature of the liquid bath shall be calibrated in accordance with the ASTM
Standard E-1, ‘‘Standard Specification for ASTM Thermometers’’, or the equivalent.
The temperature of the bath shall be raised until the liquid is 20°F (11.1°C) below the nominal temperature
rating of the sprinkler. The temperature rise shall then be controlled at a rate not exceeding 1°F (0.56°C)
per minute until operation or until a bath temperature ten percent above the nominal temperature of the
sprinkler is reached. The temperature of the liquid bath at the time of operation of each sprinkler shall be
recorded.
Partial fracture of a glass bulb which does not result in sprinkler operation, i.e., strutting, shall necessitate
an additional sensitivity test (Air Oven Test, Section 4.32) in order to verify proper operation of the
sprinkler in air.
4.8 Hang-Up of Operating Parts
4.8.1 Requirements
When tested as described below, hang-up of operating parts on the frame, compression screw, and/or the
deflector shall not exceed 1 percent of the samples tested. For extended coverage type automatic sprin-
klers, no hang-ups are acceptable. Any non-operation caused by binding of an operating element or
improper fracturing of a glass bulb, shall be considered a failure. Momentary obstructions which clear in
less than 60 seconds, are not considered hang-ups. Pressures other than those shown in Table 4.8.2 may
be tested at the discretion of FMRC.
Samples in accordance with Table 4.8.2, shall be individually operated in their intended installation
position using a suitable heat source, at each of the indicated pressures, and the ejection of operating parts
shall be observed. A total of 100 sprinklers shall be tested (see Figure E-3). Dry sprinklers shall be tested
at both the minimum and maximum lengths.
Table 4.8.2 Hang-Up Test Samples

Pressure
psi (kPa) Number of Samples
7 ( 48) 10
25 (170) 15
50 (345) 15
75 (515) 15
100 (690) 15
125 (860) 10
150 (1035) 10
175 (1205) 10

4.9 Strength of Deflector
4.9.1 Requirements
The deflector and its method of attachment shall be designed and manufactured so that operation and
subsequent waterflow does not cause damage to the deflector or cause its disengagement from the
sprinkler. Following test completion, there shall be no evidence of deflector distortion, damage, or
impending separation from the frame on any of the sprinklers tested. The deflector shall not rotate freely.
Three previously untested sample sprinklers shall be individually installed in the test apparatus detailed in
Figure E-3 in their intended orientation. Water shall be introduced to the inlet of each sprinkler at a
pressure of 225 psi (1380 kPa). Each sprinkler shall then be operated using a suitable heat source and water
flow shall be maintained at 225 psi (1380 kPa) for a period of 15 minutes.
4.10 Vacuum
4.10.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall be so designed that when the inlet of an assembled sprinkler is subjected to a
vacuum, as might be experienced during draining of a sprinkler system, the sprinkler shall not be damaged
or leak when tested as described in 4.10.2. Following this test, each sample shall not weep or leak at a
pressure of 5 psi (35 kPa) when tested in accordance with Section 4.3 (Leakage). Additionally, each sample
shall not weep or leak at a pressure at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa).
Three previously untested sprinklers shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or
leak points at or below 500 psi (3445 kPa). They shall then be subjected to a vacuum of 26 in. Hg
(660 mm Hg) for a period of one minute.
4.11 High Ambient Temperature Exposure (90 Day Test)
4.11.1 Requirements
A. Automatic sprinklers shall be capable of withstanding an exposure to a high ambient temperature in
accordance with Table 4.11.1 and Section 4.11.2 for a period of 90 days without evidence of weakness
or failure. Following the exposed period, each sample shall not weep or leak at, or below,
500 psi (3445 kPa) when tested in accordance with Section 4.3 (Leakage). Subsequently, half of the
sprinklers, shall be tested for conformance to the requirements for sensitivity as described in Sec-
tions 4.29, 4.30, and 4.31, as applicable. The remaining samples shall be tested for operating tem-
perature as described in Section 4.7. Exceptions are noted as described below.

Table 4.11.1 High Ambient Temperature Exposure Test Conditions

Sprinkler Nominal Nominal1
Temperature Rating Test Temperatures
°F (°C) °F (°C)
135 to 170 ( 57 to 77) 100 (38)
175 to 225 ( 79 to 107) 150 (66)
250 to 300 (121 to 149) 225 (107)
325 to 375 (163 to 191) 300 (149)
400 to 475 (204 to 246) 365 (185)
500 to 575 (260 to 302) 465 (241)
650 (343) Evaluated on a case-by-case basis
1
Note: Tolerance on Nominal Test Temperature at stabilized condition: ± 3°F (1.7°C)
B. High ambient temperature can affect platings and coatings such as decorative (painting) or corrosion
resistant (wax, asphalt, etc . . . ) which may ultimately impact the performance of automatic sprin-
klers. Following exposure of coated or plated sprinklers, there shall be no evidence of shrinking,
hardening, cracking, or flaking of the coating or plating. Following this test, each sample shall not
weep or leak at or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa) when tested in accordance with Section 4.3 (Leakage).
Subsequently, each sample shall operate satisfactorily when tested in accordance with Section 4.32
(Sensitivity-Air Oven).
C. For sprinkler coatings which contain volatiles, the softening point for sprinklers with nominal tem-
perature of 155°F (68°C) or greater shall be at least 20°F (11°C) under the rated temperature and not
less than 20°F (11°C) above the maximum allowed installation temperature. Coated sprinklers with
nominal temperature ratings less than 155°F (68°C) shall be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
D. Where proper operation of On-Off types of automatic sprinklers depends on elastomeric seals, the
sprinkler shall conform to the leakage requirement specified in Section 4.3 (Leakage) and shall
subsequently operate properly when tested in accordance with Section 4.32, (Sensitivity-Air Oven).
E. For dry-type sprinklers, following exposure, half of the samples shall be tested for conformance to
Section 4.3 (Leakage). All samples shall be tested to verify clearing of the waterway when operated
using a suitable heat source, in the prescribed orientation with the appropriate associated minimum
inlet water pressure as stated in Table 4.23.1 (Minimum Operating Pressure).
F. Concealed-type automatic sprinklers incorporating a solder alloy or other temperature sensitive mate-
rial to attach the cover plate shall not experience separation of the cover plate, while suspended, during
the exposure. Following the test, the sprinkler covers will be tested for operational temperature as stated
in Section 4.7 (Operating Temperature).
A. Ten previously untested sprinklers shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or
leak points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). They shall then be subjected to the high ambient
temperature selected in accordance with Table 4.11.1 for a period of 90 days. An automatically
controlled, circulating constant-temperature oven shall be used for this test. At a minimum, both
shortest and longest lengths for dry-type sprinklers shall be evaluated.
B. For coatings which contain volatiles, a sample of the coating shall be placed in an open container and
subjected to the maximum allowed installation temperature of the sprinkler as stated in Table 4.11.1 for
a period of 90 days. Prior to and following the 90-day test, samples of such coatings shall be subjected
to the ASTM E 28-67, ‘‘Ring and Ball Method’’ softening point test, or its equivalent as determined
by FMRC.
Following these tests, the samples shall be subjected to the post-tests detailed above. Manufacturers may
submit additional samples for evaluation prior to completion of the required test period. Such samples are
for reference only.

4.12 Thermal Shock (Glass Bulb Sprinklers Only)
4.12.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers having frangible bulbs shall operate within their nominal operating temperature
range after having been exposed to a series of thermal shocks. Full operation in the cold bath shall not
constitute failure of this test. Operation in the hot bath during the cycling portion of this test is not
acceptable. Following the sequence detailed in Section 4.12.2, each sample shall meet the operating
temperature requirements specified in Section 4.7 (Operating Temperature).
Five previously untested samples shall be conditioned for five minutes in a liquid bath maintained at a
temperature of seven percent below their nominal rating.
The sprinklers shall then be removed and immediately submerged for a period of 15 to 30 seconds into
a cold water bath maintained at 50 ±2°F (10 ±1.1°C). This sequence of heating and plunging into the cold
water bath shall be repeated three times on each sample.
4.13 Discharge Coefficient (K-Factor)
4.13.1 Requirements
The mean value of the K-factor shall be consistent with Table 4.13.1 when tested as detailed in Section
4.13.2. Additionally, no individual values shall fall outside of the stated range.
Table 4.13.1 K-Factor Ranges

K-Factor
Range in K-Factor
Nominal U.S. Customary Range in
Orifice K-Factor Units Metric Units
Designation gal/min/(psi)½ gal/min/(psi)½ dm3/min/(kPa)½
Small 2.8 2.6 to 2.9 3.8 to 4.2
Standard 5.6 5.3 to 5.8 7.6 to 8.4
Large 8.0 7.4 to 8.2 10.7 to 11.8
Extra Large Orifice 11.2 11.0 to 11.5 15.9 to 16.6
Very Extra Large Orifice 14.0 13.5 to 14.5 19.5 to 20.9
“K - 16.8’’ 16.8 16.0 to 17.6 23.1 to 25.4
Four samples shall be tested using the test apparatus for determining K-factor shown in Figure E-4 (for
a nominal K-factor less than or equal to 8.0 gal/min/(psi)½) and Figure E-5 (for larger nominal K-factors)
at increasing and decreasing pressures over the complete operating range, 15-175 psi (105-1205 kPa) in
10 psi (70 kPa) increments. With the deflector and a portion of the frame removed, if necessary, to
facilitate testing, each sample shall be inserted into the test fixture and torqued to a rotation one-half turn
(180 degrees) beyond ‘‘hand tight‘‘ using an appropriate wrench. In order to evaluate potential distortion
of thin-walled waterways, extra large orifice sprinklers utilizing 1⁄2 in. NPT threaded connections or
sprinklers with a nominal K-factor greater than 14.0 gal/min/(psi)½ utilizing 3⁄4 in. NPT threaded con-
nections shall be tested in both “hand tight” and “hand tight” plus one full turn conditions.

The K-factor shall be determined using the expression:
Q
K =
P½
where Q = flow rate [gal/min (dm3/min)] and P = pressure [psi (kPa)].
For dry (fixed length) sprinklers, tests shall be conducted on a minimum of two of the longest and two of
the shortest lengths as well as one sample of an intermediate length.
For dry (adjustable type) sprinklers, tests shall be conducted on a minimum of two samples while adjusted
to the longest, the shortest, and one intermediate position.
4.14 Moist Air
4.14.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall withstand an exposure to high temperature and humidity for a continuous
period of 90 days. Following the exposure, two test samples shall not weep or leak at, or below,
500 psi (3445 kPa) in accordance with Section 4.3 (Leakage), and all test samples shall be capable of
unobstructed water discharge when operated at the minimum operating pressure stated in Table 4.23.1
within five seconds from the time the thermo-sensitive assembly operates.
Five previously untested sprinklers shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or leak
points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). They shall then be exposed to a temperature-humidity atmosphere
consisting of a relative humidity of 98 percent ±2 percent and a temperature of 203 ±2°F (95 ±1.1°C) for
a period of 90 days. The thermo-sensitive element shall be specially fabricated for this test if the exposure
temperature exceeds the nominal temperature rating. The sprinklers shall be installed on a pipe manifold
which contains water in approximately 50 percent of its volume. The entire manifold along with the
sprinklers shall be placed in the high temperature and humidity enclosure.
4.15 Corrosion — Salt Spray
4.15.1 Requirements
In order to evaluate the resistance to corrosion of the assembly, such as might be experienced by dissimilar
materials in contact over long periods of time, automatic sprinklers shall withstand a timed exposure to a
salt spray atmosphere. When tested as detailed in Section 4.15.2, visual evidence of severe deterioration
or impending failure of any component shall constitute failure. Following exposure, all of the samples
shall be subjected to a hydrostatic pressure of 175 psi (1205 kPa) for one minute without leakage.
Subsequently, half of the sprinklers shall be tested for conformance with the requirements for sensitivity
as described in Sections 4.29, 4.30, 4.31 and 4.32, as applicable. The remaining samples shall be tested
for operating temperature as described in Section 4.7. Should the deflector, or its attachment method
exhibit questionable corrosive attack, at least one sample shall be tested for compliance with the require-
ments in Section 4.9 (Strength of Deflector).
Eight previously untested samples shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or leak
points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa).

Each sprinkler inlet shall be filled with deionized water and sealed with a non-reactive material (e.g.,
plastic cap) so as to prevent the introduction of salt fog into the waterway of the sprinkler. Each sprinkler
shall be supported in its intended installation position.
The samples shall be exposed to salt spray (fog) as specified by the latest version of the Standard for Salt
Spray (Fog) Testing, ASTM B117. The salt solution shall consist of 20 percent by weight of common salt
(sodium chloride) dissolved in deionized water.
The samples shall be exposed for a period of 10 days.
For automatic sprinklers having a corrosion resistant coating, the samples shall be exposed for a period of
30 days.
Following the exposure to the salt fog, the samples shall be removed from the test chamber and permitted
to air dry for a two- to four-day drying period. Following this drying period, the samples shall be subjected
to the post-exposure tests as required in Section 4.15.1.
4.16 Corrosion — Stress Cracking
4.16.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall be resistant to stress corrosion cracking, as determined through the process
described below. Following exposure, the samples shall not show evidence of cracking, delamination, or
degradation.
After exposure, all sprinklers shall be subjected to a leak resistance test at 175 psi (1205 kPa) for one
minute without weepage or leakage. Half of the samples shall then be operated using a suitable heat source
at a minimum operating pressure as stated in Table 4.23.1. Non-operation shall constitute failure. The
remaining half of the samples shall not show evidence of separation of permanently attached parts
following operation using a suitable heat source at a hydrostatic pressure of 175 psi (1205 kPa) and
subsequent water flow at this pressure for a period of 1 minute.
A. Copper Based Parts (Ammonia Test)
In order to determine the susceptibility of copper based sprinkler parts to stress corrosion cracking, four
previously untested sprinklers shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or leak
points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). They shall then be subjected for 10 days to a moist ammonia
environment.
The inlet end of each sample shall be filled with deionized water and sealed with a non-reactive material
(e.g., plastic cap) so as to prevent the introduction of the ammonia atmosphere into the waterway of the
sprinkler. The samples to be tested shall be free from a protective coating and, if necessary, degreased. If
the coating is an inherent part of the design, such coating shall be subjected to tests as deemed necessary
by FMRC to evaluate its protective integrity. The samples shall be tested in their intended orientation.
There shall be provisions in the test chamber to prevent droplets of condensation from falling from the top
of the enclosure directly onto the sprinklers. Such shield or other means shall be constructed of glass or
other non-reactive materials.
The samples shall be exposed to the moist ammonia-air mixture maintained in a glass chamber with a
volume of 0.73 ±0.34 ft3 (0.02 ±0.01 m3).
Aqueous ammonia having a density of 5.86×10-5 lb/ft3 (0.94 g/cm3) shall be maintained in the bottom of
the chamber, approximately 1.5 in. (40 mm) below the bottom of the samples. A volume of aqueous
ammonia equal to 0.075 gal/ft3 (10 dm3) of the test chamber volume shall result in approximately the
following atmospheric concentrations: 35 percent ammonia, 5 percent water vapor, and 60 percent air. The
moist ammonia-air mixture shall be maintained at essentially atmospheric pressure with the temperature
held at 93 ±4°F (34 ±2°C). Provision shall be made for venting the chamber, such as by the use of a
capillary tube, to avoid buildup of pressure.

Upon removal, sprinklers shall be rinsed in potable water and dried. Following a two- to four-day drying
period, visual examination of the samples shall be made. The samples shall then be subjected to the
post-exposure tests as required in Section 4.16.1.
B. Austenitic, Ferritic, and Duplex Stainless Steel Parts (Boiling Magnesium Chloride)
Four previously untested assembled sprinklers shall be degreased and then exposed to a boiling magne-
sium chloride solution for a period of 500 hours as described below. Special fixtures may be employed to
simulate assembly loading on parts, where appropriate.
Samples are to be placed in a flask fitted with a wet condenser. The flask shall be filled approximately
one-half full with a 42 percent by weight magnesium chloride solution, placed on a thermostatically-
controlled electrically-heated mantle, and maintained at a boiling temperature of approximately 302°F
(150°C).
Following exposure, the samples shall be removed and rinsed in potable water. Following a two- to
four-day drying period, visual examination of the samples shall be made. The samples shall then be
subjected to the post-exposure tests as required in Section 4.16.1.
C. Parts of Other Materials
Parts of other materials shall withstand comparable tests based upon the type of material employed at the
discretion of FMRC.
4.17 Corrosion — Carbon Dioxide-Sulfur Dioxide
4.17.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall be resistant to corrosion resulting from exposures to a moist carbon dioxide-
sulfur dioxide-air mixture. Following the exposure period, the samples shall be examined for deterioration
or impending failure of any component. Such condition is unacceptable and constitutes failure. Following
the examination, all of the samples shall be subjected to a hydrostatic pressure of 175 psi (1205 kPa) for
one minute without weepage or leakage. Subsequently, half of the samples shall be tested for compliance
with Section 4.7, (Operating Temperature), and half of the samples shall be tested for conformance to the
requirements for sensitivity as described in Sections 4.29, 4.30, 4.31 and 4.32, as applicable. Should the
deflector or its attachment exhibit questionable corrosive attack, at least one sample shall be subjected to
a water flow at a pressure of 175 psi (1205 kPa) for a period of one minute. Upon completion of this test,
the deflector shall not show evidence of fracture, distortion or impending separation from the frame.
Four previously untested sprinklers shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or leak
points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). They shall then be exposed to a moist carbon dioxide-sulfur
dioxide-air mixture for a period of 10 days.
The inlet end of each sample, shall be filled with deionized water and sealed with a non-reactive material
(e.g., plastic cap) so as to prevent the introduction of the gas mixture into the waterway of the sprinkler.
The sprinkler shall be tested in its intended installation position.
The samples shall be tested in a chamber having provisions for gas inlet and outlet. Sulfur dioxide and
carbon dioxide are to be supplied to the test chamber from commercial cylinders. An amount of sulfur
dioxide equivalent to one percent of the volume of the test chamber, and an equal volume of carbon
dioxide shall be introduced into the chamber each working day after the chamber has been purged.
Deionized water shall be maintained at a depth approximately 2 in. (51 mm) in the bottom of the chamber.

Following the exposure, the samples shall be removed from the test chamber and permitted to air dry for
a two- to four-day drying period. Following this drying period, the samples shall be subjected to the
For automatic sprinklers having corrosion-resistant coatings, eight previously untested samples shall be
exposed to this test for a period of 30 days.
4.18 Corrosion — Hydrogen Sulfide
4.18.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall be resistant to corrosion resulting from exposures to a moist hydrogen sulfide-
air mixture. Following the exposure period, the samples shall be examined for deterioration or impending
failure of any component. Such condition is unacceptable and constitutes failure. Following the exami-
nation, all of the samples shall be subjected to a hydrostatic pressure of 175 psi (1205 kPa) for one minute
without weepage or leakage. Subsequently, half of the samples shall be tested for compliance with Section
4.7, (Operating Temperature), and half of the samples shall be tested for conformance to the requirements
for sensitivity as described in Sections 4.29, 4.30, 4.31 and 4.32, as applicable. Should the deflector or its
attachment exhibit questionable corrosive attack, at least one sample shall be subjected to a water flow at
a pressure of 175 psi (1205 kPa) for a period of one minute. Upon completion of this test, the deflector
shall not show evidence of fracture, distortion or impending separation from the frame.
points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). They shall then be exposed to a moist hydrogen sulfide-air mixture
for a period of 10 days.
The inlet end of each sample, shall be filled with deionized water and sealed with a non-reactive material
(e.g., plastic cap) so as to prevent the introduction of the gas mixture into the waterway of the sprinkler.
The sprinkler shall be tested in its intended installation position.
The samples shall be tested in a chamber having provisions for gas inlet and outlet. Hydrogen sulfide is
to be supplied to the test chamber from commercial cylinders. An amount of hydrogen sulfide equivalent
to one percent of the volume of the test chamber shall be introduced into the chamber each working day
after the chamber has been purged. Deionized water shall be maintained at a depth of approximately 2 in.
(51 mm) in the bottom of the chamber.
Following the exposure, the samples shall be removed from the test chamber and permitted to air dry for
a two- to four-day drying period. Following this drying period, the samples shall be subjected to the
For automatic sprinklers having corrosion-resistant coatings, eight previously untested samples shall be
exposed to this test for a period of 30 days.
4.19 Vibration
4.19.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall be able to withstand the effects of vibration without deterioration of their
performance characteristics. Following the vibration test detailed in Section 4.19.2, the sprinklers shall not
weep or leak at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa) in accordance with Section 4.3 (Leakage). Subsequently, half
of the sprinklers shall be tested for conformance to the requirements for sensitivity as described in Sections
4.29, 4.30, 4.31 and 4.32, as applicable. The remaining samples shall be tested for compliance with Section
4.7 (Operating Temperature).

points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). They shall then be subjected to the vibration conditions stated in
Table 4.19.2.
Table 4.19.2 Vibration Conditions

Total Displacement Frequency Time
in. (mm) Hz Hours
0.020 (0.51) 28 5
0.040 (1.02) 28 5
0.150 (3.81) 28 5
0.040 (1.02) 8 to 37 variable 5
0.070 (1.78) 8 to 37 variable 5
The sprinklers shall be attached to a mounting plate and the plate bolted to the table of a vibration machine
so that the sprinklers are vibrated vertically. This test shall be conducted with the sprinklers unpressurized.
The sprinklers shall be subjected to the above vibration conditions and continuously monitored for
15 minutes for each condition (75 minutes total). If one or more resonant point(s) is detected, the sprinklers
shall be vibrated for the remainder of the test at such frequency(ies) for a period of time proportionate to
the number of resonant frequencies. Otherwise the sprinklers shall be subjected to each vibration condition
for a period of 5 hours (25 hours total).
Following this test, the samples shall be subjected to the post-tests detailed in Section 4.19.1.
4.20 Rough Use and Abuse
4.20.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers shall have adequate strength to withstand impacts associated with handling, ship-
ment, and installation without deterioration of performance or reliability. Following the tests detailed
below, a visual examination of each sprinkler shall reveal no permanent distortion, cracks, breaks, or other
evidence of impending failure. Also, each sprinkler shall not weep or leak at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa)
in accordance with Section 4.3 (Leakage). Subsequently, half of the samples shall be tested for conform-
ance to the requirements for sensitivity as described in Sections 4.29, 4.30, 4.31 and 4.32, as applicable.
The remaining samples shall be tested for compliance with Section 4.7 (Operating Temperature). Complete
operation of the sprinkler during the test described in Section 4.20.2(B) is permitted. Rack sprinklers shall
only be tested to Section 4.20.2(A) and 4.20.2(C). The test detailed in Section 4.20.2(B) is not required
for dry sprinklers if they are packaged in such a fashion as to preclude damage during shipping. Additional
testing shall be at the discretion of FMRC.
A. Five previously untested sprinklers shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or
leak points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). Each sprinkler shall then be tested by dropping a weight
equal to that of the sprinkler onto the deflector end of the sprinkler along the axial centerline of the
waterway (see Figure E-6). The weight shall be dropped from a height of 3.2 ft (1.0 m) above the
deflector. The weight shall be prevented from impacting the test sample more than once.
B. Five previously untested sprinklers shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or
leak points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). Each Sprinkler shall then be individually subjected to a
tumbling test for three minutes. Sprinklers provided with shipping caps, which are intended for
removal only after completion of the sprinkler installation, shall be tested with the caps in place. Each
sample shall be placed in a vinyl lined right hexagonal prism shaped drum designed to provide a

tumbling action. The drum shall have a length along the axis of rotation of 10 in. (255 mm). The
distance between two opposite and parallel sides of each hexagonal shaped drum end plate shall be 12
in. (305 mm). For each test, the drum shall contain one sprinkler and five wood blocks. The blocks
shall be 1-½ in. (40 mm) cubes made of hardwood (i.e. oak, maple, etc). The drum shall be rotated at
one revolution per second about its longitudinal axis.
C. For rack storage sprinklers, five previously untested samples shall not sustain damage when the
assembled sprinklers are individually dropped from a height of 30 in. (760 mm) onto a concrete surface
such that the shield impacts the floor at an angle of approximately 45 degrees. The shield shall not
shear off or bend as a result of this impact. Rotation of the shield shall not alter the assembly load on
the sprinkler.
Following these tests, the samples shall be subjected to the post-tests detailed in Section 4.20.1.
4.21 High Temperature Exposure
4.21.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers, less operating mechanisms, shall not show significant deformation, blistering, or
fracture following exposure to high temperatures as detailed in Section 4.21.2. FMRC reserves the right
to conduct K-factor (Section 4.13) and/or distribution (Section 4.33 or 4.34) tests on any and all samples
to validate compliance with the requirements.
One open sprinkler, supported on its threaded inlet, shall be heated in an oven or furnace having a
temperature of 1470 ±20°F (800 ±11°C) for a period of 15 minutes. Following this exposure, the sprinkler
shall be removed by holding the threaded inlet portion with tongs and promptly submerged in a water bath
with a temperature of 60 ±10°F (15 ±6°C).
4.22 Freezing
4.22.1 Requirements
Following exposure to freezing temperatures, automatic sprinklers shall either (a) operate, (b) leak sub-
sequent to thawing when hydrostatically pressurized from 5 to 175 psi (35 to 1205 kPa), or (c) sustain no
damage. For (c), sprinklers shall not weep or leak at, or below, 500 psi (3447 kPa) and subsequently, one
of the sprinklers shall be tested for conformance to the requirements for sensitivity as described in Sections
4.29, 4.30, 4.31 and 4.32, as applicable. The remaining sample shall be tested for compliance with Section
4.7 (Operating Temperature). The inlet of dry-type sprinklers shall be designed to prevent non-operation
due to the freezing of water residue at the sprinkler pipe fitting.
Two previously untested sprinklers shall be hydrostatically tested to confirm that there are no weep or leak
points at, or below, 500 psi (3445 kPa). Prior to exposure, each sprinkler shall be attached to one end of
a 4 in. (102 mm) minimum length of 1 in. nominal diameter schedule 40 steel pipe using an appropriate
fitting. Each assembly shall then be filled to capacity with water and sealed. They shall then be exposed
to a temperature of −20 ±10°F (−30 ±5°C) for a period of 24 hours or until operation.

4.23 Minimum Operating Pressure
4.23.1 Requirements
An automatic sprinkler shall be designed to maintain closure of its water seal for an extended period of
time without leakage and to produce positive operation and release of all operating parts at the minimum
operating pressure stated in Table 4.23.1. Following the operation of the thermo-sensitive assembly, all
parts which are intended to prohibit the discharge or leakage of water shall clear the exit of the waterway
within 5 seconds.
For sprinklers such as on-off type where parts may not be released or expelled, proper actuation of all
components to permit full water discharge is required.
Table 4.23.1. Automatic Sprinkler Minimum Operating Pressure.

Operating Pressure
Type of Automatic Sprinkler psi (kPa)
Dry Upright 10 (70)
K-factor 2.8 and 5.6 3 (20)
All others 5 (35)
Ten previously untested sprinklers shall be subjected to an inlet water pressure at or below that shown in
Table 4.23.1 and operated using a suitable heat source. Pressure shall be slowly increased to determine the
actual minimum operating pressure.
4.24 Process Residue
4.24.1 Requirements
To simulate years of service in dusty or corrosive environments, the ability of lightly coated or corroded
automatic sprinklers to operate shall be verified.
Verification of Section 4.24.1 shall be made in conjunction with Section 4.15 (Corrosion-Salt-Spray).
Additional process residue tests may be conducted at the discretion of FMRC.
4.25 Cycling (On-Off Type Only)
4.25.1 Requirements
On-off type automatic sprinklers shall be capable of operation through 5000 full opening and closing
cycles with potable water, and 100 opening and closing cycles with non-potable water. Following comple-
tion of the cycling phase, each sample shall be subjected to a leak test at 175 psi (1205 kPa) for 1 minute
without leakage, and operated using a suitable heat source at a minimum hydrostatic pressure selected in
accordance with Table 4.23.1. In addition, the operating temperature of each sprinkler’s cycling device
shall be tested in accordance with Section 4.7 (Operating Temperature).
Requirements for on-off type automatic sprinklers which are intended to be replaced after operation may
be reduced at the discretion of FMRC. For such sprinklers leakage shall be limited to the degree specified
by the manufacturer.

A. Using potable water, three previously untested samples shall be individually operated 5000 times using
a suitable heat source. The inlet water pressure shall be maintained at 20 ±10 psi (138 ±70 kPa) at full
water flow. In each cycle, the device shall demonstrate a full open and full close condition. The period
of cycling shall be determined by FMRC.
B. Using non-potable water, three previously untested samples shall be individually operated 100 times
using a suitable heat source. Water to each sprinkler shall be provided by means of a sump pump taking
suction from a reservoir containing an agitator (to minimize settling of particles) and a water/particle
mixture consisting of 30 gallons (114 dm3) of water, 0.89 lb (400 g) of pipe rust scale, 1.21 lb (550
g) of top soil, and 1.44 lb (650 g) of sand. Particle size shall be controlled using ASTM E11, ‘‘Standard
Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes’’ and as detailed in Table 4.25.2 The water
pressure to the sprinkler shall be 20 ±10 psi (138 ±70 kPa) at full water flow. In each cycle, the device
shall demonstrate a full open and full close condition. The period of cycling shall be determined by
FMRC.
Table 4.25.2 Water/Particle Mixture for Cycling Test

Nominal Sieve
ASTM Sieve Mesh Opening Pipe Scale Top Soil Sand
Designation Inch (mm) lb (g) lb (g) lb (g)
25 0.0278 (0.70) 0 (0) 1.01 (460) 0.44 (200)
50 0.0117 (0.30) 0.18 (82) 0.19 (84) 0.73 (330)
100 0.0059 (0.15) 0.19 (84) 0.01 (6) 0.20 (90)
200 0.0029 (0.07) 0.18 (81) 0 (0) 0.06 (25)
325 0.0017 (0.04) 0.34 (153) 0 (0) 0.01 (5)
TOTAL: 0.89 (400) 1.21 (550) 1.44 (650)
4.26 Fail Safe (On-Off Type Only)
4.26.1 Requirements
On-off Sprinklers shall be designed so that, in the case of operational failure, the failure shall occur in the
fail safe (full on or open) mode only.
Tests, as deemed necessary and based upon the particular design under examination, shall be determined
by FMRC.
4.27 Temperature Cycling Test (On-Off Type Only)
4.27.1 Requirements
On-off type sprinklers with nominal temperature ratings of 250°F (121°C) and above shall withstand
100,000 temperature cycles without sustaining structural damage or affecting operating temperature.
Subsequently, the sprinklers shall be tested for conformance to the requirements of Section 4.7 (Operating
Temperature).

Two previously untested samples shall be subjected to 100,000 heating and cooling cycles utilizing an
appropriate heat source that does not make physical contact with the thermo-sensitive assembly. The
temperature cycle shall range from a low of 70 ±5°F (21 ±2.6°C) to a high equivalent to the appropriate
temperature selected in accordance with Table 4.11.1. The period of cycling shall be determined as deemed
necessary by FMRC.
4.28 Conductivity (C-Factor)
4.28.1 Requirements
The C-factor shall not exceed 1.81 (ft/s)½ [1.0 (m/s)½] for quick response and extended coverage-ordinary
hazard (ECOH) type sprinklers. Standard response sprinklers shall have a C-factor not exceeding
3.62 (ft/s)½ [2.0 (m/s)½]. Coated, flush, recessed, concealed and dry-types sprinklers are not subject to this
test.
The C-factor shall be determined using the prolonged plunge test. The prolonged plunge test is an iterative
process to determine the C-factor and may require up to twenty sprinkler samples. A new sprinkler sample
must be used for each test even if the sample does not operate during the test.
Determination of the C-factor shall be performed with sprinklers of each nominal temperature rating in the
‘‘best case’’ orientation as determined in the Sensitivity Test (Section 4.29).
The sprinkler under test shall have 1 to 1.5 wraps of PTFE sealant tape applied to the sprinkler threads.
Each sprinkler shall be allow to reach ambient temperature for a period of not less than 30 minutes.
At least 0.0007 gal (0.025 dm3) of water, conditioned to ambient temperature, shall be introduced into the
sprinkler inlet and mounting fixture prior to testing. All sprinklers are to be tested with the inlet end of each
sample connected to a source of pressure at 5 −0/+0.5 psi (35 −0/+5 kPa). All tests shall be conducted with
the centerline of the waterway perpendicular to the airflow in the test chamber.
To determine the C-factor, each sprinkler shall be immersed in the test stream at a particular air velocity
and air temperature for a maximum of 15 minutes. A timer accurate to ±0.01 seconds with suitable
measuring devices to sense the time between when the sprinkler is plunged into the tunnel and when it
operates shall be utilized to obtain the response time.
The mount temperature shall be maintained at 68 ±2°F (20 ±1°C) for the duration of each test. Testing shall
start with a tunnel gas temperature from the range detailed in Table 4.28.2.
The gas velocity in the tunnel test section at the sprinkler location shall be maintained within
±0.1 ft/s (0.03 m/s) of the selected velocity. Velocities are to be chosen such that actuation is bracketed
between two successive test velocities. That is, two velocities must be established such that at the lower
velocity (uL) actuation does not occur in the 15 minute test interval. At the next higher velocity (uH),
actuation must occur within the 15 minute time limit. The velocity shall be incremented from the minimum
to the maximum value detailed in Table 4.28.2. If the sprinkler does not operate at the highest velocity, a
higher temperature shall be used and the same procedure repeated.

Table 4.28.2 Range of Test Conditions for C-factor

Maximum Variation of
Gas Temperature During
Nominal Operating Tunnel Gas Tunnel Gas Test From Selected
Temperature(1) Temperature Velocity Temperatures
°F (°C) °F (°C) ft/s (m/s) °F (°C)
135–170 ( 57–77) ±1.8 (±1.0)
170–225 ( 79–107) ±2.7 (±1.5)
190 to 720 (88 to 382) 0.7 to 10 (0.2 to 3.05)
250–300 (121–149) ±8.1 (±4-5)
325–375 (163–191) ±10.8 (±6.0)
(1)
Note: For temperature ratings between those shown, a linear interpolation shall be used to determine the maximum variation from
selected temperature.
Test velocity selection shall insure that:

(uH/uL)½ ≤ 1.1
The C-factor of the sprinkler is determined by computing the average of the C-factors calculated at the two
velocities (uH and uL) using the following equations:
C +CH
CH = (∆Tg/∆Tb-1) uH½ CL = (∆Tg/∆Tb-1) uL½ C = L
2
where:
CH is the C-factor at velocity uH
CL is the C-factor at velocity uL
C is the average C-factor of the sprinkler
∆Tg is the actual gas (air) temperature minus the mount temperature
∆Tb is the mean liquid bath operating temperature minus the mount temperature
uH is the actual gas velocity in the test section at which the sprinklers operated
uL is the actual gas velocity in the test section at which the sprinklers failed to operate within 15 minutes
The sprinkler C-factor is determined by repeating the bracketing procedure. The C-factor values from three
non-operations shall be averaged. The C-factor values from three operations shall be averaged. The final
C-factor value is the calculated numerical average of these two values.
4.29 Sensitivity – Response Time Index (RTI)
4.29.1 Requirements
The following definitions apply to this Section:
Orientation, Best Case – The orientation which results in the lowest RTI if the sprinkler were a pendent
sprinkler. Typically, this orientation is one in which the sprinkler is situated such that the air flow is
perpendicular to both the waterway axis and the plane of the frame arms and, in the case of non-symmetric
elements, the heat responsive element is upstream of the frame arms.
Orientation, Worst Case – For use in this Standard, the worst case orientation is the given angular offset
from the orientation which results in the highest RTI. For standard response sprinklers, the angular offset
is 15°. The angular offset for quick response sprinklers is 25°.

A. All new standard response automatic sprinklers, with the exception of coated, flush, recessed, and
concealed types, shall exhibit the following Response Time Index (RTI):
1) The RTI shall be within the limits detailed in Figure E-2 when the sprinkler is tested in the best case
orientation as described in Section 4.29.2.
2) The RTI shall not be greater than 1090 (ft·s)½ [600 (m·s)½] or 250 percent of the value in the best
case orientation, whichever is less, when the sprinkler is tested in the worst case orientation as
described in Section 4.29.2.
B. Standard response sprinklers subjected to exposure tests shall have a post-exposure RTI not exceeding
130% of the original (new sprinkler) RTI values when tested in the best case orientation. RTI shall not
exceed limits as stated in Figure E-2.
C. All new quick response and extended coverage-ordinary hazard (ECOH) type automatic sprinklers
shall have a RTI not exceeding 90 (ft·s)½ [50 (m·s)½] when tested in the best case orientation.
D. Quick response sprinklers subjected to exposure tests shall have a post-exposure RTI not exceeding
130% of the original (new sprinkler) RTI values when tested in the best case orientation. RTI shall not
exceed limits as stated in Figure E-2.
E. All extended coverage light hazard (ECLH) type automatic sprinklers shall have an RTI not exceeding
the values detailed in tables 4.29.1(a-h).
F. Recessed, flush and concealed sprinklers shall comply with the requirements of the Sensitivity Test for
recessed, flush and concealed sprinklers (Section 4.30).
G. For automatic sprinklers for which testing in accordance with Section 4.29.2 is not practical (such as
wax coated), the sensitivity requirement shall be that the time for operation in a controlled rate-of-
temperature-rise air oven not exceed the limits shown in Table 4.32.1(b or c), as appropriate, when
tested in accordance with the Air Oven Sensitivity Test (Section 4.32).
Note: The FMRC ‘‘Plunge Test’’ is described in documents 1 through 4 as referenced in Section 1.10.
H. As an exception to the RTI limits in this section, one of the ten RTI values may deviate from the
specified limits by no more than 10%.

Table 4.29.1(a). Thermal Sensitivity Criteria (Worst Case RTI (ft·s)½)

for Upright and Pendent Extended Coverage Light Hazard (ECLH) Sprinklers
STANDARD RESPONSE
Temperature Worst Case C-Factor (ft/s)½
(°F) 0.91 1.36 1.81 2.26 2.72 3.17 3.62
175 232 183 118 — — — —
170 254 208 153 54 — — —
165 278 236 183 111 — — —
160 304 263 216 155 49 — —
155 333 294 251 196 118 — —
150 364 327 285 237 176 74 —
145 399 363 324 280 227 156 85
140 438 404 368 326 279 221 163
135 483 450 415 376 334 284 235
130 533 501 470 433 394 351 307
Table 4.29.1(b). Thermal Sensitivity Criteria (Worst Case RTI (ft·s)½)

QUICK RESPONSE
(°F) 0.91 1.36 1.81 2.26 2.72 3.17 3.62
175 54 — — — — — —
170 61 34 — — — — —
165 73 47 — — — — —
160 83 58 — — — — —
155 94 73 43 — — — —
150 107 86 59 — — — —
145 120 100 76 52 — — —
140 135 116 95 72 38 — —
135 152 134 114 93 69 — —
130 172 154 135 114 93 66 38

Table 4.29.1(c). Thermal Sensitivity Criteria (Worst Case RTI (ft·s)½)

for Horizontal Sidewall Extended Coverage Light Hazard (ECLH) Sprinklers
STANDARD RESPONSE
(°F) 0.91 1.36 1.81 2.26 2.72 3.17 3.62
175 113 48 — — — — —
170 131 73 — — — — —
165 150 96 — — — — —
160 170 124 50 — — — —
155 192 149 91 — — — —
150 216 174 126 58 — — —
145 245 205 157 103 43 — —
140 276 236 194 149 104 50 —
135 313 274 234 200 162 120 78
130 356 318 283 253 223 186 150
Table 4.29.1(d). Thermal Sensitivity Criteria (Worst Case RTI (ft·s)½)

QUICK RESPONSE
Temperature Worst case C-Factor (ft/s)½
(°F) 0.91 1.36 1.81 2.26 2.72 3.17 3.62
175 68 — — — — — —
170 81 — — — — — —
165 96 50 — — — — —
160 111 70 — — — — —
155 127 90 36 — — — —
150 145 110 65 — — — —
145 165 133 95 37 — — —
140 188 157 120 77 — — —
135 216 183 150 114 59 — —
130 246 216 183 148 107 56 —

Table 4.29.1(e) metric. Thermal Sensitivity Criteria (Worst Case RTI (m·s)½)
STANDARD RESPONSE
Temperature Worst case C-Factor (m/s)½
(°C) 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
79 128 101 65 — — — —
77 140 115 85 30 — — —
74 154 130 101 61 — — —
71 168 145 119 86 27 — —
68 184 162 139 108 65 — —
66 201 181 157 131 97 41 —
63 220 200 179 155 125 86 47
60 242 223 203 180 154 122 90
57 267 248 229 208 184 157 130
54 294 277 259 239 218 194 170
Table 4.29.1(f) metric. Thermal Sensitivity Criteria (Worst Case RTI (m·s)½)
QUICK RESPONSE
Temperature Worst Case C-Factor (m/s)½
(°C) 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
79 30 — — — — — —
77 34 19 — — — — —
74 40 26 — — — — —
71 46 32 — — — — —
68 52 40 24 — — — —
66 59 48 33 — — — —
63 66 55 42 29 — — —
60 75 64 52 40 21 — —
57 84 74 63 51 38 — —
54 95 85 75 63 51 36 21

Table 4.29.1(g) metric. Thermal Sensitivity Criteria (Worst Case RTI (m·s)½)
STANDARD RESPONSE
(°C) 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
79 62 27 — — — — —
77 72 40 — — — — —
74 83 53 — — — — —
71 94 69 28 — — — —
68 106 82 50 — — — —
66 119 96 70 32 — — —
63 135 113 87 57 24 — —
60 152 130 107 82 57 28 —
57 173 151 129 110 89 66 43
54 197 176 156 140 123 103 83
Table 4.29.1(h) metric. Thermal Sensitivity Criteria (Worst Case RTI (m·s)½)
QUICK RESPONSE
(°C) 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2
79 38 — — — — — —
77 45 — — — — — —
74 53 28 — — — — —
71 61 39 — — — — —
68 70 50 20 — — — —
66 80 61 36 — — — —
63 91 73 52 20 — — —
60 104 87 66 43 — — —
57 119 101 83 63 33 — —
54 136 119 101 82 59 31 —
Compliance with the requirements for RTI shall be determined by operating sprinkler samples in the
FMRC plunge tunnel, as described below. The FMRC plunge tunnel is further described in documents 1
thorugh 4 as referenced in Section 1.10. All tests shall be conducted with the waterway centerline
perpendicular to the air flow through the test chamber.
A. At the judgement of FMRC, a sufficient number of tests shall be conducted in various sprinkler
orientations relative to air flow, such that the worse-case orientation is determined. Subsequently, five
tests shall be conducted in the worst case orientation, and five tests shall be conducted in the best case
orientation.
B. The plunge tests are conducted using the sprinkler mount detailed in Figure E-7. Each sprinkler shall
have one to one-and-a-half wrap(s) of sealant tape applied to the sprinkler threads and shall be
threaded into the mount at connection ‘‘A’’ (See Figure E-7). An air supply is then attached at
connection ‘‘B’’ (See Figure E-7) and shall be pressurized to 5−0.0/+0.5 psi (35−0.0/+5 kPa).

C. A tunnel with gas velocity and temperature conditions at the test section established in accordance
with Table 4.29.2 shall be utilized. To minimize radiation exchange between the sensing element and
the boundaries confining the flow, the test section of the apparatus shall be constructed of appropriate
materials with an uninsulated metal test duct. Tunnel conditions shall be stabilized for a minimum of
30 minutes.
D. Each sprinkler and sprinkler mount shall be allowed to reach ambient temperature for a period of not
less than 30 minutes.
E. A timer accurate to ±0.01 seconds with suitable controlling devices, e.g., mercury switch for plunge
(start), pressure switch for operation (stop), shall be utilized to obtain the time to operate.
Table 4.29.2 Plunge Test Conditions

Sprinkler Nominal Temperature in Gas (Air) Velocity of
Response Temperature Rating Test Section Test Sectionb
Category °F (°C) °F (°C)a ft/s (m/s)
135–171 ( 57-77) 386±11 (197± 6)
174–225 (79–107) 555±16 (291± 9)
Standard 8.4±0.1 (2.56±0.03)
250–300 (121-149) 765±45 (407±25)
325-375 (163-191) 765±45 (407±25)
135–171 ( 57-77) 386±11 (197± 6)
174–225 (79–107) 386±11 (197± 6)
Quick 5.7±0.1 (1.75±0.03)
250–300 (121-149) 555±16 (291± 9)
325-375 (163-191) 765±45 (407±25)
Note: a. The calibrated air temperature shall be within ±1.8°F (1°C) of the true temperature
b. The calibrated air velocity shall be within ±0.1 ft/s (0.03 m/s) of the true velocity
F. In all cases, the RTI shall meet the requirements as stated in Section 4.29.1 when calculated as follows:
½
RTI = ( 1n[1 -∆T (1-t +C/(u)
b
u r
)/∆T ] )
½
·[1 +C/u ]
g
½
Where:
tr = response time of the sprinkler
u = the air velocity in the test section of the tunnel (from Table 4.29.2)
∆Tb = mean operating temperature of the sprinker, as determined in Section 4.7 (Operating Tempera-
ture) minus the ambient temperature
∆Tg = gas (air) temperature minus the ambient temperature
C = conductivity factor as determined in Section 4.28 (Conductivity).
4.30 Sensitivity (Recessed, Flush, and Concealed Types)
4.30.1 Requirements
Both standard and quick response recessed, flush and concealed automatic sprinklers shall operate within
the maximum response times as calculated in Section 4.30.2(A) when tested as detailed in Section
4.30.2(B), in the least protrusive position as possible. Recessed, flush, and concealed extended coverage
light hazard sprinklers shall comply with the requirements of Section 4.31. All of the test points must pass
the stated criteria.

A. The maximum response time shall be calculated using the combinations of RTI and C-factor shown in
Table 4.30.2(a) and the plunge tunnel conditions detailed in Table 4.30.2 (b) for the respective response
category.
Table 4.30.2 (a) RTI and C-Factor Combinations

RTI C-Factor Offset Angle
Response Category (ft·s)½ [(m·s)½] (ft/s)½ [(m/s)½] (degrees)
635 [350] 1.8 [1.0] 0
Standard 455 [250] 3.6 [2.0] 0
1090 [600] 9.0 [5.0] 15
90 [50] 1.4 [0.8] 0
Quick 55 [30] 1.8 [1.0] 0
225 [125] 3.6 [2.0] 25
Table 4.30.2 (b) Tunnel Conditions

Plunge Tunnel Plunge Applied
Gas Temperature Tunnel Velocity Vacuum
Response Category °F [°C] ft/sec [m/s] (mm Hg)
3.28 [1.0] 0.007
262.4 [128] 8.53 [2.6] 0.007
11.48 [3.5] 0.007
3.28 [1.0] 0.010
Standard 386.6 [197] 8.53 [2.6] 0.010
11.48 [3.5] 0.010
3.28 [1.0] 0.013
554.0 [290] 8.53 [2.6] 0.013
11.48 [3.5] 0.013
3.28 [1.0] 0.007
262.4 [128] 8.53 [2.6] 0.007
Quick 11.48 [3.5] 0.007
3.28 [1.0] 0.010
386.6 [197] 8.53 [2.6] 0.010
11.48 [3.5] 0.010

The maximum permitted sprinkler operating times can be calculated using the following equation:
(-RTI)(1n[1 -∆Tb(1 +C/(u)½)/∆Tg])

tmax =
(u)½(1 +C/u½)
where:
tmax = Maximum Allowed Response time of sprinkler, seconds
RTI = Response Time Index from Table 4.30.2(a), (ft·s)½ [(m·s)½]
∆Tb = Upper temperature limit of the sprinkler (1.035 x nominal temperature rating) minus the ambient
temperature, °F (°C)
C = Conductivity factor from Table 4.30.2(a), (ft/s)½ [(m/s)½]
u = Air velocity in the test section of the tunnel from Table 4.30.2(b), ft/s (m/s)
∆Tg = Air temperature, corrected for radiation effects on the temperature sensing device, in the test section
(see table 4.30-2(b)) minus the ambient temperature, °F (°C)
B. Compliance with the requirements for maximum operating time shall be determined by operating
sprinkler samples in the FMRC plunge tunnel, using the modified plunge tunnel test plate described in
Figure E-8.
The sprinklers shall be tested in both the best case orientation and the worst case orientation as if the
sprinkler was a pendent sprinkler. For the worst case orientation, the angular offset shall be 15° for
standard response sprinklers and 25° for quick response (see Table 4.30.2(a)).
A vacuum in accordance with Table 4.30.2(b) shall be applied to and maintained in the upper enclosure
of the modified plunge tunnel test plate (Figure E-8). The test shall be repeated three times at each
condition to ensure accuracy and product repeatability.
4.31 Sensitivity (Recessed, Flush, and Concealed – ECLH Types)
4.31.1 Requirements
All recessed, flush, and concealed extended coverage automatic sprinklers for use in light hazard occu-
pancies (ECLH) shall not exceed the maximum operating times specified in Table 4.31.1 when tested as
described in Section 4.31.2 in the least protrusive position as possible.

Table 4.31.1. Plunge Tunnel Conditions and Maximum Operating Times

for Recessed, Flush and Concealed ECLH Automatic Sprinklers
Plunge Tunnel Plunge Tunnel Maximum Operating Time
Response Applied Vacuum (sec.)
Gas Temperature Gas Velocity
Category (mm Hg)
°F (°C) ft/s (m/s) Upright or Pendent Sidewall
262.4 (128) 3.28 (1.0) 0.007 146 75
262.4 (128) 8.53 (2.6) 0.007 72 40
262.4 (128) 11.48 (3.5) 0.007 60 33
386.6 (197) 3.28 (1.0) 0.010 59 33
Standard 386.6 (197) 8.53 (2.6) 0.010 34 20
386.6 (197) 11.48 (3.5) 0.010 29 17
554.0 (290) 3.28 (1.0) 0.013 34 19
554.0 (290) 8.53 (2.6) 0.013 21 12
554.0 (290) 11.48 (3.5) 0.013 18 10
262.4 (128) 3.28 (1.0) 0.007 34 44
262.4 (128) 8.53 (2.6) 0.007 19 24
262.4 (128) 11.48 (3.5) 0.007 16 20
Quick
386.6 (197) 3.28 (1.0) 0.010 16 10
386.6 (197) 8.53 (2.6) 0.010 10 12
386.6 (197) 11.48 (3.5) 0.010 7 10
Compliance with the requirements for maximum operating time shall be determined by operating sprinkler
samples in the FMRC plunge tunnel, using the modified plunge tunnel test plate described in Figure E-8.
The sprinklers shall be evaluated in the worst case orientation, which is defined as the given angular offset
from the orientation which results in the highest RTI if the sprinkler was a pendent type. The angular offset
shall be 15° for standard response sprinklers and 25° for quick response sprinklers. A vacuum in accor-
dance with Table 4.31.1 shall be applied to and maintained in the upper enclosure of the modified plunge
tunnel test plate (see Figure E-8). The test conditions shall be repeated three times at each of the conditions
selected from Table 4.31.1 to ensure accuracy and product repeatability.
4.32 Sensitivity (Air Oven)
4.32.1 Requirements
The operating time for each uncoated sprinkler which cannot be tested in the plunge tunnel, shall not
exceed the appropriate value shown in Table 4.32.1(a).
Coated (decorative, wax, etc . . . ) automatic sprinklers, which cannot be tested in the plunge tunnel,
shall operate within a time limit not exceeding the maximum permitted in Table 4.32.1(b) for the respec-
tive nominal temperature rating.
Coated (decorative, wax, etc . . . ) automatic sprinklers, which cannot be tested in the plunge tunnel, and
have been subjected to environmental testing shall operate within the limits stated in Table 4.32.1(c).

Table 4.32.1(a) Air Oven Sprinkler Sensitivity for New Sprinklers

Utilizing the Time Vs. Temperature Data per Table 4.32.2
Sprinkler Nominal Maximum Operating Maximum
Temperture Rating Temperature Operating Time
°F (°C) °F (°C) min:sec
135-170 (57-76) 525 (274) 1:15
175-225 (79-107) 550 (288) 1:45
250-300 (121-149) 575 (302) 3:00
325-375 (163-191) 605 (319) 5:00
400-475 (204-246) 640 (338) 7:30
500-575 (260-302) 735 (391) 15:00
Table 4.32.1(b) Air Oven Sprinkler Sensitivity for New Sprinklers

Having Corrosion Resistant Coating Utilizing the
Time Vs. Temperature Data per Table 4.32.2
Temperature Rating Temperature Operating Time
135-170 (57-76) 527 (275) 1:34
175-225 (79-107) 559 (293) 2:11
250-300 (121-149) 586 (308) 3:45
325-375 (163-191) 622 (328) 6:15
400-475 (204-246) 664 (351) 9:22
500-575 (260-302) 786 (419) 18:45
Table 4.32.1(c). Air Oven Sprinkler Sensitivity for Aged or

Elevated Temperature Exposed Sprinklers Utilizing the
Time Vs. Temperature Data per Table 4.32.2
Temperature Rating Temperature Operating Time
135-170 (57-76) 555 (291) 2:00
175-225 (79-107) 575 (302) 3:00
250-300 (121-149) 605 (319) 5:00
325-375 (163-191) 645 (341) 8:00
400-475 (204-246) 670 (355) 10:00
500 and Over (260 and Over) to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis

Ten previously untested sprinklers of each temperature rating shall be operated in an air oven with the inlet
pressurized to the minimum operating pressure in accordance with Table 4.23.1. The controlled rate-of-
temperature-rise within the oven shall be in accordance with Table 4.32.2.
Table 4.32.2 Time Vs. Temperature Points for

Air Oven Sprinkler Sensitivity Test
Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp
(min:sec) (°F) (min:sec) (°F) (min:sec) (°F)
0:15 275 6:00 620 16:00 750
0:30 410 7:00 630 17:00 765
0:45 475 8:00 645 18:00 778
1:00 505 9:00 660 19:00 790
1:15 525 10:00 670 20:00 805
1:30 540 11:00 685 22:00 830
2:00 555 12:00 695 24:00 855
3:00 575 13:00 710 26:00 880
4:00 590 14:00 725 28:00 905
5:00 605 15:00 735 30:00 930
4.33 Distribution (Standard Coverage)
4.33.1 Requirements
A. Automatic sprinklers shall be capable of distributing water in a uniform manner. Samples shall be
tested as detailed in Section 4.33.2 and must meet the conditions and requirements in Tables 4.33.2(a)
and (b) for the appropriate nominal K-factor.
B. In addition, sprinklers may be subjected to a turntable distribution test. The accumulated data from
such tests may be used in the course of periodic re-examinations as a benchmark to monitor any change
in performance.
C. For standard sidewall sprinklers, the amount collected in any individual pan shall not be less than 0.030
gal/min/ft2 (1.22 mm/min) when tested as detailed in Section 4.33.2(D). The sprinklers shall have an
average collection of at least 0.050 gal/min/ft2 (2.04 mm/min), for the area covered. Sidewall sprinklers
shall provide a minimum of 3.5 percent of the total discharge against the back wall and shall wet the
back wall completely from the floor up to 4 feet (1.2 m) below the deflector. No dry areas are allowed
within that region.
D. Sprinklers with factory painted or decorative finishes, such as plating, shall comply with the same
performance criteria as those without such finishes.
E. For sprinklers with corrosion resistant coatings such as wax, prior to the distribution tests, the coated
samples shall be operated in the air oven (Section 4.32) and exposed for the maximum operating time
for the appropriate temperature rating as stated in Table 4.32.2(b).
The appropriate number of samples shall be subjected to the distribution test conditions detailed in Tables
4.33.2(a) and (b) for the type of sprinkler under examination. All samples utilized for this test shall be
provided completely assembled. Prior to distribution testing, the sprinklers shall be operated to remove the
thermo-sensitive assembly using a suitable heat source. On-off type sprinklers shall be operated and
retained in the open position for test purposes in a manner deemed necessary by FMRC.

A. Multiple Sprinkler – All Types Other than Sidewall
The water discharge from four and six sprinklers shall be collected in sixteen 1 ft2 (0.09 m2) pans
positioned as shown in Figure E-9. The piping configurations for upright and pendent sprinklers are
shown in Figures E-10 and E-11. The period of water collection shall not be less than three minutes
with the conditions detailed in Tables 4.33.2(a) and (b).
Upright sprinklers shall be tested utilizing the branch lines shown in Figure E-10, and located below
a ceiling. Unless deemed otherwise by FMRC, all pendent sprinklers shall be installed as intended
utilizing a ceiling and supplied with water from branch lines located above the ceiling (Figure E-11).
In cases where adjustment of the distance between the deflector and the ceiling is possible, (i.e.,
recessed type), the test shall be conducted at both extremes of deflector position. Sprinklers shall be
installed with their deflectors positioned 7.5 ft (2.3 m) from the top plane of the pan array. Sprinklers,
regardless of type, shall be randomly installed with the frame arms parallel to the branch line pipe.
Repositioning of sprinklers, or placing sprinklers in specific locations, is not permitted.
Table 4.33.2(a). Multiple Sprinkler Distribution Requirements – 4 Sprinkler Test

(Collection Centered Between Four Sprinklers)
Nominal Average Waterflow Minimum Average Minimum
K-Factor per Sprinkler Collection Individual Pan
in. gal/min (dm3/min) gal/min/ft2 (mm/min) gal/min/ft2 (mm/min)
6.4 (24.2) 0.064 (2.6) 0.050 (2.0)
2.8 8.3 (31.4) 0.083 (3.4) 0.060 (2.4)
12.0 (45.4) 0.120 (4.9) 0.090 (3.7)
12.8 (48.4) 0.128 (5.2) 0.095 (3.9)
5.6 16.6 (62.8) 0.166 (6.8) 0.125 (5.1)
24.0 (90.8) 0.240 (9.8) 0.180 (7.3)
17.9 (67.8) 0.179 (7.3) 0.135 (5.5)
8.0 23.2 (87.8) 0.232 (9.4) 0.175 (7.1)
33.6 (127.2) 0.336 (13.7) 0.250 (10.2)
35.5 (134.4) 0.355 (14.7) 0.270 (11.0)
11.2
50.0 (189.3) 0.500 (20.4) 0.375 (15.3)
37.5 (142.0) 0.375 (15.3) 0.280 (11.4)
14.0
60.3 (228.3) 0.603 (24.6) 0.450 (18.3)
Table 4.33.2(b). Multiple Sprinkler Distribution Requirements – 6 Sprinkler Test

(Collection Centered Between Two Sprinklers)
Nominal Average Waterflow Minimum Average Minimum
K-Factor per Sprinkler Collection Individual Pan
in. gal/min (dm3/min) gal/min/ft2 (mm/min) gal/min/ft2 (mm/min)
2.8 8.3 (31.4) 0.083 (3.4) 0.060 (2.4)
5.6 16.6 (62.8) 0.166 (6.8) 0.125 (5.1)
8.0 23.2 (87.8) 0.232 (9.4) 0.175 (7.1)
36.0 (136.3) 0.360 (14.7) 0.270 (11.0)
11.2
50.0 (189.3) 0.500 (20.4) 0.375 (15.3)
37.5 (142.0) 0.375 (15.3) 0.280 (11.4)
14
60.3 (228.3) 0.603 (24.6) 0.450 (18.3)

B. For upright sprinklers in the 6-sprinkler test, the requirements apply only to the two rows of pans
furthest from the pipe. The two middle rows are not considered in the collection results and are
exempted due to the unavoidable pipe shadow.
C. Turntable – All Types Other than Sidewall
A sample sprinkler shall be tested at the flow conditions stated in Table 4.33.2.(c). (see Figure E-12).
Ten pans, each with a collection area measuring 12 × 12 in. (305 × 305 mm) shall be positioned in-line
on a table which rotates at 4 rev./min. The test duration shall be at minimum 3 minutes. The results
shall be recorded and may be used as a comparison during subsequent product re-examinations.
Table 4.33.2(c). Turntable Distribution Conditions

Flow Rate
Nominal K-Factor
in. gal/min (dm3/min)
2.8 7.5 and 15.0 (28.4 and 56.8)
5.6 15.0 and 30.0 (56.8 and 113.6)
8.0 21.0 and 41.0 (79.5 and 155.2)
D. Sidewall Sprinkler
1. Floor Collection – One hundred pans, each with a collection area measuring 12 × 12 in. (305 × 305 mm)
shall be positioned in a 10 × 10 ft (3.05 × 3.02 m) square, centered between two sidewall sprinklers
installed 10 ft (3.05 m) apart. The pans shall cover a distance 2 to 12 ft (0.6 to 3.7 m) outward from
the wall. The tops of all pans shall be located 6 ft. 8 in. (2.03 m) below the deflectors for vertical types
or projected axial centerline for horizontal types, (see Figure E-13). The deflector shall protrude 6 in.
(153 mm) from the wall and 4 in. (100 mm) from the ceiling as shown in Figure E-14. The flow rate
for each sprinkler shall be 15 gal/min (56.8 dm3/min).
2. Backwall Collection and Wetting – A measurement of the quantity of water being discharged behind
the sprinkler shall be made utilizing two sprinklers flowing 15 gal/min (56.8 dm3/min) each. Water shall
be collected behind the sprinklers by means of one row of collecting pans abutting the back wall (ten
12 × 12 in. [305 × 305 mm] pans). The top of all the pans shall be 6 ft. 8 in. (2.03 m) below the deflector
for vertical types or the projected axial centerline of the waterway for horizontal types. The back wall
shall be visually inspected for complete wetting in accordance with the requirments of Section
4.33.1(C).
4.34 Distribution (ECLH Sprinklers)
4.34.1 Requirements
When tested as detailed in Section 4.34.2 and using the conditions in Tables 4.34.2(a) and 4.34.2(b), ECLH
sprinklers shall perform satisfactorily in all coverage areas indicated. The distribution collection shall
exhibit: no dry pans, (i.e., zero water collection) no more than one pan with water collection less than
0.015 gal/min/ft2 (0.61 mm/min), average collection of all pans not less than 0.040 gal/min/ft2
(1.63 mm/min), and complete wall wetting 3 ft (0.9 m) from the floor on all walls. No dry areas are
allowed within that region.
The collection pan array is shown in Figure E-15 with water collection pan areas measuring
19.7 in × 19.7 in. (0.5 m × 0.5 m). Water distribution from one quadrant of the room shall be measured and
recorded for upright and pendent sprinklers. Water distribution from one half of the room shall be
measured and recorded for sidewall sprinklers. Wall wetting shall be verified using a 4 ft (1.2 m) high
paper covered wall for visual verification. The minimum collection time shall be 6 minutes.

Table 4.34.2.(a) Distribution Test Conditions for

Upright and Pendent ECLH Sprinklers
Deflector to
Ceiling Flow Rate End Head
Nominal Room Size Distance gal/min Pressure
K-Factor ft × ft (m × m) in. (m) (dm3/min) psi (kPa)
16 × 16 (4.9 × 4.9) 4 (0.10) 26 (100) 22 (150)
5.6 18 × 18 (5.5 × 5.5) 4 (0.10) 33 (125) 35 (240)
20 × 20 (6.1 × 6.1) 4 (0.10) 40 (150) 51 (350)
16 × 16 (4.9 × 4.9) 4 (0.10) 26 (100) 11 (75)
8.0 18 × 18 (5.5 × 5.5) 4 (0.10) 33 (125) 17 (115)
20 × 20 (6.1 × 6.1) 4 (0.10) 40 (150) 25 (170)
16 × 16 (4.9 × 4.9) 4 (0.10) 30 (115) 7 (50)
11.2 18 × 18 (5.5 × 5.5) 4 (0.10) 33 (125) 9 (60)
20 × 20 (6.1 × 6.1) 4 (0.10) 40 (150) 13 (90)
Table 4.34.2(b) Distribution Test Conditions for Sidewall ECLH Sprinklers

Deflector to Flow Rate End Head
Nominal Room Size Ceiling Distance gal/min Pressure
K-Factor ft × ft (m × m) in. (m) (dm3/min) psi (kPa)
16 × 16 (4.9 × 4.9) 4 and 12 (0.10 and 0.30) 26 (100) 22 (150)
5.6 16 × 18 (4.9 × 5.5) 4 and 12 (0.10 and 0.30) 30 (115) 29 (115)
16 × 20 (4.9 × 6.1) 4 and 12 (0.10 and 0.30) 33 (125) 35 (240)
16 × 16 (4.9 × 4.9) 4 and 12 (0.10 and 0.30) 32 (120) 16 (110)
16 × 18 (4.9 × 5.5) 4 and 12 (0.10 and 0.30) 36 (135) 20 (140)
8.0 16 × 20 (4.9 × 6.1) 4 and 12 (0.10 and 0.30) 40 (150) 25 (170)
16 × 22 (4.9 × 6.7) 4 and 12 (0.10 and 0.30) 44 (165) 30 (205)
16 × 24 (4.9 × 7.3) 4 and 12 (0.10 and 0.30) 48 (180) 36 (250)
4.35 Impingement
4.35.1 Requirements
A. Automatic sprinklers, with the exception of extended coverage and sidewall types, shall not wet
adjacent sprinklers installed at the same level, 6 ft (1.8 m) away in any direction. When tested in
accordance with Section 4.35.2, there shall be no direct impingement or dripping of water from the
adjacent sprinkler.
B. Rack storage sprinklers shall be so designed as to provide an ‘‘angle of protection’’ for the thermo-
sensitive assembly against direct impingement or run-off water from the shield caused by the discharge
from neighboring sprinklers installed at higher elevations.
The ‘‘angle of protection’’ created by the water shield, as indicated in Figure E-1, shall be measured
and shall not exceed 45 degrees.
Where unusual geometry or method of mounting the shield to the sprinkler exists, additional tests may
be conducted as deemed necessary by FMRC.

Turntable water distribution tests similar to those described in Section 4.33 (Distribution) shall be con-
ducted at pressures of 50, 100, 150 and 175 psi (345, 690, 1035 and 1205 kPa) using a sample sprinkler.
A target having the same width and height as the maximum plan area of the sprinkler shall be placed at
a point 6 ft (1.8 m) from the discharging sprinkler on the same plane. Observations shall be made for
determining the deflector to ceiling distance of the sprinkler and orientation of target.
4.36 Fire (Standard Crib)
4.36.1 Requirements
Automatic sprinklers, with the exception of sidewall and extended coverage types, shall be subjected to
at least the ‘‘centered between four sprinklers’’ fire test described in Section 4.36.2. However, fire tests on
other types of sprinklers, or an alternate fire source and/or location, may be required at the discretion of
FMRC.
A. Automatic sprinklers shall be capable of controlling a fire within the temperature and crib weight loss
requirements described in Section 4.36.1(B).
B. All of the following conditions shall be met for the standard tests utilizing a crib centrally located
between four sprinklers, with a sprinkler flow rate of 25 gal/min (95 dm3/min).
1) The air temperature at the thermocouple locations shall be reduced to less than 530°F (277°C) above
ambient within 6 minutes after ignition.
2) The mean air temperature at the thermocouple location shall not exceed 530°F (277°C) above ambient
during the remaining 24 minutes of the test.
3) The air temperature at any thermocouple shall not exceed 530°F (277°C) above ambient for any
continuous 3 minute period during the remaining 24 minutes of the test.
4) After the 30-minute test period, the weight loss of the crib shall not exceed 20 percent. Crib weight
loss shall be determined on the basis of bone-dry weight (zero percent moisture content) before and
after the test.
A. A wood crib weighing approximately 350 lb (160 kg), constructed as shown in Figure E-16, shall be
conditioned and weighed before testing. Moisture content shall be measured before the test and shall
not exceed an average of 10 percent. Each wood crib shall be constructed of saw-finished spruce (Pica
Excelsa) or fir (Abies Lasioscapa) lumber.
B. Sprinklers shall be installed over the wood crib on 10 ft (3.05 m) spacing as described in Figures E-17
and E-18. For pendent, recessed, and concealed sprinklers, the use of a ceiling to simulate actual
installation shall be required. Sprinklers with nominal temperature ratings of 135 to 170°F (57 to 70°C)
shall be selected to permit operation of all sprinklers within 70 seconds after ignition.
C. A 30-minute flow of n-heptane shall be discharged through a spray nozzle with a pattern having a cone
angle of approximately 75 degrees when atomizing the fuel at the rate of 1 gal/min (3.785 dm3/min).
The nozzle shall be a Delvan WS-15 industrial nozzle produced by Delvan Manufacturing Co., West
Des Moines, IA 50265 USA, or equivalent.
D. The n-heptane shall be kept continuously ignited by a pilot flame or ignitor placed within 2 in. (50 mm)
of the spray nozzle.
E. Ceiling temperature over the crib shall be measured utilizing 4 thermocouples spaced 1 in. (25 mm)
apart and located approximately 2 in. (50 mm) below the ceiling. The thermocouples shall be posi-
tioned centrally with respect to the sprinklers, with their tips turned upward to avoid formation of water
droplets during testing.

F. Sprinkler frame arms or deflector support pins, shall be orientated parallel to the piping.
G. Following the test, the crib shall be conditioned for at least 4 days or until the moisture content is less
than 8 percent. The crib shall then be weighed.
4.37 Fire (Full Scale, On-Off Type Only)
4.37.1 Requirements
On-off type automatic sprinklers shall be capable of controlling a full scale fire within 1 hour and before
more than 30 percent of the fuel array is consumed. The ceiling temperature shall not exceed 1000°F
(538°C) for a period of 5 minutes, and the sprinklers shall operate properly after the test.
A. The test shall be conducted in an indoor fire test facility with approximately 30 ft (9.1 m) ceiling-to-
floor distance. The fuel shall consist of an array of 90 cartons (per FMRC Standard Class II Test
Commodity) on wood pallets arranged three wide by three high by ten long (12 × 12 × 40 ft [3.6 ×
3.6 × 12.2 m]). See Figure E-19 for a description of this array. A 6 in. (152 mm) space shall be
maintained between all carton stacks.
B. The sprinklers shall be located on a 10 × 10 ft (3.05 × 3.05 m) spacing with the heat sensitive assembly
approximately 8 in. (203 mm) below the ceiling. The water pressure shall be controlled so as to
maintain a flow rate of 30 gal/min (113.6 dm3/min) per sprinkler.
C. Ignition shall take place as indicated in Figure E-19 at the floor level between the first and second row
of cartons. Ceiling temperatures shall be monitored by thermocouples.
4.38 Fire (Extra Large Orifice, K = 11.2, Type Only)
4.38.1 Requirements
Extra large orifice (ELO) type automatic sprinklers shall be capable of maintaining control in the three
full-scale fire test scenarios detailed in Section 4.38.2 within the limits stated below:
A. DOUBLE-ROW RACK STORAGE OF FMRC STANDARD CLASS II TEST COMMODITY
Peak/Maximum One-Minute-Average Gas Temperature: 1000°F/900°F (538°C/482°C)

Peak/Maximum One-Minute-Average Steel Temperature: 400°F/300°F (204°C/149°C)
Peak/Maximum One-Minute-Average Heat Flux: 1.0/0.9 Btu/ft2/s (11.4/10.2 kW/m2)
Aisle Jump: Not Permitted
Equivalent Maximum Number of Pallet Loads Consumed: 20
Maximum Number of Sprinklers to Operate: 20
B. PALLETIZED STORAGE OF FMRC STANDARD PLASTIC TEST COMMODITY

C. DOUBLE-ROW RACK STORAGE OF FMRC STANDARD PLASTIC TEST COMMODITY



The tests detailed in this Section shall be conducted in an indoor fire test facility with approximately 30 ft
(9.1 m) ceiling height. Ignition shall take place at the bottom of the first tier. Temperatures shall be
monitored by thermocouples located at the ceiling. Two-way, 42 in. × 42 in. × 5 in., slatted hardwood
pallets support the commodity.
Test Array: see Figure E-20

Array Height: 19 feet (5.8 m) nominal
Clearance-to-ceiling: 11 feet (3.4 m) nominal
Ignition: Centered below (4) sprinklers
Nominal Temperature Rating: 165°F (74°C)
Sprinkler Spacing: 10 × 10 feet (3.05 × 3.05 m)
Sprinkler Thermal Sensitivity: Standard System
Water Pressure: 11 psi (75 kPa), based on K = 11.1 gal/min/(psi)½
Minimum Discharge Density: 0.37 gal/min/ft2 (15.08 mm/min)
Test Duration: 30 minutes

Array Height: 15 feet (4-6 m) nominal

Array Height: 15 ft (4.6 m) nominal
Clearance-to-ceiling: 10 ft (3.1 m) nominal
Ignition: Centered below (1) sprinkler
4.39 Fire (Very Extra Large Orifice, K = 14.0, Type Only)
4.39.1 Requirements
Very extra large orifice (VELO) type automatic sprinklers shall be capable of maintaining control in the
three full-scale fire test scenarios detailed in Section 4.39.2 within the limits stated below:




The tests detailed in this section shall be conducted in an indoor fire test facility with approximately 30 ft.
(9.1 m) ceiling height. Ignition shall take place at the bottom of the first tier. Temperatures shall be
monitored by thermocouples located at the ceiling. Two-way, 42 in. × 42 in. × 5 in., slatted hardwood
pallets support the commodity.

Array Height: 19 feet (5.8 m) nominal

Array Height: 15 feet (4-6 m) nominal


Array Height: 15 ft (4.6 m) nominal
4.40 Fire (Very Extra Large Orifice, K = 14.0, Extended Coverage Ordinary Hazard Type Only)
4.40.1 Requirements
Extended coverage-ordinary hazard (ECOH) very extra large orifice (VELO) type automatic sprinklers
shall be capable of maintaining control in the three full-scale fire test scenarios detailed in Section 4.40.2
within the limits stated below:
A. FIRE CENTERED BELOW ONE SPRINKLER
Maximum One-Minute-Average Gas Temperature: 1300°F (705°C)

Peak Steel Temperature: 1000°F (538°C)
B. FIRE CENTERED BELOW TWO SPRINKLERS

C. MINIMUM SPACING TEST

The tests detailed in this section shall be conducted in an indoor fire test facility with approximately
30 ft (9.1 m) ceiling height. Ignition shall take place at the bottom of the first tier between the first and
second row of cartons. Fuel shall consist of FMRC Standard Class II Test Commodity. Two-way, 42 in.
× 42 in. × 5 in., slatted hardwood pallets placed in metal storage racks, support the commodity. Tem-
peratures shall be monitored by thermocouples located at the ceiling.
A. FIRE CENTERED BELOW ONE SPRINKLER
Ignition Array: 2 pallets wide × 6 pallets long × 2 pallets high

Target Array: 1 pallet wide × 4 pallets long × 2 pallets high
Deflector-to-ceiling: less than 10 inches (0.25 m) nominal


Sprinkler Thermal Sensitivity: Quick Response
System Water Pressure: 18 psi (170 kPa), based on K = 14.0 gal/min/(psi)½
B. FIRE CENTERED BELOW TWO SPRINKLERS

Target Array: 1 pallet wide × 4 pallets long × 2 pallets high
Clearance-to-ceiling: 10 feet 4 inches (3.15 m) nominal
Ignition: Centered between (2) sprinklers
C. MINIMUM SPACING TEST

Target Array: none
Temperature Rating: 155°F (68°C) nominal
4.41 Actual Delivered Density (ADD) and Prewetting Density (PWD), ECOH Only
4.41.1 Requirements
The tests detailed in Section 4.41.2 are required for both the ELO and the VELO extended coverage-
ordinary hazard (ECOH) type automatic sprinklers as follows:
A. Upright VELO ECOH Sprinklers
B. Upright ELO ECOH Sprinklers
C. Pendent VELO ECOH Sprinklers
D. Pendent ELO ECOH Sprinklers
1. Ceiling Clearance 10 ft (3.05 m) with Fire
• Centered Directly Below One Sprinkler

Average Water Density ≥0.045 gal/min/ft2 (1.83 mm/min)
in Center Area:
Minimum Density: no more than 2 of the sixteen pans and four flues in the
center area <0.010 gal/min/ft2 (0.41 mm/min)
Minimum Density: at least 10 of the sixteen pans and four flues in the center
area ≥0.030 gal/min/ft2 (1.22 mm/min)


in Prewetting Area:
Minimum Density: all of the sixteen pans and six flues in the prewetting area
≥0.010 gal/min/ft2 (0.41 mm/min)
Minimum Density: at least 10 of the sixteen pans and six flues in the
prewetting area ≥0.050 gal/min/ft2 (2.04 mm/min)
• Centered Directly Below Two Sprinklers on the Same Branch Line (20 ft [6.1 m] Apart)
in Center Area:
Minimum Density: all of the sixteen pans and four flues in the center area
in Prewetting Area:
• Centered Between Four Sprinklers (20 × 20 ft [6.1 × 6.1 m] Spacing)

in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:
2. Ceiling Clearance 3.5 ft (1.07 m) without Fire

in Center Area:


in Prewetting Area:
Minimum Density: at least 10 of the sixteen pans and six flues in the prewet-
ting area ≥0.090 gal/min/ft2 (3.67 mm/min)
in Center Area:
Minimum Density: no more than 2 of the sixteen pans and four flues in the cen-
ter area <0.010 gal/min/ft2 (0.41 mm/min)
in Prewetting Area:
Minimum Density: no more that 8 of the sixteen pans and six flues in the prewet-
ting area <0.010 gal/min/ft2 (0.41 mm/min)
ting area

in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:

in Center Area:
Minimum Density: and at least 10 of the sixteen pans and four flues in the cen-
ter area ≥0.030 gal/min/ft2 (1.22 mm/min)


in Prewetting Area:
• Centered Below Two Sprinklers on the Same Branch Line (16 ft [4.9 m] Apart)
in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:

in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:
2. Ceiling Clearance 3.5 ft (1.07 m) without fire.

in Center Area:


in Prewetting Area:
≥0.020 gal/min/ft2 (0.82 mm/min)m
in Center Area:
area <0.060 gal/min/ft2 (2.44 mm/min)
in Prewetting Area:
Minimum Density: no more than 8 of the sixteen pans and six flues in the prewet-

in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:

in Center Area:


in Prewetting Area:
Minimum Density: at least 8 of the sixteen pans and six flues in the prewetting
in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:

in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:
2. Ceiling Clearance 3.5 ft (1.07 m) Without Fire

in Center Area:


in Prewetting Area:
in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:
Minimum Density: no more than 3 of the sixteen pans and six flues in the prewet-

in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:

in Center Area:


in Prewetting Area:
Minimum Density: at least 8 of the sixteen pans and six flues in the prewetting
in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:
Minimum density: at least 10 of the sixteen pans and six flues in the prewet-

in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:

in Center Area:
Minimum density: at least 10 of the sixteen pans and four flues in the center


in Prewetting Area:
in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:
Minimum Density: no more that 3 of the sixteen pans and six flues in the prewet-
• Centered Between Four Sprinklers 16 × 16 ft (4.9 × 4.9 m) Spacing

in Center Area:
in Prewetting Area:
Refer to Figure E-23 for a schematic of the ADD/PWD apparatus.
The measurements shall be performed under a suspended ceiling approximately 33 ft. × 37 ft.
(10 m × 11 m) erected inside a building. Open sprinklers shall be connected to nominal 2 in. sprinkler
pipes under the suspended ceiling via 2 in. × 2 in. × 3⁄4 in. nominal threaded tees. To connect sprinklers
having nominal 1⁄2 in. NPT threads to the tees, nominal 3⁄4 to 1⁄2 in. reduction bushings shall be used. The
frame arms of each sprinkler shall be aligned with the sprinkler pipe. Measurements shall be made with
ceiling clearances of 3.5 ft (1.07 m) and 10 ft (3.05 m) above the water collection funnels of the
ADD/PWD apparatus.

The water collected by the funnels shall be individually measured. To maintain the funnel temperature
close to room temperature when the fire plume generator is in operation, water sprays shall be provided
under the funnels to remove the heat absorbed by the funnels.

Number of Tests (utilize a different sample for each test): 3
Fire Size (nominal): 0.5 MW
Flowrate: 60 gal/min (227.1 dm3/min)
Pipe-to-Ceiling Clearance: 1 ft (0.30 m)
Number of Tests (utilize two different samples for each test): 2
Number of Tests: 1
2. Ceiling Clearance 3.5 ft (1.07) without Fire
Number of Tests: 1



Number of Tests: 1
2. Ceiling Clearance 3.5 ft (1.07 m) without fire.

Number of Tests: 1
Pipe-to-Ceiling Clearance: 2.5 in (0.06 m)
Pipe-to-Ceiling Clearance: 2.5 in. (0.06 m)


Number of Tests: 1

Number of Tests: 1
• Centered Between Four Sprinklers 16 × 16 ft (4.9 × 4.9 m) Spacing
4.42 Additional Tests
Additional tests, including full scale fire tests, may be required, depending on design features, results of any tests,
material application, or to verify the integrity and reliability of the sprinkler, at the discretion of FMRC.
Unexplainable failures shall not be permitted. A re-test shall only be acceptable at the discretion of FMRC and
with an adequate technical justification of the conditions or reasons for failure, otherwise, a design change will
be required.

5.0 OPERATIONS REQUIREMENTS

A quality control program is required to assure that subsequent automatic sprinklers produced by the manufac-
turer at an authorized location, shall present the same quality and reliability as the specific automatic sprinklers
examined. Design quality, conformance to design and performance are the areas of primary concern. Design
quality is determined during the examination and tests, and is covered in the Approval Report. Conformance to
design is verified by control of quality and is covered in the Facilities and Procedures Audit (F&PA). Quality of
performance is determined by field performance and by periodic re-examination and testing.
5.1 Demonstrated Quality Control Program
5.1.1 The manufacturer shall demonstrate a quality control program which contains controls of at least the
following areas:
• existence of corporate quality control guidelines;
• incoming quality assurance, including testing;
• in-process quality assurance, including testing;
• final inspection and tests;
• equipment calibration;
• drawing and change control;
• packaging and shipping;
• handling and disposition of non-conformance materials.
In order to assure adequate traceability of materials and products, the manufacturer shall maintain records
of all quality control tests performed, and shall maintain these records for a minimum period of 2 years
from the date of manufacture.
5.1.2 Documentation/Manual
There shall exist an authoritative collection of procedures and policies. Such documentation shall provide
an accurate description of the quality management system while serving as a permanent reference for
implementation and maintenance of that system. The system shall require that sufficient records are
maintained to demonstrate the required quality and verify operation of the quality system.
5.1.3 Drawing and Change Control

• The manufacturer shall establish a system of product configuration control that shall allow no
unauthorized changes to the product.
• The manufacturer shall assign an appropriate person or group to be responsible for, and require that,
proposed changes to Approved or Listed products be reported to FMRC before implementation. The
manufacturer shall notify FMRC of changes in the product or of persons responsible for keeping FMRC
advised by means of FMRC Form 797, Approved Product Revision Report or Address/ Contact Change
Notice. Changes shall not be made without written permission of FMRC.
• Records of all revisions to all Approved products shall be maintained.
5.2 Facilities and Procedures Audit (F&PA)
5.2.1 An inspection of the manufacturing facility shall be part of the Approval investigation to verify imple-
mentation of the quality control program. Its purpose is to determine that equipment, procedures, and the
manufacturer’s quality program are properly maintained to insure a consistently uniform and reliable

product. Initial inspections of facilities already producing similar products may be waived at the discretion
of FMRC.
5.2.2 Unannounced follow-up inspections shall be conducted at least annually by FMRC, or its designate, to
determine continued compliance. More frequent audits may be required by FMRC.
5.2.3 The client shall manufacture the product or service only at the location(s) audited by FMRC and as
specified in the Approval Report. Manufacture of products bearing the FMRC Approval mark is not
permitted at any other location without prior written authorization by FMRC.
5.3 Manufacturing and Production Tests
5.3.1 Test Requirement No. 1

The manufacturer shall pressure test 100 percent of production to a hydrostatic pressure, or equivalent, of
500 psi (3,450 kPa) for 2 seconds.

The manufacturer shall perform periodic tests for operating temperature of glass bulbs and fusible ele-
ments.

The manufacturer shall perform periodic tests for operating element strength.

The manufacturer shall test 100% of the glass bulb sprinklers to ensure that the glass bulb has not been
damaged during assembly.

APPENDIX A
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
LENGTH: in. – ‘‘inches’’ (mm – ‘‘millimeters’’) mm = in. × 25.4

ft – ‘‘feet’’ (m – ‘‘meters’’) m = ft × 0.3048
AREA in2 – ‘‘square inches’’ (mm2 – ‘‘square millimeters’’) mm2 = in2 × 6.4516 × 102
ft2 – ‘‘square feet’’ (m2 – ‘‘square meters’’) m2 = ft2 × 0.09292
MASS: lb – ‘‘pounds’’ (kg – ‘‘kilograms’’) kg = lb × 0.454
PRESSURE: psi – ‘‘pounds per square inch’’ (kPa – ‘‘kilopascals’’) kPa = psi × 6.8948
psf – ‘‘pounds per square foot’’ (kPa – ‘‘kilopascals’’) kPa = psf × 0.0479
bar = psi × 0.06895
ENERGY: Btu – ‘‘British thermal units’’ (J – ‘‘joules’’) J = Btu × 1.0551 × 103
TEMPERATURE: °F – ‘‘degrees Fahrenheit’’ (°C – ‘‘degrees Celsius’’)

°C = (°F – 32) × 0.556
LIQUID: gal – ‘‘gallons’’ (dm3 – ‘‘cubic decimeters’’)

dm3 = gal × 3.7854
FLOW: gal/min – ‘‘gallon per minute’’ (dm3/min – ‘‘cubic decimeters per minute’’)
dm3/min = gal/min × 3.7854
VACUUM: inHg – ‘‘inches of mercury’’

psi – ‘‘pounds per square inch’’ (kPa – ‘‘kilopascals’’) psi = inHg × 0.4912
kPa = inHg × 3.3864
FORCE: lb – ‘‘pounds’’ (N – ‘‘newtons’’)

N = lb × 4.4482
TORQUE/MOMENT: lb·ft – ‘‘pound-feet’’ (N·m – ‘‘newton-meters’’)

N·m = lb·ft × 1.356
RTI: (ft·s)½ – ‘‘square root of foot seconds’’

([m·s]½ – ‘‘square root of meter seconds’’)
(m·s)½ = (ft·s)½ × 0.552
C-FACTOR: (ft/s)½ – ‘‘square root of feet per second’’

([m/s]½ – ‘‘square root of meters per second’’)
(m/s)½ = (ft/s)½ × 0.552
K-FACTOR: gal/min/(psi)½ – ‘‘gallons per minute per square root of pounds per square inch’’
(dm3/min/(kPa)½ – ‘‘cubic decimeters per minute per square root of kilopascals’’)
(dm3/min/(kPa)½ = gal/min/(psi)½ × 1.442
VOLUME PER UNIT gal/min/ft2 – ‘‘gallons per minute per square feet’’ (mm/min – ‘‘millimeters per
AREA: minute’’)
mm/min = 40.75 × gal/min/ft2

APPENDIX B
TOLERANCES
Unless otherwise stated, the following tolerances shall apply:
Angle ±2°
Frequency (Hz) ±5% of value
Length ±2% of value
Volume ±5% of value
Rotation ±1 RPM
Pressure ±3% of value
Temperature ±5% of value
Time + 5/–0 seconds

+0.1/–0 minutes
+0.1/–0 hours
+0.25/–0 days
Unless stated otherwise, all tests shall be carried out at a room (ambient) temperature of 68 ± 9°F (20 ± 5°C).

APPENDIX C
APPROVAL MARKS
REPRODUCTION ART: Factory Mutual Research Approval Marks
For use on nameplates, in literature,

advertisements, packaging and other
graphics.
1) The FM diamond mark is acceptable to Factory

Mutual Research as an Approval mark when
used with the word ‘‘Approved.’’
2) The FMRC Approval logomark has no minimum

size requirement, but should always be large
enough to be readily identifiable.
3) Color should be black on a light background or a

reverse may be used on a dark background.
For Cast-On Marks
4) Where reproduction of the mark described

above is impossible because of production
restrictions, a modified version of the diamond is
suggested. Minimum size specifications are the
same as for printed marks. Use of the word
‘‘Approved’’ with this mark is optional.
NOTE: These Approval marks are to be used only in conjunction with products or services that have been Approved
by Factory Mutual Research Corporation. The Factory Mutual Research Approval marks should never be used in
any manner (including advertising, sales or promotional purposes) that could suggest or imply Factory Mutual Research
Approval or endorsement of a specific manufacturer or distributor. Nor should it be implied that Approval extends to
a product or service not covered by written agreement with Factory Mutual Research. The Approval marks signify that
products or services have met certain requirements as reported by the Factory Mutual Research Corporation.
Additional reproduction art is available through
Factory Mutual
P.O. Box 9102
Norwood, Massachusetts 02062 USA

APPENDIX D
TOLERANCE LIMIT CALCULATIONS
Utilizing the data obtained as described in Sections 4.1.2 and 4.2.2(B), the mean and standard deviation for the
assembly load and the bulb strength shall be calculated using the following equation:
½
n
σn-1 =
( _
Σ (xi − x)2
i=1
n-1
)
where:
_σn-1 = standard deviation
x = sample mean
xi = individual values of each sample tested
n = number of samples tested
Based upon the number of sprinklers or bulbs tested (n), a value, γ, shall be selected from Table D1 where the
degree of confidence is 0.99 and the proportion of samples is 0.99.
Table D1. γ Factors for One-Sided Tolerance Limits

for Normal Distributions
(99 Percent of Samples)
n γ n γ n γ
10 5.075 17 4.038 24 3.638
11 4.828 18 3.961 25 3.601
12 4.633 19 3.893 30 3.446
13 4.472 20 3.832 35 3.334
14 4.336 21 3.776 40 3.250
15 4.224 22 3.727 45 3.181
16 4.124 23 3.680 50 3.124
Tolerance limits shall then be calculated as follows:

LTL = x̄ B – γBσ(n-1)B
UTL = x̄ S + γSσ(n-1)S
where:
LTL = lower tolerance limits for bulb strength
UTL = upper tolerance limit for sprinkler assembly load
x̄B = mean bulb strength
γB = bulb strength factor (γ) from Table D1
σ(n-1)B = sample unbiased standard deviation for the bulb
x̄S = mean assembly load
σ(n-1)S = sample unbiased standard deviation for the assembly load
γS = assembly load factor (γ) from Table D1
Compliance with the requirement shall be confirmed if LTL > UTL.
Outliers may be discarded from the sample base utilizing appropriate statistical techniques at the discretion of
FMRC.

APPENDIX E: FIGURES
Angle of Protection
Water Shield
Angle of Protection
Water Shield
Figure E-1. Angle of Protection - Rack Storage Sprinkler

0 1 1.81 2 3 3.62 4
700 700
635 635
600 600
500 500
RTI (ft-s)
453 453
400 400
Standard Response
300 300
200 200
145 145
90 90
Quick Response
0 0
0 1 1.45 1.81 2 3 3.62 4
C (ft/s)
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

400 400
350 350
300 300
RTI (m-s)
250 250
200 Standard Response 200
150 150
100 100
80 80
50 50
30 Quick Response 30
0 0
0 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
C (m/s)
Figure E-2. RTI And C-Factor Limits For Best Case Orientation

2 in.
2 in. Gauge Tee
Full Port
Ball Valve 1.25 in. x 2 in. Union
1.25 in. Elbow Reducer
(Outlet as Required)
2 in.
1.25 in. 2 in. Steel Pipe
Steel Pipe Steel Pipe
Note: All dimensions are nominal size
Figure E-3. Hang-Up Of Operating Parts

Reducer 2-1/2 x 2 in. NPT Reducer 2 in. NPT

2-1/2 in. Piezometer By Appropriate Sprinkler
Thread Size (No Bushing)
2-1/2 in. Schedule 40 Pipe Gauge
2 in. NPT
Close Nipple
C
L
Minimum 36 in. 6 in. 4 in. 3 in.

Sprinkler
Butt
2-1/2 in.
2-1/2 in.
Gauge Specification
0-200 PSIG Full Range, 1% Accuracy
1 PSIG Subdivision
13 in.
Note: All dimensions are nominal sizes
Figure E-4. Test Apparatus For Measuring Nominal K-Factors 8.0 gal/min/psi

Minimum
36 in.
12 in. ± 0.5 in
Gauge
Flexible
Coupling
6 in. Nominal Pipe (Typical)
A
Sprinkler
Butt
C
L
Water
Source Inlet A Grooved
End Cap
Piezometer (See Detail B)
Ring
C
L
Minimum
Thickness 1 in.
Inlet of Tapped
Hole With
Nominal 1/2 in. Radius
C C
L L
Appropiately
Tapped Hole
Flat Surface
of End Cap
Detail B
Section A-A
Note: All dimensions are nominal size
Figure E-5. Test Apparatus For Measuring Nominal K-Factors > 8.0 gal/min/(psi)

C
L
Cold Drawn Seamless

Steel Tubing Inside Diameter Adjustable
0.555 in. +0 -0.005 in. Brackets (2)
(14.15 mm +0 -0.13mm)
Weight
(See Detail A)
Latching Pin
Length To Be Determined Rigid

By Required Weight Support
1m
Break Corner
0.002 in. x 45
(0.006 mm)
DETAIL A
Weight - 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) Diameter
Cold Finished Steel
Sample
Sprinkler
Sprinkler Support
6.5 in. (165 mm) Diameter
Cold Finished Steel
Figure E-6. Impact Test Apparatus

11.8 in
(300 mm)
Clearance Holes For

Screw Mount To Test Plate
(70 mm)
10.6 in
A A
3 in.
(76.2 mm)
(25.4 mm)
Brass B
1 in.
Section A - A Mount (1/4 NPT)
A Insulating Gasket
1.2 in. Test Section Cover -
(30.2 mm) 0.12 (3.04 mm) Thick Steel Plate
1.25 in.
(31.8 mm)
A. Connection for mounting sprinkler, or nationally recognized thread.

B. Connection for mounting hose, or nationally recognized thread.
Figure E-7. Plunge Tunnel Test Plate (For Sensitivity - RTI Test)

Differential Pressure Ports
A A
6.7 in.
(17 cm)
11.8 in. 6.3 in.

(30 cm) (16 cm)
Vacuum Port
10.6 in.
(27 cm)
Section A-A
Jam Nut to Lock in Position
Jam Nut Welded to Inside of Enclosure
Handle
3.95 in 0.40 mm Thick Stainless Steel Enclosure
(10 cm)
1.26 in. (32 mm) Dia. Threaded
Rod x 5.75 in. (146 mm) Long
Thread One End For Air Hose Fitting
Thread Other End For Sprinkler
0.12 in. (3.038 mm) 2.52 in.

(8) Pan Head Screws Countersunk
± 0.01 in. (0.20 mm) (64 mm) Diameter
in Marinite® To Steel Frame and
Steel Frame Sprinkler Installation
Flange of Enclosure Box (Typ)
Hole In Marinite®
0.10 in. (2.5 mm) Thick x 1 in. (25.4 mm) Wide

0.71 in. (1.8 cm) Marinite® Gasket (4 Sides)
Figure E-8. Modified Plunge Tunnel Test Plate (For Sensitivity

Test - Recessed, Flush and Concealed Sprinklers)

10 ft
(3 m)
4 ft
(1.2 mm)
(3 m)
16 - 12 x 12 x 12 in.
10 ft
(1.2 m)
4 ft
(305 x 305 x 305 mm) Pans
Four Sprinkler Test
10 ft 10 ft
(3 m) (3m)
4 ft
(1.2 m)
16 - 12 x 12 x 12 in.
(1.2 m)
(3 m)
10 ft
(305 x 305 x 305 mm) Pans

4 ft
Six Sprinkler Test
Note: Designates Sprinkler location
Figure E-9. Multiple Sprinkler Distribution (16 Pan Test) Sprinkler Plan Configuration

Branch Line No. 3

Suspended Plywood
Ceiling
2 in. dia.
x 10 ft
(c-c)
2 in. dia.
to Supply
Branch Line No. 2
2 in. dia.
x 10 ft
(c-c)
Branch Line No. 1
1¼ in. x 1 in.
1 in. dia.
Reducing
x 12.5 ft
Coupling
1 in. Coupling
1¼ in. Union With Plug
1 in. dia. 1 in. dia.
x 10 ft x 34 in.
1¼ in. dia. 1¼ in. dia. (c-c) (c-c)
x 11 in. x 6 in. 1 in. x ½ in. or
1 in. x ¾ in. Tee
Typical Branch Line
NOTE: All dimensions are nominal sizes.

All pipe length dimensions are center to center (c-c).
All pipe centerlines 11 in. (280 mm) below ceiling.
Figure E-10. Piping Configuration for Upright Sprinklers

Suspended
Plywood Ceiling
Branch Line No. 3 4 in. dia.

Typical
2 in. dia.
x 10 ft
(c-c)
To 2 in. to Supply
Branch Line No. 2
24 ft
(7.3 m)
2 in. dia.
x 10 ft
(c-c)
Branch Line No. 1
23 ft
(7.0 m)
1¼ in. x 1 in. 1 in. dia.

Reducing x 1 ft 1 in. Tee
Coupling 1 in. Tee 1 in. Coupling
With Plug
1 in. dia. 1 in. dia.
x 10 ft x 2.5 ft
1¼ in. dia. Adjustable Drop (c-c) Adjustable Drop (c-c)
x 10 in.
2 in. dia. Rise

x 10 in.
Typical Branch Line
(c-c)
NOTE: All pipe length dimensions are center to center (c-c)

All dimensions are nominal sizes
Figure E-11. Piping Configuration for Pendent Sprinklers

CL
Ceiling
7 1 in. (180 25 mm)
Test Sprinkler
(Shown for Upright Only)
4 ft
(1.2 m)
Ten - 12 x 12 x 4 in.
(305 x 305 x 100 mm) Pans 6 in.
(150 mm)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Wheel Pivot
Figure E-12. Single Sprinkler Distribution (10 Pan Test)

Pipe Cap
4 ft (1.2 m)
5 ft 100 Pans - 12 x 12 in.

(1.5 m) (305 x 305 mm)
Feed Pipe
1-1/2 in. NPS
(3 m t
)
10 f
10 ft
)
(3 m
18 in.
(455 mm)
10 ft
(3 m)
Note: All 1 in. nominal size pipe unless otherwise noted
Figure E-13. Sidewall Sprinkler Distribution (100 Pan Test)

Adjustable Ceiling
See Detail
6 ft 8 in.
(2 m)
100 Pans - 4 x 12 x 12 in.
(100 x 305 x 305 mm)
Arranged 10 Wide by 10 Deep
10 ft
2 ft (3 m)
(0.5 m)
Detail
6 in. 6 in. 6 in.

(150 mm) (150 mm) (150 mm) 90° Elbow
Adjustable Ceiling Adjustable Ceiling Adjustable Ceiling
4 in. 4 in. 4 in.

(100 mm) (100 mm) (100 mm)
90° Elbow
Upright Horizontal Pendent
Note: All Piping 1 Inch Schedule 40
Figure E-14. Sidewall Sprinkler Distribution

16 ft
(4.9 m) L
8 ft
(2.4 m) L/2
Sprinkler 19.7 in. 19.7 in.

(500 mm) (500 mm)
L/2 19.7 in.

(500 mm)
19.7 in.
(500 mm)
Sprinkler
L
Plan View Plan View

EC Sidewall Upright and Pendant
Where: L is the characteristic room length

(see Section 4-34)
8 ft 7 ft 2 in.
(2.4 m) (2.2 m)
19.7 in. (500 mm) Pans
Elevation View
Figure E-15. Distribution Test Setup For EC Sprinklers

4 ft
(1.2 m)
21 in.
(535 mm)
END VIEW
4 ft
(1.2 m)
2 x 4 in.
4 x 4 in.
4 x 6 in.
8 ft
(2.4 m)
SIDE VIEW
Note: All Lumber Sizes Are Nominal
Figure E-16. Crib Fire Test - Design of Standard Crib

Test Sprinkler (Typical)
X X
10 ft
Test (3 m)
Crib
Centered Between
Four Sprinklers
X X
10 ft
(3 m)
Figure E-17. Crib Fire Test - Sprinkler Position With Respect To Crib

CL
Four Thermocouples Ceiling

10 4 in. 2 in. (50 mm) Pendent Sprinkler
(250 100 mm) (Typical)
(Upright Sprinklers Only) Below Ceiling
10 ft
(3 m)
Upright Sprinkler
(Typical)
7.5 ft
(2.3 m)
Crib
42 in.
(1065 mm)
Heptane Flame
Heptane Nozzle
Overflow
Pipe
Ignitor Pilot Flame Steel Pan
Fuel Supply
Piping
Water
Figure E-18. Crib Fire Test - General Arrangement

90 Cartons On Wooden Pallets Arranged 3 x 3 x 10 Cartons

With A 6 in. (150 mm) Space Between All Cartons
12 ft
(3.7 m)
40 ft
(12.2 m)
6 in. (150 mm) typical
Ignition
6 in. (150 mm) typical
Figure E-19. Fuel Array for Full Scale Fire Test

7.5 ft
(2.3 m) 42 in.
(1.1 m)
42 in. (1.1 m)
8 ft 3 in.
(2.5 m)
7.5 in.
(190 mm)
8 ft 8 ft
(2.4 m) (2.4 m)
Class II
6 in.
(150 mm)
47 in.
(1.2 m) (Main Array)
Plan View - Ignition Location at
Base of Array
5 ft
18 ft 11 in.
(1.5 m)
(5.8 m)
5 ft
(1.5 m)
5 ft
(1.5 m) Test Site Floor
South End
Elevation View
Figure E-20. Test Array For Double-Row Rack Storage of FMRC Standard Class II Test Commodity

26 ft
(7.9 m)
12 in.
(305 mm)
Class II
Plastic
5 in.
(125 mm)
21 ft
(6.4 m)
15 ft 3 in.
(4.7 m)
68 in.
(1.7 m)
12 in.
(3.5 mm)
42 in. 47 in.
(1.1 m) (1.2 m)
42 in. 5 ft (1.5 m)
(1.1 m) Platform Floor
- Ignition Location
8 ft at Base of Array. Single Stack
(2.4 m) Elevation View
Cardboard
Sheet Target
Plan View
Figure E-21. Test Array For Palletized Storage of FMRC Standard Plastic Test Commodity

7.5 ft
(2.3 m) 42 in.
(1.1 m)
42 in. (1.1 m)
7.5 in.
(190 mm)
8 ft 3 in.
(2.5 m)
Approx.
41 ft
(12.5 m)
8 ft 8 ft
(2.4 m) (2.4 m)
Plastic
Class II
6 in.
(150 mm)
47 in.
(1.2 m) (Main Array)
Plan View
5 ft Test 1
(1.5 m) 14 ft 8 in. - Ignition Location At
(4.5 m) Base of Array
5 ft
5 ft (1.5 m)
(1.5 m)
Platform Floor
9 in. South End

(230 mm) Elevation View
Figure E-22. Test Array For Double-Row Rack Storage of FMRC Standard Plastic Test Commodity

May 1998
Fuel Inlet
Water Cooling Jacket
40
1 2 38 3 4 5 6 7 8
42
Air Supply 4 ft
Opening 8 in. (1.2 m) dia. 6 in.
(205 mm) dia. (150 mm)
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
90 in. 33 34 35 36
(2.3 m)
Nozzle 39 Air deflector
plate 4 in.
(100 mm) dia.
17 21 41
18 19 20 22 23 24
37
21 in.
(535 mm)
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Figure E-23. ADD/PWD Apparatus

6 in. 21 in.
(150 mm) (535 mm)
Fuel Inlet
186 in.
(4.7 m)
Prewetting
Density Area
FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

Series 2000
89
Edge To Have Contour For Designs with Line Contact:

Idendical To Actual
Mating Component .000
Or Edge Sarp 0.392 -.002 in.
(Burr Free
R.005 Max.)
(Typ)
0.588+.010 in.
.02 x 45 o
Chamfer (Typ)
Inside Diameter
Identical to Actual
Mating Component
For Designs with Surface Contact:
.000
Burr Free 0.392 -.002 in.
R.005 Max.
(Typ)
0.588+.010 in.
.02 x 45 o
Chamfer (Typ)
Surface To Have
Contour Idenctial
To Actual Mating
Component (Typ)
REQUIRED:
* Material - Hardened Steel, Rockwell C38 - 50
*Markings - Manufacturer, Bulb Size, Seat Diameter
Figure E-24. Bulb Crush Inserts For Strength of Element Test

Allendale Insurance
Arkwright
Protection Mutual Insurance
System Associate:
Factory Mutual Printed in USA

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Approval Standard

©1998 Factory Mutual Research Corporation. All rights reserved.

Class Automatic Sprinkler Product Category

1.3 Basis for Requirements

FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION 1

1.4 Basis for FMRC Approval

1.4.1 Examination and tests on production samples shall be performed to evaluate:

1.5 Basis for Continued Approval

Continued Approval is based upon:

1.6 Effective Date

2 FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

1.7 System of Units

1.8 Applicable Documents

For purposes of this Standard, the following terms apply:

FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION 3

Coated or Plated Sprinkler

Conductivity Factor (C-Factor)

Discharge Coefficient (K-Factor)

Element Design Load

Extended Coverage Sprinkler

Extra Large Orifice (ELO) Sprinkler

FMRC Standard Class II Test Commodity

4 FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

FMRC Standard Plastic Test Commodity

Fusible Element Sprinkler

Glass Bulb Sprinkler

Large Orifice (LO) Sprinkler

FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION 5

Orientation, Best Case

Orientation, Worst Case

Quick Response Sprinkler

Rack Storage Sprinkler

Response Time Index (RTI)

Small Orifice Sprinkler

6 FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

Standard Orifice Sprinkler

Standard Response Sprinkler

Very Extra Large Orifice (VELO) Sprinkler

FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION 7

2.0 GENERAL INFORMATION

2.1 Product Information

2.1.1 An automatic sprinkler is a thermo-sensitive device designed to react at a predetermined temperature by

2.2 Approval Application Requirements

• Number and location of facilities manufacturing the specified product.

2.3 Sample Requirements for an Approval Examination

8 FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

3.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

3.1 Review of Documentation

3.2 Physical or Structural Features

3.2.1 Stampings shall show no cracking or splitting and be free of burrs.

3.2.2 Deflectors of sprinklers shall be securely attached.

Table 3.2.4. Threaded Connections

FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION 9

3.3.1 The following shall be displayed on a non-operating part of the sprinkler:

10 FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

Table 3.3.6. Temperature Ratings, Classifications, and Color Codes

Table 3.3.7. Temperature Ratings and Bulb Color Codes

FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION 11

3.4 Manufacturer’s Installation and Operation Instructions

12 FACTORY MUTUAL RESEARCH CORPORATION

4.0 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Assembly Load/Frame Strength

4.2 Strength of Heat Responsive Element