C A D - BPD Manual 23.07.2018

CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Course Material
COMPUTER AIDED BUILDING PLANNING AND DRAWING
15CV54
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Prepared by: Prof. Chandrika P, Er. Rakshith KG
Dept of Civil Engineering, CITech

Computer Aided Building Planning and Drawing 15CV54
MANDATORY INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students should report to the labs concerned as per the timetable.
2. Record should be updated from time to time and the previous experiment must be signed
by the faculty in charge concerned before attending the lab.
3. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment
scheduled for the day.
4. After completion of the experiment, certification of the staff in-charge concerned in the
observation book is necessary.
5. Students should bring a notebook of about 100 pages and should enter the
readings/observations/results into the notebook while performing the experiment.
6. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment
performed in the immediate previous session should be submitted and certified by the staff
member in-charge.
7. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of
student among different groups will be permitted later.
8. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them, and
should return all the components/instruments taken for the purpose.
9. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration
Computer Aided Building Planning and Drawing
Module: 1
Drawing Basics: Selection of scales for various drawings, thickness of lines, dimensioning,
abbreviations and conventional representations as per IS: 962
Simple engineering drawings with CAD drawing tools : Lines, Circle, Arc, Polyline, Multiline,
Polygon, Rectangle, Spline, Ellipse, Modify tools: Erase, Copy, Mirror, Offset, Array, Move,
Rotate, Scale, Stretch, Lengthen, Trim, Extend, Break, Chamfer and Fillet, Using Text: Single line
text, Multiline text, Spelling, Edit text, Special Features: View tools,
Layers concept, Dimension tools, Hatching, Customising toolbars, working with multiple drawings
Module: 2
Drawings Related to Different Building Elements:
Following drawings are to be prepared for the data given using CAD Software
a) Cross section of Foundation, masonry wall, RCC columns with isolated & combined footings.
b) Different types of bonds in brick masonry
c) Different types of staircases – Dog legged, open well
d) Lintel and chajja
e) RCC slabs and beams
f) Cross section of a pavement
g) Septic Tank and sedimentation Tank
h) Layout plan of Rainwater recharging and harvesting system
i) Cross sectional details of a road for a Residential area with provision for all services
j) Steel truss (connections Bolted)
Note: Students should sketch to dimension the above in a sketch book before doing the computer
drawing
Module -3:
Building Drawings: Principles of planning, Planning regulations and building bye-laws, factors
affecting site selection, Functional planning of residential and public buildings, design aspects for
different public buildings. Recommendations of NBC.
Drawing of Plan, elevation and sectional elevation including electrical, plumbing and sanitary
services using CAD software for:
1. Single and Double story residential building
2. Hostel building
3. Hospital building
4. School building
5. Submission drawing (sanction drawing) of two storied residential building with access to
terrace including all details and statements as per the local bye-laws
MODULE - 1
Introduction:
Architectural and building drawing office practices followed in the various civil engineering
departments are based on certain basic principles as laid down by IS: 962
Layout of a drawing sheet
Every drawing sheet is to follow a particular layout. As a standard practice sufficient margins are
to be provided on all sides of the drawing sheet. The drawing sheet should have drawing space
and title page. A typical layout of a drawing sheet is shown in the figure below:
Figure 1. A typical layout of a drawing sheet.
 Borders – A minimum of 10 mm space left all around in between the trimmed edges of the sheet.
 Filing margin – Minimum 20 mm space left on the left hand side with border included. This
provided for taking perforations.
 Grid reference system – This is provided on all sizes of industrial drawing sheets for easy location
of drawing within the frame. The length and the width of the frames are divided into even number
of divisions and labeled using numerals or capital letters. Number of divisions for a particular
sheet depends on complexity of the drawing. The grids along the horizontal edges are labeled in
numerals whereas grids along vertical edges are labeled using capital letters. The length of each
grids can be between 25 mm and 75 mm. Numbering and lettering start from the corner of the
sheet opposite to the title box and are repeated on the opposite sides. They are written upright.
Repetition of letters or numbers like AA, BB, etc., if they exceed that of the alphabets.
 Title box – An important feature on every drawing sheet. This is located at the bottom right hand
corner of every sheet and provides the technical and administrative details of the drawing. The
title box is divided into two zones
a. Identification zone: In this zone the details like the identification number or part number, Title of
the drawing, legal owner of the drawing, etc. are to be mentioned.
b. Additional information zone: Here indicative items lime symbols indicting the system of
projection, scale used, etc., the technical items lime method of surface texture, tolerances, etc., and
other administrative items are to be mentioned.
SCALES:
Definition
Scale is defined as the ratio of the linear dimensions of the object as represented in a drawing to
the actual dimensions of the same.
 Drawings drawn with the same size as the objects are called full sized drawing.
 It is not convenient, always, to draw drawings of the object to its actual size. e.g. Buildings, Heavy
machines, Bridges, Watches, Electronic devices etc.
 Hence scales are used to prepare drawing at
o Full size
o Reduced size
o Enlarged size
Types of Scale:-
Engineers Scale: The relation between the dimension on the drawing and the actual dimension of
the object is mentioned numerically (like 10 mm = 15 m).
Graphical Scale: Scale is drawn on the drawing itself. This takes care of the shrinkage of the
engineer’s scale when the drawing becomes old.
Types of Graphical Scale:-
 Plain Scale
 Diagonal Scale
 Vernier Scale
 Comparative scale
 Scale of chords
Representative fraction (R.F.) :-
When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1 meter length of the object
Length of scale = RF x Maximum distance to be represented
Plain scale:-
 A plain scale is used to indicate the distance in a unit and its nest subdivision.
 A plain scale consists of a line divided into suitable number of equal units. The first unit is
subdivided into smaller parts.
 The zero should be placed at the end of the 1st main unit.
 From the zero mark, the units should be numbered to the right and the sub-divisions to the left.
 The units and the subdivisions should be labeled clearly.
 The R.F. should be mentioned below the scale.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE:
Construct a plain scale of RF = 1:4, to show centimeters and long enough to measure up to 5
decimeters.
 R.F. = ¼
 Length of the scale = R.F. × max. Length = ¼ × 5 dm = 12.5 cm.
 Draw a line 12.5 cm long and divide it in to 5 equal divisions, each representing 1 dm.
 Mark 0 at the end of the first division and 1, 2, 3 and 4 at the end of each subsequent division to its
right.
 Divide the first division into 10 equal sub-divisions, each representing 1 cm.
 Mark cm to the left of 0 as shown.
 Draw the scale as a rectangle of small width (about 3 mm) instead of only a line.
 Draw the division lines showing decimeters throughout the width of the scale.
 Draw thick and dark horizontal lines in the middle of all alternate divisions and sub-divisions.
 Below the scale, print DECIMETERS on the right hand side, CENTIMERTERS on the left hand
side, and R.F. in the middle.
Diagonal Scale:-
 Through Diagonal scale, measurements can be up to second decimal places (e.g. 4.35).
 Are used to measure distances in a unit and its immediate two subdivisions; e.g. dm, cm & mm, or
yard, foot & inch.
 Diagonal scale can measure more accurately than the plain scale.
 At end B of line AB, draw a perpendicular.

 Step-off ten equal divisions of any length along the perpendicular starting from B and ending at C.
 Number the division points 9, 8, 7…1.
 Join A with C.
 Through the points 1, 2, 3, etc., draw lines parallel to AB and cutting AC at 1΄, 2΄, 3΄, etc.
 Since the triangles are similar; 1΄1 = 0.1 AB, 2΄2 = 0.2AB… 9΄9 = 0.9AB.
 Gives divisions of a given short line AB in multiples of 1/10 its length, e.g. 0.1AB, 0.2AB, 0.3AB,
etc.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE:
Construct a Diagonal scale of RF = 3:200 showing meters, decimeters and centimeters. The scale
should measure up to 6 meters. Show a distance of 4.56 meters
 Length of the scale = (3/200) x 6 m = 9 cm

 Draw a line AB = 9 cm. Divide it in to 6 equal parts.
 Divide the first part A0 into 10 equal divisions.
 At A draw a perpendicular and step-off along it 10 equal divisions, ending at D.
 Complete the rectangle ABCD.
 Draw perpendiculars at meter-divisions i.e. 1, 2, 3, and 4.
 Draw horizontal lines through the division points on AD. Join D with the end of the first division
along A0 (i.e. 9).
 Through the remaining points i.e. 8, 7, 6 … draw lines // to D9.
 PQ = 4.56 meters
LETTERING
Lettering is used for writing of titles, sub-titles, dimensions, scales and other details on a drawing.
Typical lettering features used for engineering drawing is shown in figure 3. The following rules
are to be followed in lettering. The letter sizes generally recommended for various items are shown
in Table 1.
 Essential features of lettering – legibility, uniformity, ease, rapidity, and suitability for
microfilming/photocopying/any other photographic processes
 No ornamental and embellishing style of letter
 Plain letters and numerals which are clearly distinguishable from each other in order to avoid any
confusion even in case of slight mutilations
The Indian standard followed for lettering is IS: 962
 Single stroke lettering for use in engineering drawing – width of the stem of the letters and
numerals will be uniformly thick equal to thickness of lines produced by the tip of the pencil.
 Single stroke does not mean – entire letter written without lifting the pencil/pen
Lettering types generally used for creating a drawing are
 Lettering A – Height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts

 Lettering B – Height of the capital letter is divided into 10 equal parts
Table 2 and Table 3 indicates the specifications for Type A and Type B letters.
Figure 3. Typical lettering features.

Heights of Letters and Numerals
1. Height of the capital letters is equal to the height of the numerals used in dimensioning
2. Height of letters and numerals – different for different purposes
Table 1:The letter sizes recommended for various items
Table: 2 Specifications of A -Type Lettering

Table: 3. Specifications of B -Type Lettering
LINES
Line is one important aspect of technical drawing. Lines are always used to construct meaningful
drawings. Various types of lines are used to construct drawing, each line used in some specific
sense. Lines are drawn following standard conventions mentioned in BIS (SP46:2003). A line
may be curved, straight, continuous, segmented. It may be drawn as thin or thick. A few basic
types of lines widely used in drawings are shown in Table 4.
Table: 4. Types of lines used in engineering drawing.
DIMENSIONING
The size and other details of the object essential for its construction and function, using lines,
numerals, symbols, notes, etc are required to be indicated in a drawing by proper dimensioning.
These dimensions indicated should be those that are essential for the production, inspection and
functioning of the object and should be mistaken as those that are required to make the drawing of
an object. The dimensions are written either above the dimension lines or inserted at the middle by
breaking the dimension lines. Normally two types of dimensioning system exist. i.e. Aligned
system and the unidirectional system. These are shown in figure 2.
In the aligned system the dimensions are placed perpendicular to the dimension line in such a way
that it may be read from bottom edge or right hand edge of the drawing sheet. The horizontal and
inclined dimension can be read from the bottom whereas all the vertical dimensions can be read
from the right hand side of the drawing sheet. In the unidirectional system, the dimensions are so
oriented such that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing.
Figure 2. The aligned system and unidirectional system of dimensioning.
Rules to be followed for dimensioning. (Refer figure 3.)
 Each feature is dimensioned and positioned only once.

 Each feature is dimensioned and positioned where its shape shows.
 Size dimensions – give the size of the component.
 Every solid has three dimensions, each of the geometric shapes making up the object must have its
height, width, and depth indicated in the dimensioning.
Figure 3. Typical dimension lines
Dimensioning consists of the following:
 A thin, solid line that shows the extent and direction of a dimension. Dimension lines are broken
for insertion of the dimension numbers
 Should be placed at least 10 mm away from the outline and all
 other parallel dimensions should be at least 6 mm apart, or more, if space permits
The important elements of dimensioning consist of extension lines, leader line, arrows and
dimensions.
Extension line – a thin, solid line perpendicular to a dimension line, indicating which feature is
associated with the dimension. There should be a visible gap of 1.5 mm between the feature’s
corners and the end of the extension line. Figure 4 shows extension lines.
Leaderline
A thin, solid line used to indicate the feature with which a dimension, note, or symbol is
associated. Generally this is a straight line drawn at an angle that is neither horizontal nor
vertical. Leader line is terminated with an arrow touching the part or detail. On the end opposite
the arrow, the leader line will have a short, horizontal shoulder. Text is extended from this
shoulder such that the text height is centered with the shoulder line
Figure 4. Showing extension lines
 Arrows – 3 mm wide and should be 1/3rd as wide as they are long - symbols placed at the end of
dimension lines to show the limits of the dimension. Arrows are uniform in size and style,
regardless of the size of the drawing. Various types of arrows used for dimensioning is shown in
figure 5.
Figure 5.Various types of arrows used for dimensioning
The specification of dimension lines is shown in figure 6.

Figure 6 showing the specification of dimension lines.
RULES OF DIMENSIONING
1. Between any two extension lines, there must be one and only one dimension line bearing one
dimension.
2. As far as possible, all the dimensions should be placed outside the views. Inside dimensions are
preferred only if they are clearer and more easily readable.
3. All the dimensions on a drawing must be shown using either Aligned System or Unidirectional
System. In no case should, the two systems be mixed on the same drawing.
4. The same unit of length should be used for all the dimensions on a drawing. The unit should not be
written after each dimension, but a note mentioning the unit should be placed below the drawing.
5. Dimension lines should not cross each other. Dimension lines should also not cross any other lines
of the object.
6. All dimensions must be given.
7. Each dimension should be given only once. No dimension should be redundant.
8. Do not use an outline or a centre line as a dimension line. A centre line may be extended to serve
as an extension line.
9. Avoid dimensioning hidden lines.
10. For dimensions in series, adopt any one of the following ways.
i. Chain dimensioning (Continuous dimensioning) all the dimensions are aligned in such a way that
an arrowhead of one dimension touches tip-to-tip the arrowhead of the adjacent dimension. The
overall dimension is placed outside the other smaller dimensions.
ii. Parallel dimensioning (Progressive dimensioning) All the dimensions are shown from a common
reference line. Obviously, all these dimensions share a common extension line. This method is
Adopted when dimensions have to be established from a particular datum surface
iii. Combined dimensioning. When both the methods, i.e., chain dimensioning and parallel
dimensioning are used on the same drawing, the method of dimensioning is called combined
dimensioning.
CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATIONS AS PER IS: 962
Figure : Engineering Materials symbols - diagrams

Figure : Water Supply & sanitary fixtures
Figure : Electrical fixtures

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING
Computer Aided Drafting is a process of preparing a drawing of an object on the screen of a computer.
There are various types of drawings in different fields of engineering and sciences. In the fields of
mechanical or aeronautical engineering, the drawings of machine components and the layouts of them
are prepared. In the field of civil engineering, plans and layouts of the buildings are prepared. In the
field of electrical engineering, the layouts of power distribution system are prepared. In all fields of
engineering use of computer is made for drawing and drafting.
The use of CAD process provides enhanced graphics capabilities which allows any designer to
 Conceptualize his ideas

 Modify the design very easily
 Perform animation
 Make design calculations
 Use colors, fonts and other aesthetic features.
APPLICATIONOFCAD:
There are various processes which can be performed by use of computer in the drafting process.
1. Automated drafting: This involves the creation of hard copy engineering drawings directly
from CAD data base. Drafting also includes features like automatic dimensioning, generation
of cross – hatched areas, scaling of the drawing and the capability to develop sectional views
and enlarged views in detail. It has ability to perform transformations of images and prepare
3D drawings like isometric views, perspective views etc.,
2. Geometric modeling: concerned with the computer compatible mathematical description of the
geometry of an object. The mathematical description allows the image of an object to be
displayed and manipulated on a graphics terminal through signals from the CPU of the CAD
system. The software that provides geometric modeling capabilities must be designed for
efficient use both by computer and the human designer.
BENEFITS OF CAD:
The implementation of the CAD system provides variety of benefits to the industries in design and
production
as given below:
1. Improved productivity in drafting
2. Shorter preparation time for drawing
3. Reduced man power requirement
4. Customer modifications in drawing are easier
5. More efficient operation in drafting
6. Low wastage in drafting
7. Minimized transcription errors in drawing
8. Improved accuracy of drawing
9. Assistance in preparation of documentation
10. Better designs can be evolved
11. Revisions are possible
12. Colors can be used to customize the product
13. Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and tolerances
14. Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns
DRAWING TOOLS OF CAD

Auto CAD package is suitable for accurate and perfect drawings of engineering designs. The
drawing of machine parts, isometric views and assembly drawings are possible in AutoCAD. The
package is suitable for 2D and 3D drawings. STARTING WITH AUTOCAD
CAD uses four basic elements for preparation of any drawing:
1. Line 3.Text
2. Curves 4. Filling point.

Computer Aided Drafting is done by the operator by placing the mouse pointer at the desired
location and then executing the command to draw the graphic elements using different methods.
Advanced computer aided drafting packages utilize four areas on the screen.
1. Drawing Area
2. Command Area
3. Menu Area
4. Tool Boxes.
Layout and Sketching

The package provides various facilities for layout, sketching and borders for preparing a drawing.
It provides facilities for display co-ordinates and measurement units.
a. Units: The format for display co – ordinates and measurement can be selected according to the
requirement.
Several measurement styles are available in ACAD. The main methods are engineering and
architectural, having specific base unit assigned to them.
i. Decimal: select to enter and display measurements in decimal notation
ii. Engineering: Display measurements in feet and decimal inches.
iii. Architectural: Display measurements in feet, inches and fractional inches
iv. Fractional: Display measurements in mixed numbers notation
v. Scientific: Display measurements in scientific notation.
The precision that is specified controls the number of decimal places or fractional size to which
we want linear measurements displayed.
b. Angles: Select the format in which we want to enter and display angles.
i. Decimal Degrees: Display partial degrees as decimals
ii. Deg/Min/Sec: Display partial degrees as minutes and seconds.
iii. Grades: Display Angles as grades
iv. Radians: Display angles as radians.

v. Surveyor: Displays angles in survey or units.
c. Angle measure: Select the direction of the zero angle for the entry of angles:
i. East: Select to specify the compass direction east as the zero angles.
ii. North: Select to specify the compass direction north as the zero angles.
iii. West: Select to specify the compass direction west as the zero angles.
iv. South: Select to specify the compass direction south as the zero angles.
v. Other: Select to specify a direction different from the points of the compass as the zero angles.
d. Area: Enter the approximate width and length which is planned to draw in full scale units. This
limits the area of the drawing covered by grid dots when the grid is turned on. It also adjusts
several default settings, such as text height, line type scaling snap distance to convenient values. It
is possible to adjust these settings.
e. Title block: Select the description of an ACAD drawing file of a title block to insert as a symbol
in the new drawing. It can add or remove drawing files of title blocks from the list with the Add or
Remove buttons.
The following procedure is used for this purpose

 From the File menu or from the standard tool bar, choose New
 In the startup dialog box, choose Use a wizard, and select Advanced wizard
 Choose OK
 In the Advanced Setup Dialog box, select Title Block.
 Title Block Description and Title Block file Name from the lists and then choose Add.
 In the Select Title Block File dialog box, Select a title block, then choose open
 In the Advanced Setup dialog box, a sample of that title is displayed.
 Choose Done.
f. Layout: Paper space is often used to create complex multiple view drawings. There are three types
of paper spaces:
 Work on the drawing while viewing the layout.
 Work on the drawing without the layout visible
 Work on the layout of the drawing.
AUTO CAD COMMANDS:
LINE (L)
Line command allows you to create a line where the end points are specified by two dimensional or
three dimensional coordinates.
POLYLINE (PLINE)
PLINE command allows you to draw line and arc segments, but from start to end, it is treated as a sing
object. With PLINE command, you can draw objects even with line width.
ARC
The ARC command allows you to create an arc segment. There are different methods of creating an
arc. The different methods of creating an arc are:
3 Points
Centre, Start, Radius
Start, Centre, End
Start, Centre, Angle
Start, Centre, Length
Start, End, Angle
Start, End, Direction
Start, End, Radius
CIRCLE (C)
The CIRCLE command allows you to create a circle. There are four different methods for drawing
circles. They are:
Centre
Radius/Centre,
Diameter
3 Points (3P)
2 Points (2P)
Tangent, Tangent, Radius
POLYGON (PO)
Polygon command creates a regular polygon. You must specify the number of sides of the polygon and
whether it is Inscribed or Circumscribed polygon. Now, specify the centre and radius of the polygon
circle.
OSNAP
Osnap allow you to snap onto a specific object location when you are picking a point.
For example, using Osnap you can accurately pick the end point of a line or the centre of a circle.
ERASE
This command is used for deleting unwanted objects. You must select the object to be erase
COPY (CO)
The copy command is used for making copies of selected objects. The object to be copied must be
selected and the base point must be specified and the copy can be dragged and placed at the required
position.
MOVE (M)
This command is used for moving selected objects. The object to be moved must beselected and its
base point must be specified then we can drag it to the required location
ROTATE (RO)
This command is used for rotating selected objects. To rotate an object, first select it and specify a base
point. Now enter an angle value or specify a second point to rotate the object.
Entering a positive angle value rotates the objects counter clockwise or clockwise, depending on the
Direction Control setting and Drawing Units dialog box. The plane of rotation and the direction of the
zero angles depend on the orientation of the user coordinate system.
MIRROR (MI)
The MIRROR command is used for creating mirror images of selected objects. You must first select
the object to be mirrored and then specify the axis along which it is mirrored, to create an mirror image
of the selected object. This is a very useful command for drawing symmetrical objects about a
particular axis.
OFFSET (O)
Offset an object to create a new object whose shape parallels the shape of the originalobject. Offsetting
a circle or an arc creates a larger or smaller circle or arc, depending on which side you specify for the
offset.
POLAR ARRAY
This command creates an array of the selected object around a centre point. You must specify the
centre point of the array, the total number of items and the angle to fill for creating a polar array.
RECTANGULAR ARRAY
This command creates an array of the selected objects defined by the number of rows and columns and
the offset between them.
EXTEND (EX)
The EXTEND command elongates the selected objects to a specified boundary.
TRIM (TR)
The TRIM command trims off an object using cutting edges defined by other objects.
Here the user is required to select object(s) to define cutting edge(s) then select the object to be
trimmed; the selected side of the object is removed based on the side of selection of the object to be
trimmed relative to the cutting edge.
BREAK (BR)
The BREAK command is used to remove only parts of an object. You must specify the first and second
points between which the object must be deleted.
FILLET (F)
FILLET rounds of the edges of two arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, lines, polylines, rays, splines or xlines
with an arc of a specified radius. Rounds along the edges cannot be created with zero radius.
CHAMFER (CH)
CHAMFER command draws a line at the corner between two selected lines. If the lines do not
intersect, it extends the lines. If they intersect, the lines extending beyond the chamfer line can be
trimmed or left as it is, by the trim mode.
LENGTHEN (LE)
The LENGTHEN command is used to increase/decrease the length of AutoCAD objects.
DIVIDE
This command places evenly spaced point objects or blocks along the length or perimeter of an object.
You can select only one entity at a time to be divided. The entities thatcan be selected are: line, arc,
circle, polyline and spline.
ZOOM ALL
This zoom to display the entire drawing in the current viewport. The display shows allthe entities even
if the drawing extends outside the drawing limits.
ZOOM WINDOW
ZOOM WINDOW commands to display an area specified by two diagonally opposite corner points of
a rectangle window.
ZOOM EXTENTS
This zoom to display the drawing extents. If the drawings are small in the existing limits, then there is
an enlarging effect on the screen. If the drawing occupies the complete area of the limits, then there are
many not being much difference between ZOOM ALL and ZOOM EXTENTS.
DIMLINEAR
This command specifies the linear distance between two selected points
DIMALIGNED
This command is used for specifying the linear distance (exact dimensional value) between two points
which are inclined at an angle.
DIMANGULAR
This command is used for obtaining the angle two selected points. The three types are:
1) Arc Selection
2) Circle Selection
3) Line Selection
4) Three Point Selection
DIMRADIUS
This command gives the value of radius of the specified circle, arc or fillet. A radial dimension consists
of a radius dimension line with an arrowhead at the arc or circle end.
DIMCENTER
This command marks the centre point of the selected arc or circle. The center mark cannot be updated,
so set the required style before executing this command.
LINETYPE
LINETYPE greatly improves the readability of technical drawings. You can make important features
stand out with bold line weights.
LAYER
Layer is an organizing tool. Layers are like one, where you can keep various types of information. It’s
always a good idea to keep notes and reference symbols about each element of the drawing as well as
drawing dimensions on a new layer.
DISTANCE
This command lists the distance between the selected points and also lists out the angle in current plane
and 3D angle from the current plane, based on the direction of picking the two points. It also lists the
projected lengths on the three axes called the delta length.
TEXT (T)
TEXT command creates text objects with specified height and orientation. Text objects can be created
with a variety of character patterns call style. This command allows you to type a single line or multiple
lines of text.
MTEXT
MTEXT creates paragraph that fit within a nonprinting text boundary. The user specified text boundary
determines the width of the paragraph and the justification of the text within the paragraph. Each
multiline text object is a single object, regardless of the number of lines it contains.
HATCH (H)
Hatches are shaded pattern which generally represent cross-section of a mechanical component. Using
BHATCH command the required area, type of hatch, hatch angle and scale can be specified.
PROPERTIES
The PROPERTIES command displays the Properties palette. The Properties palette is the main method
for viewing and modifying the properties of AutoCAD objects.
VPORTS
Viewports are areas that display different views of your model. As you work on the Model tab, you can
split the drawing area into one or more adjacent rectangular views known as model space viewports. In
large or complex drawings, displaying different views reduces the time needed to zoom or pan in a
single view. Also, errors you might miss in one view may be apparent in the others.
EXTRUDE
Solids can be created by extruding selected objects. Use the EXTRUDE command to create a solid or
surface from a common profile of an object.
REVOLVE
REVOLVE command can create a solid or surface by revolving open or closed objects about an axis.
The revolved objects define the profile of the solid or surface.
CREATE LAYOUTS
A layout stimulates a sheet of paper and provides a predictable plotting setup for a layout, you can
create and position view post objects and you can add a title block or other objects geometry.
PLOT DRAWINGS
Once you have completed a drawing you can plot the drawing on paper or create a file for use with
another application. In either case, you select the plot settings.
FUNCTION KEYS
FUNCTION KEYS FUNCTION DEFINED

F1
Help
F2 Command window on/off
F3
Object Osnap on/off
F4 Tablet on/off
F5 Isoplane top/right/left
F6 Co-ordinate display on/off
F7 Grid on/off
F8 Ortho on/off
F9 snap on/off
F10 Polar tracking on/off
F11
Object snap
AUTOCAD COORDINATE ENTRY METHODS
ABSOLUTE METHOD: (X, Y)

Absolute Cartesian coordinates specify a point’s exact distance from the origin point of the coordinate
system, which is represented as (0, 0). The absolute X and Y coordinates are signed numbers.
RELATIVE METHOD: (@X,Y)
Relative Cartesian coordinates specify a point’s exact distance from the last point that was entered.
For example, typing @4,2 tells AutoCAD to locate a point that is four X units and two Y units away from
the last point entered. The X and Y relative coordinates are signed numbers. Direct distance entry is a
shorthand relative coordinate entry method.
POLAR METHOD: (@DISTANCE<ANGLE)
Polar coordinates specify a point’s exact location by a distance and angle from the last point that was
entered. The distance is always positive and the angle is measured from the positive X axis.
For example, typing @4<45 tells AutoCAD to locate a point that is four units away from the current
location and at an angle of 45 degrees from the horizontal
EXERCISE 1:
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
1. Draw the following Fig. By using Absolute Co-Ordinate System

Command: line
Specify first point: 0,0
Specify next point or [Undo]: 200,0
Specify next point or [Undo]: 200,100
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 0,100
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c
Command: Circle
CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 170,30
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <10.0000>: 10
Command: Circle
Command: Circle
Command: Circle
2. Draw The Following Fig. By Using Relative Co-Ordinate System
Command: line
Specify next point or [Undo]: @20,0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @0,5
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @30,0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @-10,0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: c
3. Draw The Following Fig. By Using Polar Co-Ordinate System
Command: LINE
Specify next point or [Undo]: @20<0
Specify next point or [Undo]: @6<90
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @50<0
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @23.6<212
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: @23.6<148
Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: C
4.Creation of Simple Figures like polygon and General Multiline Figures
All Dimensions are in mm

5.To create the following Title Block with necessary text and projection symbol.
Result: Thus the study of CAD and the commands of AutoCAD was done
MODULE: 2
Exercise 1a: CROSS SECTION of FOUNDATION MASONRY WALL, RCC COLUMNS WITH
ISOLATED & COMBINED FOOTINGS
1. Draw a c/s of SS Masonry foundation to be provided for a load bearing wall of 300mm thick
in BBM in superstructure of a residential building the following data are :
1. Width of foundation = 800 mm
2. Depth of foundation below ground level = 1100mm
3. Width of PCC = 800mm
4. Thickness of PCC in 1:3:6 = 300mm
5. I st footing = width = 500mm
Depth = 400 mm
nd
6. 2 footing = width = 400mm
Depth = 400mm
7. Width of plinth wall = 300mm
8. Depth of plinth wall = 600mm
9. Thickness of DPC in 1:2:4 = 50mm
10. 15mm thick tiled flooring over 100mm CC bed of 1: 4: 8
11. Height of wall = 3.3 m
12. Parapet height = 0.65m
All the other data is suitably assumed
Reference fig for Load bearing wall

2 Draw cross section of S.S. Masonry foundation to be provided for a load bearing wall of 230 mm
thick in Burnt Brick Masonry in superstructure of a residential building. Use following data:
i) Width of foundation =1.2 m
ii) depth of foundation below G.L=1.2 m
iii) width of P.C.C =1.2 m
iv) Thickness of P.C.C in 1:3:6 = 75 mm
v) Width of first footing above P.C.C =1.05m
vi) Depth of first footing above P.C.C =0.375 m
vii) Width of second footing =0.9 m
viii) Depth of second footing =0.375 m
ix) Width of third footing =0.75m
x) Depth of third footing =0.375 m
xi) Width of Plinth wall =0.45 m
xii) Depth of Plinth wall =0.60 m
xiii) Thickness of D.P.C in 1:2:4 =100 mm
b) RCC Column Footing (Isolated Flat)

Example:
1. A RCC column and flat footing has the following details
Dimensions of column 300 x 400 mm,
Size of footing 2.8m x 2.7 m,
depth of foundation below GL 1.2 m,
Main steel in column 8-20mm Ф,
Lateral ties in column 8mm @ 180 mm c/c,
Main steel in footing 12 mm @ 140 mm c/c in both directions.
M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
Draw the following

a) Sectional Plan of footing and column
b) Sectional Elevation
STAAD –PRO
b) ii) RCC Column Footing (Isolated sloped)

Example:
A rectangle RCC column and footing has the following details:
Dimensions of colun 300 x 600 mm
Size of footing 2mx 3m
Depth of footing varies from 600 mm at face of the column to 200 mm at edge
Depth of foundation 1 m
Details of steel
Column : 8- #16 as main bars
#8 @ 150 c/c as Ties
Footing : # 16 @ 200 c/c –Shorter Direction
# 16 @ 250 c/c –Longer Direction
Use M20 Concrete and Fe 415 Steel. Draw the following
a) Sectional Plan of column and footing
b) Sectional Elevation of column and footing
EXERCISE 2.2:Different Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry
1. Draw two consecutive courses of suitable scale for the following walls in English bond.
(a) One brick thick wall
(b) One and half brick
English bond for one brick wall and one and half brick wall
2. Draw two consecutive courses of suitable scale for the following walls in Flemish bond.
(c) One brick thick wall
(d) One and half brick
Flemish bond for one brick wall and one and half brick wall
EXERCISE 2.3 Cross section of a pavement
Draw to a suitable scale of cross section of flexible and rigid pavement

EXERCISE 2.4. Septic Tank and sedimentation Tank
a. Sedimentation tank
b. Septic tank
Draw a detailed plan and elevation of septic tank for residential colony for 50
users as per the given specifications:
Exercise 2.5 Layout plan of Rainwater recharging and harvesting system

EXERCISE 2.6 Cross sectional details of a road for a Residential area

withprovision for all services
EXERCISE 2.7 Steel truss (connections Bolted)

EXERCISE 2.8. Different types of staircases

a). Dog Legged Staircase
Example:
Draw Plan and Cross sectional elevation of a RCC Dog legged stair for a building having the
following particulars.
Clear Size of Stair hall =2m x 4.25m

Width of landing = 1m
Width of each flight =1m
Rise = 150mm Tread =250mm
Waist slab =200mm
Floor to floor height =3 m
b). Open newel Staircase

Example:
Design stair case for hospital building for the following data:
Stair case hall: 5.4m x 4.5m , Height of each floor : 3.45m, Thickness of floor slab: 150 mm
Width of stair: 1500 mm, Thickness of waist slab: 150 mm, Thickness of Landing slab: 150 mm
Draw the plan and sectional elevation through first flight.

EXERCISE 2.9 Lintel and chejja

Draw Cross section of typical Lintel and Chejja
EXERCISE 2.10. a. RCC slabs

i) Continuous one way slab
Example
A continuous slab 120 mm thick supported on beams spaced 3 m c/c. Main steel 10mm Ф @ 240 mm
c/c in Tension at support and mid span. Dist steel 8mm Ф @300 mm c/c bearing 300mm.
Draw the following :
a. Longitudinal section showing details of reinforcement in slab
b. Plan at Top
c. Plan at bottom
ii) Two way simply supported slab corners held down

Example
A two way slab 4.5m x 5.5 m with discontinuous and simply supported edges on all the sides with
corners prevented form lifting, has the following design particulars:
Depth of the slab 150mm; Cover =20 mm ; Thickness of wall =230 mm
10 mm dia bars at 225 mm c/c along short span ,
10 mm dia bars at 275 mm c/c along long span,
10mm dia bars 150 mm c/c along torsional steel
Material M20 Concrete and Fe 415 steel

Draw the following
a) Cross Sections of slab at mid span along short span and long span
b) Plans showing bottom reinforcement and top reinforcement
b. Simply supported beam
Example
A simply supported RCC beam is to be provided over a clear span of 4.8m with 0.23 m bearing on
walls. The cross section has outer dimensions as 300mm width and 450 mm depth. The reinforcements
provided are as under.
i) Main bars 20 mm dia -2 Nos, ii) Main bent up bars 16mm dia -2 Nos iii) Ancor bars 12mm dia -
2Nos iv) Stirrups 8mm dia (a) 125 mm c/c up to 1.2 m from supports (b) 200 mm c/c for remaining
portion.
Draw the following details assuming suitably the cement concrete cover and other missing data
a) Longitudinal section
b) Cross sections at middle and end (Support Section)
MODULE 3
Drawing of Plan, elevation and sectional elevation given the single line diagram
a) Single Storied residential

Example
Draw the Plan, Elevation and Sectional Elevation for the line diagram if the building shown in Fig
below.
Comprehensive layout of a primary school building plan

Comprehensive layout of a Hospoital building plan

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CAMBRIDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

COMPUTER AIDED BUILDING PLANNING AND DRAWING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Prepared by: Prof. Chandrika P, Er. Rakshith KG

Dept of Civil Engineering, CITech

1. Students should report to the labs concerned as per the timetable.

Computer Aided Building Planning and Drawing

Layout of a drawing sheet

Figure 1. A typical layout of a drawing sheet.

Types of Graphical Scale:-

Representative fraction (R.F.) :-

When a 1 cm long line in a drawing represents 1 meter length of the object

Length of scale = RF x Maximum distance to be represented

 At end B of line AB, draw a perpendicular.

 Length of the scale = (3/200) x 6 m = 9 cm

The Indian standard followed for lettering is IS: 962

Lettering types generally used for creating a drawing are

 Lettering A – Height of the capital letter is divided into 14 equal parts

Figure 3. Typical lettering features.

Table 1:The letter sizes recommended for various items

Table: 2 Specifications of A -Type Lettering

Table: 3. Specifications of B -Type Lettering

Figure 2. The aligned system and unidirectional system of dimensioning.

Rules to be followed for dimensioning. (Refer figure 3.)

 Each feature is dimensioned and positioned only once.

Figure 3. Typical dimension lines

Dimensioning consists of the following:

Figure 4. Showing extension lines

Figure 5.Various types of arrows used for dimensioning

The specification of dimension lines is shown in figure 6.

Figure 6 showing the specification of dimension lines.

CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATIONS AS PER IS: 962

Figure : Engineering Materials symbols - diagrams

Figure : Water Supply & sanitary fixtures

Figure : Electrical fixtures

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING

 Conceptualize his ideas

1. Improved productivity in drafting

2. Shorter preparation time for drawing

3. Reduced man power requirement

4. Customer modifications in drawing are easier

5. More efficient operation in drafting

6. Low wastage in drafting

7. Minimized transcription errors in drawing

8. Improved accuracy of drawing

9. Assistance in preparation of documentation

10. Better designs can be evolved

11. Revisions are possible

12. Colors can be used to customize the product

13. Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and tolerances

14. Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns

DRAWING TOOLS OF CAD

2. Curves 4. Filling point.

Layout and Sketching

ii. Engineering: Display measurements in feet and decimal inches.

iii. Architectural: Display measurements in feet, inches and fractional inches

iv. Fractional: Display measurements in mixed numbers notation

v. Scientific: Display measurements in scientific notation.

i. Decimal Degrees: Display partial degrees as decimals

ii. Deg/Min/Sec: Display partial degrees as minutes and seconds.

iii. Grades: Display Angles as grades

iv. Radians: Display angles as radians.

The following procedure is used for this purpose