Magma, Rock Deformation and Factors inside
earth
What is a Magma?
is a mixture of molten or semi-
molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found
beneath the surface of the Earth.
Magma is extremely hot—between 700° and
1,300° Celsius (1,292° and 2,372° Fahrenheit).
What is a difference between a magma and
lava?
Magma is composed of molten rock and is
stored in the Earth's crust. Lava is magma that
reaches the surface of our planet through a
volcano vent.
How magmas forms?
 Decompression Melting
 Transfer of Heat
 Flux Melting
Why is the earth's core so hot?
There are three main sources of heat in the
deep earth:
(1) heat from when the planet formed and
accreted, which has not yet been lost;
(2) frictional heating, caused by denser
core material sinking to the center of
the planet; and
(3) heat from the decay of radioactive
elements.
layers of the earth degrees
It takes a long time for heat to move out of
earth. This occurs through both "convective"
transport of heat within the earth's liquid outer
core and solid mantle and slower "conductive"
transport of heat through nonconvicting
boundary layers, such as the earth's plates at
the surface.
The amount of heat that can arise through
simple accretionary processes, bringing small
bodies together to form the proto-earth, is
large: on the order of 10,000 kelvins (about
18,000 degrees Farhenheit)
Rock deformation
 Stress and Strain
 Brittle Deformation – Faults and Joints
 Ductile deformation – Folds
 Mountain Building Processes
Stress and strain
Stress is a force acting on a material that
produces a strain. Stress is a force applied over
an area and therefore has units of Force/area
(like lb/in 2 ). Pressure is a stress where the
forces act equally from all directions.A strain is
a change in size, shape, or volume of a material.
Three kinds of differential stress occur.
1. Tensional stress (or extensional stress),
which stretches rock;
2. Compressional stress, which squeezes rock;
and
3 .Shear stress, which result in slippage and
translation.
Brittle deformation-faults and joints
Generally, rocks respond to stress in one of two
ways: they break, or they bend. When a rock
breaks, it is called brittle deformation.
Ductile deformation
Generally, rocks respond to stress in one of two
ways: they break, or they bend. When rocks
bend or flow, like clay, it is called ductile
deformation.
Mountain building process
These processes are associated with large-scale
movements of the Earth's crust (tectonic
plates). Folding, faulting, volcanic activity,
igneous intrusion and metamorphism can all be
parts of the orogenicprocess of mountain
building.

Factors affecting the kind of deformation

confining pressure

At high confining pressure materials are less

likely to fracture because the pressure of the
surroundings tends to hinder the formation of
fractures. At low confining stress, material will
be brittle and tend to fracture sooner.

Temperature

At high temperature molecules and their bonds

can stretch and move thus materials will behave
in more ductile manner. At low temperatures
materials are brittle.

The end